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-
1
de Silva S, Saykao P, Kelly H, MacIntyre CR, Ryan N, Leydon J, Biggs BA, 2002. Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Laotian immigrants and refugees 7–20 years after resettlement in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 128 :439–444.
-
2
Igual-Adell R, Oltra-Alcaraz C, Soler-Company E, Sanchez-Sanchez P, Matogo-Oyana J, Rodriguez-Calabuig D, 2004. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of strongyloidiasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5 :2615–2619.
-
3
Molina CD, Molina MM, Molina JM, 1988. Intestinal parasites in Southeast Asian refugees two years after immigration. West J Med 149 :422–425.
-
4
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travellers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8 :728–732.
-
5
Lim L, Biggs BA, 2001. Fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis in a previously treated patient. Med J Aust 174 :355–356.
-
6
Lim S, Katz K, Krajden S, Fuksa M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2004. Complicated and fatal Strongyloides infection in Canadians: risk factors, diagnosis and management. CMAJ 171 :479–484.
-
7
World Health Organization, 2004. World Health Organization Model Formulary. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8
Datry A, Hilmarsdottir I, Mayorga-Sagastume R, Lyagoubi M, Gaxotte P, Biligui S, Chodakewitz J, Neu D, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1994. Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with ivermectin compared with albendazole: results of an open study of 60 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :344–345.
-
9
Marti H, Haji HJ, Savioli L, Chwaya HM, Mgeni AF, Ameir JS, Hatz C, 1996. A comparative trial of a single-dose ivermectin versus three days of albendazole for treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis and other soil-transmitted helminth infections in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :477–481.
-
10
Page M, Dempsey K, 2004. Implementing Best Practice in the Eradication of Chronic Strongyloidiasis for Clients of Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation. Braddon, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation.
-
11
Toma H, Sato Y, Shiroma Y, Kobayashi J, Shimabukuro I, Takara M, 2000. Comparative studies on the efficacy of three anthelminthics on treatment of human strongyloidiasis in Okinawa, Japan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 :147–151.
-
12
Adenusi AA, Oke OA, Adenusi AO, 2003. Comparison of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of uncomplicated human Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Afr J Biotechnol 2 :465–469.
-
13
Gann PH, Neva FA, Gam AA, 1994. A randomized trial of single- and two-dose ivermectin versus thiabendazole for treatment of strongyloidiasis. J Infect Dis 169 :1076–1079.
-
14
Heukelbach J, Winter B, Wilcke T, Muehlen M, Albrecht S, de Oliveira FA, Kerr-Pontes LR, Liesenfeld O, Feldmeier H, 2004. Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population. Bull World Health Organ 82 :563–571.
-
15
Ordonez LE, Angulo ES, 2004. Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of children parasitized by Strongyloides stercoralis. Biomedica (Bogota) 24 :33–41.
-
16
Zaha O, Hirata T, Kinjo F, Saito A, Fukuhara H, 2002. Efficacy of ivermectin for chronic strongyloidiasis: two single doses given 2 weeks apart. J Infect Chemother 8 :94–98.
-
17
Naquira C, Jimenez G, Guerra JG, Bernal R, Nalin DR, Neu D, Aziz M, 1989. Ivermectin for human strongyloidiasis and other intestinal helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :304–309.
-
18
Biggs B, Durrheim D, McCarthy J, Page W, 2003. Recommendations from the Second National Workshop on Strongyloidiasis. Brisbane: 25–26 July, 2003.
-
19
Speare R, Durrheim DN, 2004. Strongyloides Serology – Useful for Diagnosis and Management of Strongyloidiasis in Rural Indigenous Populations, but Important Gaps in Knowledge Remain. Rural and Remote Health. Available at: http://www.rrh.org.au/home/defaultnew.asp.
-
20
Siddiqui AA, Berk SL, 2001. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 33 :1040–1047.
-
21
Nielson PB, Mojon M, 1987. Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis by seven consecutive stool specimens. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 263 :616–618.
-
22
Sato Y, Kobayashi J, Toma H, Shiroma Y, 1995. Efficacy of stool examination for detection of Strongyloides infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :248–250.
-
23
Loutfy MR, Wilson M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2002. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :749–752.
-
24
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travellers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8 :728–732.
-
25
Kobayashi J, Sato Y, Toma H, Takara M, Shiroma Y, 1994. Application of enzyme immunoassay for postchemotherapy evaluation of human strongyloidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 18 :19–23.
-
26
Lindo JF, Atkins NS, Lee MG, Robinson RD, Bundy DA, 1996. Parasite-specific serum IgG following successful treatment of endemic strongyloidiasis using ivermectin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :702–703.
