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1
Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J, 2008. Safe Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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2
WHO, 2005. World Health Report 2005—Make Every Woman and Child Count. Geneva: The World Health Organization.
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3
Blakely T, Hales S, Kieft C, Wilson N, Woodward A, 2005. The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level. Bull World Health Organ 83 :118–126.
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4
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann R, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford J, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
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5
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. The Cochrane Library, Issue 3: Oxford: Update Software.
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6
Clasen T, Haller L, Walker D, Bartram J, Cairncross S, 2007. Cost-effectiveness analysis of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries. J Water Health 5 :599–608.
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7
Clasen T, 2009. Scaling Up Household Water Treatment among Low-Income Populations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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8
WHO/UNICEF, 2008. Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focuson Sanitation. Geneva: World Health Organization, and New York: United Nations Children’s Fund.
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9
Sobsey M, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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10
USEPA, 1987. Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
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11
Grabow WOK, 2001. Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water. Water SA 27 :251–268.
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12
Gerba CP, Naranjo JE, Jones EL, 2008. Virus removal from water by a portable water treatment device. Wilderness Environ Med 19 :45–49.
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13
APHA, AWWA & WEF, 2001. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Twentieth edition. Part 2130. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation.
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14
Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, 1987. Isolation oocysts and sporozoites using a discontinuous sucrose and isopycnic gradients. J Parasitol 73 :314–319.
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15
Reller ME, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Olson CA, Baier KG, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2003. A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :411–419.
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16
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2003. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9 :106–117.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 219 | 155 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 559 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 212 | 4 | 0 |
Laboratory Assessment of a Gravity-Fed Ultrafiltration Water Treatment Device Designed for Household Use in Low-Income Settings
Thomas Clasen
Thomas Clasen
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England; Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Vestergaard Frandsen S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jaime Naranjo
Jaime Naranjo
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England; Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Vestergaard Frandsen S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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Daniel Frauchiger
Daniel Frauchiger
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England; Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Vestergaard Frandsen S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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Charles Gerba
Charles Gerba
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England; Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and Vestergaard Frandsen S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
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Interventions to improve water quality, particularly when deployed at the household level, are an effective means of preventing endemic diarrheal disease, a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developing world. We assessed the microbiologic performance of a novel water treatment device designed for household use in low-income settings. The device employs a backwashable hollow fiber ultrafiltration cartridge and is designed to mechanically remove enteric pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoan cysts from drinking water without water pressure or electric power. In laboratory testing through 20,000 L (~110% of design life) at moderate turbidity (15 nephelometric turbidity unit [NTU]), the device achieved log10 reduction values of 6.9 for Escherichia coli, 4.7 for MS2 coliphage (proxy for enteric pathogenic viruses), and 3.6 for Cryptosporidium oocysts, thus exceeding levels established for microbiological water purifiers. With periodic cleaning and backwashing, the device produced treated water at an average rate of 143 mL/min (8.6 L/hour) (range 293 to 80 mL/min) over the course of the evaluation. If these results are validated in field trials, the deployment of the unit on a wide scale among vulnerable populations may make an important contribution to public health efforts to control intractable waterborne diseases.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J, 2008. Safe Water, Better Health: Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
WHO, 2005. World Health Report 2005—Make Every Woman and Child Count. Geneva: The World Health Organization.
-
3
Blakely T, Hales S, Kieft C, Wilson N, Woodward A, 2005. The global distribution of risk factors by poverty level. Bull World Health Organ 83 :118–126.
-
4
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann R, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford J, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
5
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. The Cochrane Library, Issue 3: Oxford: Update Software.
-
6
Clasen T, Haller L, Walker D, Bartram J, Cairncross S, 2007. Cost-effectiveness analysis of water quality interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease in developing countries. J Water Health 5 :599–608.
-
7
Clasen T, 2009. Scaling Up Household Water Treatment among Low-Income Populations. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8
WHO/UNICEF, 2008. Progress in Drinking-water and Sanitation: Special Focuson Sanitation. Geneva: World Health Organization, and New York: United Nations Children’s Fund.
-
9
Sobsey M, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
10
USEPA, 1987. Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
-
11
Grabow WOK, 2001. Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water. Water SA 27 :251–268.
-
12
Gerba CP, Naranjo JE, Jones EL, 2008. Virus removal from water by a portable water treatment device. Wilderness Environ Med 19 :45–49.
-
13
APHA, AWWA & WEF, 2001. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Twentieth edition. Part 2130. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation.
-
14
Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR, 1987. Isolation oocysts and sporozoites using a discontinuous sucrose and isopycnic gradients. J Parasitol 73 :314–319.
-
15
Reller ME, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Olson CA, Baier KG, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2003. A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :411–419.
-
16
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2003. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9 :106–117.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 219 | 155 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 559 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 212 | 4 | 0 |