ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2006–07. Offshore Humanitarian Programme—Output 1.2—Annual Report. Available at: http://www.immi.gov.au/about/reports/annual/2006-07/html/outcome1/output1_2_1.htm. Accessed July 7, 2008.
-
2
Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2007. Health requirements for permanent entry to Australia. Available at: http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/22health.htm. Accessed December 4, 2008.
-
3
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Medical Benefits Schedule, Item 714, Canberra, Australia. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/. Accessed December 4, 2008.
-
4
Johnson D, 2007. Rates of Infectious Diseases and Nutritional Deficiencies in Newly Arrived African Refugees, Government of South Australia, Central North Adelaide Health Service.
-
5
Martin JA, Mak DB, 2006. Changing faces: a review of infectious disease screening of refugees by the Migrant Health Unit, Western Australia in 2003 and 2004. Med J Aust 12 :607–610.
-
6
Tiong ACD, Patel MS, Gardiner J, Ryan R, Linton KS, Walker KA, Scopel J, Biggs BA, 2006. Health issues in newly arrived African refugees attending general practice clinics in Melbourne. Med J Aust 12 :602–606.
-
7
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001. Census Dictionary. Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/8D410890B14050F7CA256B3B00149F6A?opendocument: Accessed February 2008.
-
8
Gibney K, MacGregor L, Leder K, Torresi J, Marshall C, Ebeling P, Biggs B, 2008. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis 46 :443–446.
-
9
MacIntyre CR, Plant AJ, 1999. Longitudinal incidence of tuberculosis in South-East Asian refugees after re-settlement. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 :287–293.
-
10
Manzardo C, Trevino B, Gomez i Prat J, Cabezos J, Mongui E, Claveria I, Del Bal J, Zabaleta E, Zarzuela F, Navarro R, 2008. Communicable diseases in the immigrant population attended to in a tropical medicine unit: epidemiological aspects and public health issues. Trav Med Infect Dis 6 :4–11.
-
11
Martinez-Lirola M, Alonso-Rodriguez N, Sanchez ML, Herranz M, Andres S, Penafiel T, Rogado MC, Cabazas T, Martinez J, Lucerna MA, Rodriguez M, del Carmen Bonillo M, Bouza E, de Viedma DG, 2008. Advanced survey of tuberculosis transmission in a complex socioepidemiologic scenario with a high proportion of cases in immigrants. Clin Infect Dis 47 :8–14.
-
12
Lopez-Velez R, Huerga H, Turrientes M, 2003. Infectious diseases in immigrants from the perspective of a tropical medicine referral unit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :115–121.
-
13
Jasmer R, Nahid P, Hopewell P, 2002. Latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med 347 :1860–1866.
-
14
Khan K, Muernnig P, Behta M, Zivin J, 2002. Global drug-resistance patterns and the management of latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants to the United States. N Engl J Med 347 :1850–1859.
-
15
Posey D, Blackburn B, Weinberg M, Flagg E, Ortega L, Wilson M, Secor W, Sanders-Lewis K, Won K, Maguire J, 2007. High prevalence and presumptive treatment of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis among African refugees. Clin Infect Dis 45 :1310–1315.
-
16
McLeod A, Reeve M, 2005. The health status of quota refugees screened by New Zealand’s Auckland Public Helath Service between 1995 and 2000, NZMJ 118. Available at: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1224/1702. Accessed January 2007.
-
17
Immigration and Citizenship Portfolio: Commonwealth of Australia, 2007. Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Canberra, Australia, p. 128.
-
18
Leder K, Tong S, Weld L, Kain K, Wilder-Smith A, von Sonnenbury F, Black J, Brown G, Torresi J, 2006. Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinal Surveillence Network. Clin Infect Dis 43 :1185–1193.
-
19
Gibney K, Torresi J, Lemoh C, Biggs BA, 2008. Isolated core antibody hepatitis B in sub-Saharan African immigrants. J Med Virol 80 :1565–1569.
-
20
McGovern B, 2007. The epidemiology, natural history and prevention of hepatitis B: implications of HIV coinfection. Antiviral Ther 12 :H3–H13.
-
21
Missiha S, Ostrowski M, Heathcote E, 2008. Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Gastroenterology 134 :1699–1714.
