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-
1
World Health Organization, 2007. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82 :361–380.
-
2
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, 2007. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 23 :78–82.
-
3
Molyneux DH, 2001. Vector-borne infections in the tropics and health policy issues in the twenty-first century. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :233–238.
-
4
Ottesen EA, 2006. Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control, and elimination. Adv Parasitol 61 :395–444.
-
5
Ottesen EA, Duke BOL, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75 :491–503.
-
6
Burkot T, Ichimori K, 2002. The PacELF programme: will mass drug administration be enough? Trends Parasitol 18 :109–115.
-
7
Ichimori I, Crump A, 2005. Pacific collaboration to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 21 :441–444.
-
8
Sasa M, 1976. Human Filariasis: A Global Survey of Epidemiology and Control. Baltimore: University Park Press.
-
9
Jachowski LA Jr, Otto GF, 1955. Filariasis in American Samoa. IV. Prevalence of microfilaremia in the human population. Am J Hyg 61 :334–348.
-
10
Reid EC, Kimura E, 1993. Microfilaria prevalence of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti among people having a medical check-up in American Samoa in the past 17 years. J Trop Med Hyg 96 :118–123.
-
11
Liang JL, King J, Ichimori K, Handzel T, Pa’au M, Lammie PJ, 2008. Impact of five annual rounds of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in American Samoa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :924–928.
-
12
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N, 1997. The ICT filariasis test: a rapid format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 13 :401–404.
-
13
World Health Organization, 2006. The PacELF Way towards the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis from the Pacific, 1999–2005. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Chambers EW, McClintock SK, Avery MF, King JD, Eberhard ML, Bradley M, Schmaedick MA, Lammie PJ, Burkot TR, 2009. Xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes from American Samoa: trapping considerations and a comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with dissection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80 :774–781.
-
15
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Farris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of bancroftian filariasis in the Nile Delta of Egypt: baseline data and one-year follow up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :53–58.
-
16
World Health Organization, 2004. Report on the mid-term assessment of microfilaraemia reduction in sentinel sites of 13 countries of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :358–365.
-
17
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367 :992–999.
-
18
Mohammed KA, Molyneux DH, Albonico M, Rio F, 2006. Progress toward eliminating lymphatic filariasis in Zanzibar: a model programme. Trends Parasitol 22 :340–344.
-
19
Grady CA, Beau de Rochars M, Direny AN, Orelus JN, Wendt J, Radday J, Mathieu E, Roberts JM, Streit TG, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ, 2007. Endpoints for lymphatic filariasis programs. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :608–610.
-
20
Lammie PJ, Reiss MD, Dimock KA, Streit TG, Roberts JM, Eberhard ML, 1998. Longitudinal analysis of the development of filarial infection and antifilarial immunity in a cohort of Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :217–221.
-
21
Ramzy RM, Helmy H, Faris R, Gad AM, Chandrasheka R, Weil G, 1995. Evaluation of a recombinant antigen-based antibody assay for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :443–446.
-
22
Lammie PJ, Weil G, Noordin R, Kaliraj P, Steel C, Goodman D, Lakshmikanthan VB, Ottesen E, 2004. Recombinant antigen- based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis - a multicenter trial. Filaria J 3 :9.
-
23
Dennis VA, Kasater BL, Lowrie RC Jr, Bakeer M, Chandrashekar R, Weil GJ, Xu K, 1995. Antibody response to recombinant Brugia malayi antigens in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :174–175.
-
24
Tisch DJ, Bockarie MJ, Dimber Z, Kiniboro B, Tarongka N, Hazlett FE, Kastens W, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 2008. Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :289–293.
-
25
Esterre P, Plichart C, Sechan Y, Nguyen NL, 2001. The impact of 34 years of massive DEC chemotherapy on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission: the Maupiti cohort. Trop Med Int Health 6 :190–195.
-
26
Huppatz C, Durrheim D, Lammie P, Kelly P, Melrose W, 2008. Eliminating lymphatic filariasis-the surveillance challenge. Trop Med Int Health 13 :292–294.
-
27
World Health Organization, 2000 Preparing and Implementing a National Plan to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 245 | 193 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 285 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 9 | 0 |
Assessing Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis Using Parasitologic, Serologic, and Entomologic Tools after Mass Drug Administration in American Samoa
Janice M. Mladonicky
Janice M. Mladonicky
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Jonathan D. King
Jonathan D. King
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Jennifer L. Liang
Jennifer L. Liang
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Eric Chambers
Eric Chambers
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Molisamoa Pa’au
Molisamoa Pa’au
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Mark A. Schmaedick
Mark A. Schmaedick
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Thomas R. Burkot
Thomas R. Burkot
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Mark Bradley
Mark Bradley
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Patrick J. Lammie
Patrick J. Lammie
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia; American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Global Community Partnerships, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, United Kingdom
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Assessing the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission after annual mass drug administration (MDA) requires a better understanding of how to interpret results obtained with the available diagnostic tools. We conducted parasitologic, serologic, and entomologic surveys in three villages in American Samoa after sentinel site surveys suggested filarial antigen prevalence was < 1% after five annual MDAs with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole. Antigen and antifilarial antibody prevalence ranged from 3.7% to 4.6% and from 12.5% to 14.9%, respectively, by village. Only one person was microfilaria positive. Although no children less than 10 years of age were antigen positive, antifilarial antibody prevalence in this age group was 5.1% and antibody-positive children were detected in all three villages. Wuchereria bancrofti–infected mosquitoes were also detected in all three villages. Thus, monitoring of infections in mosquitoes and antifilarial antibody levels in children may serve as indicators of local transmission and be useful for making decisions about program endpoints.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
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-
1
World Health Organization, 2007. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82 :361–380.