-
27
Nuesch R, Zimmerli L, Stockli R, Gyr N, Christoph Hatz FR, 2005. Imported strongyloidosis: a longitudinal analysis of 31 cases. J Travel Med 12 :80–84.
-
28
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, Ngeow JYY, Ryan N, Bennett CM, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs B-A, 2006. Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasitic infections among immigrants to Australia. J Travel Med 13 :233–239.
-
29
Genta RM, Lillibridge JP, 1989. Prominence of IgG4 antibodies in the human responses to Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect Dis 160 :692–699.
-
30
Grove DI, 1989. Diagnosis. Grove DI, ed. Strongyloidiasis: A Major Roundworm Infection in Man. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd., 175–197.
-
31
Karunajeewa H, Kelly H, Leslie D, Leydon J, Saykao P, Biggs BA, 2006. Parasite-specific IgG response and peripheral blood eosinophil count following albendazole treatment for presumed chronic strongyloidiasis. J Travel Med 13 :84–91.
-
32
Gam AA, Neva FA, Krotoski WA, 1987. Comparative sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and IHA for serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis with larval antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37 :157–161.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1563 | 1483 | 352 |
| Full Text Views | 270 | 11 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 95 | 11 | 0 |
Management of Chronic Strongyloidiasis in Immigrants and Refugees: Is Serologic Testing Useful?
Beverley-Ann Biggs
Beverley-Ann Biggs
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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Sonia Caruana
Sonia Caruana
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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Seema Mihrshahi
Seema Mihrshahi
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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Damien Jolley
Damien Jolley
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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Jenne Leydon
Jenne Leydon
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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Ley Chea
Ley Chea
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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Sophy Nuon
Sophy Nuon
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Monash Institute of Health Services Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Serology Laboratory, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Windsor Medical Centre, Springvale, Victoria, Australia; Medical Clinic, Springvale, Victoria, Australia
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We assessed the usefulness of serologic testing in monitoring strongyloidiasis in immigrants after treatment with two doses of ivermectin. An observational study was conducted in a group of Cambodian immigrants residing in Melbourne who were treated for strongyloidiasis and followed-up in a general practice setting. Two doses of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) were administered orally. Periodic serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing was undertaken for up to 30 months after treatment. Antibody titers for Strongyloides sp. decreased in 95% (38 of 40) of the patients, 47.5% (19 of 40) had a decrease in optical density to less than 0.5, and 65% (26 of 40) reached levels consistent with a cure during the follow-up period. Serologic testing for Strongyloides sp. is a useful tool for monitoring a decrease in antibody levels after effective treatment. This testing should be carried out 6–12 months after treatment to ensure a sustained downward trend suggestive of cure.
Author Notes
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-
1
de Silva S, Saykao P, Kelly H, MacIntyre CR, Ryan N, Leydon J, Biggs BA, 2002. Chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Laotian immigrants and refugees 7–20 years after resettlement in Australia. Epidemiol Infect 128 :439–444.
-
2
Igual-Adell R, Oltra-Alcaraz C, Soler-Company E, Sanchez-Sanchez P, Matogo-Oyana J, Rodriguez-Calabuig D, 2004. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of strongyloidiasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 5 :2615–2619.
-
3
Molina CD, Molina MM, Molina JM, 1988. Intestinal parasites in Southeast Asian refugees two years after immigration. West J Med 149 :422–425.
-
4
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travellers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8 :728–732.
-
5
Lim L, Biggs BA, 2001. Fatal disseminated strongyloidiasis in a previously treated patient. Med J Aust 174 :355–356.
-
6
Lim S, Katz K, Krajden S, Fuksa M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2004. Complicated and fatal Strongyloides infection in Canadians: risk factors, diagnosis and management. CMAJ 171 :479–484.
-
7
World Health Organization, 2004. World Health Organization Model Formulary. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
8
Datry A, Hilmarsdottir I, Mayorga-Sagastume R, Lyagoubi M, Gaxotte P, Biligui S, Chodakewitz J, Neu D, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1994. Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with ivermectin compared with albendazole: results of an open study of 60 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :344–345.
-
9
Marti H, Haji HJ, Savioli L, Chwaya HM, Mgeni AF, Ameir JS, Hatz C, 1996. A comparative trial of a single-dose ivermectin versus three days of albendazole for treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis and other soil-transmitted helminth infections in children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :477–481.
-
10
Page M, Dempsey K, 2004. Implementing Best Practice in the Eradication of Chronic Strongyloidiasis for Clients of Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation. Braddon, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation.