-
22
Aquino R, Chieffi P, Catunda S, Arujo M, Ribeiro M, Taddeo E, Rolim E, 2000. Hepatitis B and C virus markers among patients with hepatosplenic mansonic schistosomiasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 :313–320.
-
23
Caruana S, Kelly H, Ngeow JY, Ryan N, Bennett C, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs BA, 2006. Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasite infections among immigrants and refugees in Australia. J Travel Med 13 :233–239.
-
24
Wang P, Adair R, 1999. Helicobacter pylori in immigrants from East Africa. J Gen Intern Med 14 :567–568.
-
25
World Health Organization, 1994. Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori, International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyon, France, pp. 1–241.
-
26
Haddy T, Rana S, Castro O, 1999. Benign ethnic neutropenia: what is a normal absolute neutrophil count? J Lab Clin Med 133 :15–22.
-
27
Kuper H, Adami H, Trichopoulos D, 2000. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248 :171–183.
-
28
Holick M, 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357 :266–281.
-
29
Nnoaham K, Clarke A, 2008. Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 37 :113–119.
-
30
Huerga H, Lopez-Velez R, 2002. Infectious diseases in sub-Saharan African immigrant children in Madrid, Spain. Ped Infect Dis J 21 :830–834.
-
31
Adair R, Nwaneri M, 1999. Communicable diseases in African immigrants in Minneapolis. Arch Intern Med 159 :83–85.
-
32
Hayes E, Talbot S, Matheson E, Pressler H, Hanna A, McCarthy C, 1998. Health status of pediatric refugees in Portland, ME. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152 :564–568.
-
33
Lifson A, Thai D, O’Fallon A, Mills W, Hang K, 2002. Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus and intestinal parasitic infections among refugees to Minnesota. Public Health Rep 117 :69–77.
-
34
Parenti D, Luca D, Lee A, Hollenkamp R, 1987. Health status of Ethiopian refugees in the United States. Am J Pub Health 77 :1542–1543.
-
35
Pottie K, Janakiram P, Topp P, McCarthy A, 2007. Prevalence of selected preventable and treatable diseases among government-assisted refugees. Can Fam Physician 53 :1928–1934.
-
36
Rice JE, Skull SA, Pearce C, Mulholland N, Davie G, Carapetis JR, 2003. Screening for intestinal parasites in recently arrived children from East Africa. J Paediatr Child Health 39 :456–459.
-
37
Franco-Paredess C, Dismukes R, Nicolls D, Hidron A, Workowski K, Rodriguez-Morales A, Wilson M, Jones D, Manyang P, Kozarsky P, 2007. Persistent and untreated tropical infectious diseases among Sudanese refugees in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :633–635.
-
38
Lopez-Velez R, Turrientes C, Gutierrez C, Mateos M, 1997. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C and D markers in sub-Saharan African immigrants. J Clin Gastro 25 :650–652.
-
39
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini P, Whitty C, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travellers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8 :728–732.
-
40
Maroushek S, Aguilar E, Stauffer W, Abd-Alla M, 2005. Malaria among refugee children at arrival in the United States. Ped Infect Dis J 24 :450–452.
-
41
Ndao M, Bandyayera E, Kokoskin E, Gyorkos T, MacLean J, Ward B, 2004. Comparison of blood smear, antigen detection and nested-PCR methods for screening refugees from regions where malaria is endemic after a malaria outbreak in Quebec, Canada. J Clin Micro 42 :2694–2700.
-
42
Peterson M, Koncyk M, Ambrosino K, Carpenter D, Wilhelm J, Kocka F, 2001. Parasitic screening of a refugee population in Illinois. Diag Micro Infect Dis 40 :75–76.
-
43
Thompson R, Hutchinson J, Johnston N, 1972. Survey of intestinal pathogens from immigrant children. BMJ 1 :591–594.
-
44
Garg P, Perry S, Dorn M, Hardcastle L, Parsonnet J, 2005. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :386–391.
-
45
McGillivray G, Skull SA, Davie G, Kofoed S, Frydenberg A, Rice JE, Cooke R, Carapetis JR, 2007. High prevalence of asymptomatic vitamin D and iron deficiency in East African immigrant children and adolescents living in a temperate climate. Arch Dis Child 92 :1088–1093.