-
2
Weil GJ, Ramzy RMR, 2007. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 23 :78–82.
-
3
Molyneux DH, 2001. Vector-borne infections in the tropics and health policy issues in the twenty-first century. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :233–238.
-
4
Ottesen EA, 2006. Lymphatic filariasis: treatment, control, and elimination. Adv Parasitol 61 :395–444.
-
5
Ottesen EA, Duke BOL, Karam M, Behbehani K, 1997. Strategies and tools for the control/elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Bull World Health Organ 75 :491–503.
-
6
Burkot T, Ichimori K, 2002. The PacELF programme: will mass drug administration be enough? Trends Parasitol 18 :109–115.
-
7
Ichimori I, Crump A, 2005. Pacific collaboration to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 21 :441–444.
-
8
Sasa M, 1976. Human Filariasis: A Global Survey of Epidemiology and Control. Baltimore: University Park Press.
-
9
Jachowski LA Jr, Otto GF, 1955. Filariasis in American Samoa. IV. Prevalence of microfilaremia in the human population. Am J Hyg 61 :334–348.
-
10
Reid EC, Kimura E, 1993. Microfilaria prevalence of diurnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti among people having a medical check-up in American Samoa in the past 17 years. J Trop Med Hyg 96 :118–123.
-
11
Liang JL, King J, Ichimori K, Handzel T, Pa’au M, Lammie PJ, 2008. Impact of five annual rounds of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in American Samoa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :924–928.
-
12
Weil GJ, Lammie PJ, Weiss N, 1997. The ICT filariasis test: a rapid format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 13 :401–404.
-
13
World Health Organization, 2006. The PacELF Way towards the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis from the Pacific, 1999–2005. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Chambers EW, McClintock SK, Avery MF, King JD, Eberhard ML, Bradley M, Schmaedick MA, Lammie PJ, Burkot TR, 2009. Xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes from American Samoa: trapping considerations and a comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with dissection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80 :774–781.
-
15
Weil GJ, Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Kandil AM, Ahmed ES, Farris R, 1999. A longitudinal study of bancroftian filariasis in the Nile Delta of Egypt: baseline data and one-year follow up. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :53–58.
-
16
World Health Organization, 2004. Report on the mid-term assessment of microfilaraemia reduction in sentinel sites of 13 countries of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :358–365.
-
17
Ramzy RM, El Setouhy M, Ahmed ES, Abd Elaziz KM, Farid HA, Shannon WD, Weil GJ, 2006. Effect of yearly mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in Egypt: a comprehensive assessment. Lancet 367 :992–999.
-
18
Mohammed KA, Molyneux DH, Albonico M, Rio F, 2006. Progress toward eliminating lymphatic filariasis in Zanzibar: a model programme. Trends Parasitol 22 :340–344.
-
19
Grady CA, Beau de Rochars M, Direny AN, Orelus JN, Wendt J, Radday J, Mathieu E, Roberts JM, Streit TG, Addiss DG, Lammie PJ, 2007. Endpoints for lymphatic filariasis programs. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :608–610.
-
20
Lammie PJ, Reiss MD, Dimock KA, Streit TG, Roberts JM, Eberhard ML, 1998. Longitudinal analysis of the development of filarial infection and antifilarial immunity in a cohort of Haitian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :217–221.
-
21
Ramzy RM, Helmy H, Faris R, Gad AM, Chandrasheka R, Weil G, 1995. Evaluation of a recombinant antigen-based antibody assay for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89 :443–446.
-
22
Lammie PJ, Weil G, Noordin R, Kaliraj P, Steel C, Goodman D, Lakshmikanthan VB, Ottesen E, 2004. Recombinant antigen- based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis - a multicenter trial. Filaria J 3 :9.
-
23
Dennis VA, Kasater BL, Lowrie RC Jr, Bakeer M, Chandrashekar R, Weil GJ, Xu K, 1995. Antibody response to recombinant Brugia malayi antigens in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :174–175.
-
24
Tisch DJ, Bockarie MJ, Dimber Z, Kiniboro B, Tarongka N, Hazlett FE, Kastens W, Alpers MP, Kazura JW, 2008. Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :289–293.
-
25
Esterre P, Plichart C, Sechan Y, Nguyen NL, 2001. The impact of 34 years of massive DEC chemotherapy on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission: the Maupiti cohort. Trop Med Int Health 6 :190–195.
-
26
Huppatz C, Durrheim D, Lammie P, Kelly P, Melrose W, 2008. Eliminating lymphatic filariasis-the surveillance challenge. Trop Med Int Health 13 :292–294.
-
27
World Health Organization, 2000 Preparing and Implementing a National Plan to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 245 | 193 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 285 | 6 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 9 | 0 |