-
11
Toma H, Sato Y, Shiroma Y, Kobayashi J, Shimabukuro I, Takara M, 2000. Comparative studies on the efficacy of three anthelminthics on treatment of human strongyloidiasis in Okinawa, Japan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 31 :147–151.
-
12
Adenusi AA, Oke OA, Adenusi AO, 2003. Comparison of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of uncomplicated human Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Afr J Biotechnol 2 :465–469.
-
13
Gann PH, Neva FA, Gam AA, 1994. A randomized trial of single- and two-dose ivermectin versus thiabendazole for treatment of strongyloidiasis. J Infect Dis 169 :1076–1079.
-
14
Heukelbach J, Winter B, Wilcke T, Muehlen M, Albrecht S, de Oliveira FA, Kerr-Pontes LR, Liesenfeld O, Feldmeier H, 2004. Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population. Bull World Health Organ 82 :563–571.
-
15
Ordonez LE, Angulo ES, 2004. Efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of children parasitized by Strongyloides stercoralis. Biomedica (Bogota) 24 :33–41.
-
16
Zaha O, Hirata T, Kinjo F, Saito A, Fukuhara H, 2002. Efficacy of ivermectin for chronic strongyloidiasis: two single doses given 2 weeks apart. J Infect Chemother 8 :94–98.
-
17
Naquira C, Jimenez G, Guerra JG, Bernal R, Nalin DR, Neu D, Aziz M, 1989. Ivermectin for human strongyloidiasis and other intestinal helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40 :304–309.
-
18
Biggs B, Durrheim D, McCarthy J, Page W, 2003. Recommendations from the Second National Workshop on Strongyloidiasis. Brisbane: 25–26 July, 2003.
-
19
Speare R, Durrheim DN, 2004. Strongyloides Serology – Useful for Diagnosis and Management of Strongyloidiasis in Rural Indigenous Populations, but Important Gaps in Knowledge Remain. Rural and Remote Health. Available at: http://www.rrh.org.au/home/defaultnew.asp.
-
20
Siddiqui AA, Berk SL, 2001. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Clin Infect Dis 33 :1040–1047.
-
21
Nielson PB, Mojon M, 1987. Improved diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis by seven consecutive stool specimens. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg 263 :616–618.
-
22
Sato Y, Kobayashi J, Toma H, Shiroma Y, 1995. Efficacy of stool examination for detection of Strongyloides infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :248–250.
-
23
Loutfy MR, Wilson M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2002. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :749–752.
-
24
Sudarshi S, Stumpfle R, Armstrong M, Ellman T, Parton S, Krishnan P, Chiodini PL, Whitty CJ, 2003. Clinical presentation and diagnostic sensitivity of laboratory tests for Strongyloides stercoralis in travellers compared with immigrants in a non-endemic country. Trop Med Int Health 8 :728–732.
-
25
Kobayashi J, Sato Y, Toma H, Takara M, Shiroma Y, 1994. Application of enzyme immunoassay for postchemotherapy evaluation of human strongyloidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 18 :19–23.
-
26
Lindo JF, Atkins NS, Lee MG, Robinson RD, Bundy DA, 1996. Parasite-specific serum IgG following successful treatment of endemic strongyloidiasis using ivermectin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :702–703.
-
27
Nuesch R, Zimmerli L, Stockli R, Gyr N, Christoph Hatz FR, 2005. Imported strongyloidosis: a longitudinal analysis of 31 cases. J Travel Med 12 :80–84.
-
28
Caruana SR, Kelly HA, Ngeow JYY, Ryan N, Bennett CM, Chea L, Nuon S, Bak N, Skull SA, Biggs B-A, 2006. Undiagnosed and potentially lethal parasitic infections among immigrants to Australia. J Travel Med 13 :233–239.
-
29
Genta RM, Lillibridge JP, 1989. Prominence of IgG4 antibodies in the human responses to Strongyloides stercoralis infection. J Infect Dis 160 :692–699.
-
30
Grove DI, 1989. Diagnosis. Grove DI, ed. Strongyloidiasis: A Major Roundworm Infection in Man. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd., 175–197.
-
31
Karunajeewa H, Kelly H, Leslie D, Leydon J, Saykao P, Biggs BA, 2006. Parasite-specific IgG response and peripheral blood eosinophil count following albendazole treatment for presumed chronic strongyloidiasis. J Travel Med 13 :84–91.
-
32
Gam AA, Neva FA, Krotoski WA, 1987. Comparative sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and IHA for serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis with larval antigens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 37 :157–161.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1563 | 1483 | 352 |
| Full Text Views | 270 | 11 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 95 | 11 | 0 |