-
46
Skull S, Ngeow J, Biggs B, Street A, Ebeling P, 2003. Vitamin D deficiency is common and unrecognized among recently arrived adult immigrants from The Horn of Africa. Intern Med J 33 :47–51.
-
47
Stellinga-Boelen A, Wiegersma P, Storn H, Bijleveld C, Verkade H, 2007. Vitamin D levels in children of asylum seekers in The Netherlands in relation to season and dietary intake. Eur J Pediatr 166 :201–206.
-
48
Reed S, Laya M, Melville J, Ismail S, Mitchell C, Ackerman D, 2007. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and clinical associations among veiled East African women in Washington State. J Womens Health 16 :206–213.
-
49
Stellinga-Boelen A, Storn H, Wiegersma P, Bijleveld C, Verkade H, 2007. Iron deficiency among children of asylum seekers in The Netherlands. JPNG 45 :591–595.
-
50
Pardo J, Carranza C, Muro A, Angel-Moreno A, Martin A, Martin T, Hernandez-Cabrera M, Perez-Arellano J, 2006. Helminth-related esoinophilia in African immigrants, Gran Canaria. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1587–1589.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 354 | 298 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 456 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 155 | 10 | 0 |
The Profile of Health Problems in African Immigrants Attending an Infectious Disease Unit in Melbourne, Australia
Katherine B. Gibney
Katherine B. Gibney
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases (CCREID), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Seema Mihrshahi
Seema Mihrshahi
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases (CCREID), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Joseph Torresi
Joseph Torresi
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases (CCREID), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Caroline Marshall
Caroline Marshall
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases (CCREID), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Karin Leder
Karin Leder
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases (CCREID), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Beverley-Ann Biggs
Beverley-Ann Biggs
Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases (CCREID), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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The number of African immigrants living in Western countries is increasing. A retrospective audit of sub-Saharan African patients attending the infectious diseases clinics of a Melbourne teaching hospital was performed. A total of 375 patients were included. Helicobacter pylori gastritis was diagnosed in 60% of those tested (35/58), schistosomiasis in 41% (84/206), chronic hepatitis B in 19% (32/167), and strongyloidiasis in 18% (32/179). Active tuberculosis (TB) affected 18% (51/276) and latent TB 55% (152/276). Pathologic parasites were detected in stool in 21% (31/145). Vitamin D deficiency (< 50 nmol/L) affected 73% (139/191), anemia 17% (52/312), iron deficiency 15% (22/151), and low neutrophil count 25% (78/312). Infectious diseases, vitamin D deficiency, anemia, and latent TB were common in sub-Saharan African immigrants. Clinicians need to be aware of these conditions to meet the health needs of this group. Comprehensive health checks should be encouraged for new arrivals, particularly from high-risk areas.
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-
1
Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2006–07. Offshore Humanitarian Programme—Output 1.2—Annual Report. Available at: http://www.immi.gov.au/about/reports/annual/2006-07/html/outcome1/output1_2_1.htm. Accessed July 7, 2008.
-
2
Australian Government Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2007. Health requirements for permanent entry to Australia. Available at: http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/22health.htm. Accessed December 4, 2008.
-
3
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2006. Medical Benefits Schedule, Item 714, Canberra, Australia. Available at: http://www.health.gov.au/. Accessed December 4, 2008.
-
4
Johnson D, 2007. Rates of Infectious Diseases and Nutritional Deficiencies in Newly Arrived African Refugees, Government of South Australia, Central North Adelaide Health Service.
-
5
Martin JA, Mak DB, 2006. Changing faces: a review of infectious disease screening of refugees by the Migrant Health Unit, Western Australia in 2003 and 2004. Med J Aust 12 :607–610.
-
6
Tiong ACD, Patel MS, Gardiner J, Ryan R, Linton KS, Walker KA, Scopel J, Biggs BA, 2006. Health issues in newly arrived African refugees attending general practice clinics in Melbourne. Med J Aust 12 :602–606.
-
7
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001. Census Dictionary. Available at: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/8D410890B14050F7CA256B3B00149F6A?opendocument: Accessed February 2008.
-
8
Gibney K, MacGregor L, Leder K, Torresi J, Marshall C, Ebeling P, Biggs B, 2008. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis 46 :443–446.
-
9
MacIntyre CR, Plant AJ, 1999. Longitudinal incidence of tuberculosis in South-East Asian refugees after re-settlement. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 3 :287–293.
-
10
Manzardo C, Trevino B, Gomez i Prat J, Cabezos J, Mongui E, Claveria I, Del Bal J, Zabaleta E, Zarzuela F, Navarro R, 2008. Communicable diseases in the immigrant population attended to in a tropical medicine unit: epidemiological aspects and public health issues. Trav Med Infect Dis 6 :4–11.
-
11
Martinez-Lirola M, Alonso-Rodriguez N, Sanchez ML, Herranz M, Andres S, Penafiel T, Rogado MC, Cabazas T, Martinez J, Lucerna MA, Rodriguez M, del Carmen Bonillo M, Bouza E, de Viedma DG, 2008. Advanced survey of tuberculosis transmission in a complex socioepidemiologic scenario with a high proportion of cases in immigrants. Clin Infect Dis 47 :8–14.
-
12
Lopez-Velez R, Huerga H, Turrientes M, 2003. Infectious diseases in immigrants from the perspective of a tropical medicine referral unit. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :115–121.
-
13
Jasmer R, Nahid P, Hopewell P, 2002. Latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med 347 :1860–1866.
-
14
Khan K, Muernnig P, Behta M, Zivin J, 2002. Global drug-resistance patterns and the management of latent tuberculosis infection in immigrants to the United States. N Engl J Med 347 :1850–1859.
-
15
Posey D, Blackburn B, Weinberg M, Flagg E, Ortega L, Wilson M, Secor W, Sanders-Lewis K, Won K, Maguire J, 2007. High prevalence and presumptive treatment of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis among African refugees. Clin Infect Dis 45 :1310–1315.
-
16
McLeod A, Reeve M, 2005. The health status of quota refugees screened by New Zealand’s Auckland Public Helath Service between 1995 and 2000, NZMJ 118. Available at: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/118-1224/1702. Accessed January 2007.
-
17
Immigration and Citizenship Portfolio: Commonwealth of Australia, 2007. Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Canberra, Australia, p. 128.
-
18
Leder K, Tong S, Weld L, Kain K, Wilder-Smith A, von Sonnenbury F, Black J, Brown G, Torresi J, 2006. Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinal Surveillence Network. Clin Infect Dis 43 :1185–1193.
-
19
Gibney K, Torresi J, Lemoh C, Biggs BA, 2008. Isolated core antibody hepatitis B in sub-Saharan African immigrants. J Med Virol 80 :1565–1569.
-
20
McGovern B, 2007. The epidemiology, natural history and prevention of hepatitis B: implications of HIV coinfection. Antiviral Ther 12 :H3–H13.
-
21
Missiha S, Ostrowski M, Heathcote E, 2008. Disease progression in chronic hepatitis C: modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Gastroenterology 134 :1699–1714.
-
22
Aquino R, Chieffi P, Catunda S, Arujo M, Ribeiro M, Taddeo E, Rolim E, 2000. Hepatitis B and C virus markers among patients with hepatosplenic mansonic schistosomiasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 42 :313–320.
-
23
Caruana S, Kelly H, Ngeow JY, Ryan N, Bennett C, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs BA, 2006. Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasite infections among immigrants and refugees in Australia. J Travel Med 13 :233–239.
-
24
Wang P, Adair R, 1999. Helicobacter pylori in immigrants from East Africa. J Gen Intern Med 14 :567–568.
-
25
World Health Organization, 1994. Schistosomes, Liver Flukes and Helicobacter pylori, International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Lyon, France, pp. 1–241.
-
26
Haddy T, Rana S, Castro O, 1999. Benign ethnic neutropenia: what is a normal absolute neutrophil count? J Lab Clin Med 133 :15–22.
-
27
Kuper H, Adami H, Trichopoulos D, 2000. Infections as a major preventable cause of human cancer. J Intern Med 248 :171–183.
-
28
Holick M, 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357 :266–281.
-
29
Nnoaham K, Clarke A, 2008. Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 37 :113–119.
-
30
Huerga H, Lopez-Velez R, 2002. Infectious diseases in sub-Saharan African immigrant children in Madrid, Spain. Ped Infect Dis J 21 :830–834.
-
31
Adair R, Nwaneri M, 1999. Communicable diseases in African immigrants in Minneapolis. Arch Intern Med 159 :83–85.
-
32
Hayes E, Talbot S, Matheson E, Pressler H, Hanna A, McCarthy C, 1998. Health status of pediatric refugees in Portland, ME. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152 :564–568.
-
33
Lifson A, Thai D, O’Fallon A, Mills W, Hang K, 2002. Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus and intestinal parasitic infections among refugees to Minnesota. Public Health Rep 117 :69–77.
-
34
Parenti D, Luca D, Lee A, Hollenkamp R, 1987. Health status of Ethiopian refugees in the United States. Am J Pub Health 77 :1542–1543.
-
35
Pottie K, Janakiram P, Topp P, McCarthy A, 2007. Prevalence of selected preventable and treatable diseases among government-assisted refugees. Can Fam Physician 53 :1928–1934.
-
36
Rice JE, Skull SA, Pearce C, Mulholland N, Davie G, Carapetis JR, 2003. Screening for intestinal parasites in recently arrived children from East Africa. J Paediatr Child Health 39 :456–459.
-
37
Franco-Paredess C, Dismukes R, Nicolls D, Hidron A, Workowski K, Rodriguez-Morales A, Wilson M, Jones D, Manyang P, Kozarsky P, 2007. Persistent and untreated tropical infectious diseases among Sudanese refugees in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :633–635.
-
38
Lopez-Velez R, Turrientes C, Gutierrez C, Mateos M, 1997. Prevalence of hepatitis B, C and D markers in sub-Saharan African immigrants. J Clin Gastro 25 :650–652.
-
39
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini P, Whitty C, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travellers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8 :728–732.
-
40
Maroushek S, Aguilar E, Stauffer W, Abd-Alla M, 2005. Malaria among refugee children at arrival in the United States. Ped Infect Dis J 24 :450–452.
-
41
Ndao M, Bandyayera E, Kokoskin E, Gyorkos T, MacLean J, Ward B, 2004. Comparison of blood smear, antigen detection and nested-PCR methods for screening refugees from regions where malaria is endemic after a malaria outbreak in Quebec, Canada. J Clin Micro 42 :2694–2700.
-
42
Peterson M, Koncyk M, Ambrosino K, Carpenter D, Wilhelm J, Kocka F, 2001. Parasitic screening of a refugee population in Illinois. Diag Micro Infect Dis 40 :75–76.
-
43
Thompson R, Hutchinson J, Johnston N, 1972. Survey of intestinal pathogens from immigrant children. BMJ 1 :591–594.
-
44
Garg P, Perry S, Dorn M, Hardcastle L, Parsonnet J, 2005. Risk of intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in a refugee population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :386–391.
-
45
McGillivray G, Skull SA, Davie G, Kofoed S, Frydenberg A, Rice JE, Cooke R, Carapetis JR, 2007. High prevalence of asymptomatic vitamin D and iron deficiency in East African immigrant children and adolescents living in a temperate climate. Arch Dis Child 92 :1088–1093.
-
46
Skull S, Ngeow J, Biggs B, Street A, Ebeling P, 2003. Vitamin D deficiency is common and unrecognized among recently arrived adult immigrants from The Horn of Africa. Intern Med J 33 :47–51.
-
47
Stellinga-Boelen A, Wiegersma P, Storn H, Bijleveld C, Verkade H, 2007. Vitamin D levels in children of asylum seekers in The Netherlands in relation to season and dietary intake. Eur J Pediatr 166 :201–206.
-
48
Reed S, Laya M, Melville J, Ismail S, Mitchell C, Ackerman D, 2007. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and clinical associations among veiled East African women in Washington State. J Womens Health 16 :206–213.
-
49
Stellinga-Boelen A, Storn H, Wiegersma P, Bijleveld C, Verkade H, 2007. Iron deficiency among children of asylum seekers in The Netherlands. JPNG 45 :591–595.
-
50
Pardo J, Carranza C, Muro A, Angel-Moreno A, Martin A, Martin T, Hernandez-Cabrera M, Perez-Arellano J, 2006. Helminth-related esoinophilia in African immigrants, Gran Canaria. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1587–1589.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 354 | 298 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 456 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 155 | 10 | 0 |