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1
Luft BJ, Hafner R, Korzun AH, Leport C, Antoniskis D, Bosler EM, Bourland DD III, Uttamchandani R, Fuhrer J, Jacobson J, 1993. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Members of the ACTG 077p/ANRS 009 Study Team. N Engl J Med 329 :995–1000.
-
2
Antinori A, Larussa D, Cingolani A, Lorenzini P, Bossolasco S, Finazzi MG, Bongiovanni M, Guaraldi G, Grisetti S, Vigo B, Gigli B, Mariano A, Dalle Nogare ER, De Marco M, Moretti F, Corsi P, Abrescia N, Rellecati P, Castagna A, Mussini C, Ammassari A, Cinque P, d’Arminio Monforte A, 2004. Prevalence, associated factors, and prognostic determinants of AIDS-related toxoplasmic encephalitis in the era of advanced highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39 :1681–1691.
-
3
Dannemann B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D, Antoniskis D, Leport C, Luft B, Nussbaum J, Clumeck N, Morlat P, Chiu J, 1992. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin topyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The California Collaborative Treatment Group. Ann Intern Med 116 :33–43.
-
4
Leport C, Raffi F, Matheron S, Katlama C, Regnier B, Saimot AG, Marche C, Vedrenne C, Vilde JL, 1988. Treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine combination in 35 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Efficacy of long-term continuous therapy. Am J Med 84 :94–100.
-
5
Torre D, Speranza F, Martegani R, Zeroli C, Banfi M, Airoldi M, 1998. A retrospective study of treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. J Infect 37 :15–18.
-
6
Katlama C, De Wit S, O’Doherty E, Van Glabeke M, Clumeck N, 1996. Pyrimethamine-clindamycin vs. pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine as acute and long-term therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 22 :268–275.
-
7
Torre D, Casari S, Speranza F, Donisi A, Gregis G, Poggio A, Ranieri S, Orani A, Angarano G, Chiodo F, Fiori G, Carosi G, 1998. Randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for therapy of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Italian Collaborative Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 :1346–1349.
-
8
Dedicoat M, Livesley N, 2006. Management of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected adults (with an emphasis on resource-poor settings). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 :CD005420.
-
9
Canessa A, Del Bono V, De Leo P, Piersantelli N, Terragna A, 1992. Cotrimoxazole therapy of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in AIDS patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11 :125–130.
-
10
Solbreux P, Sonnet J, Zech F, 1990. A retrospective study about the use of cotrimoxazole as diagnostic support and treatment of suspected cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Acta Clin Belg 45 :85–96.
-
11
Francis P, Patel VB, Bill PL, Bhigjee AI, 2004. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients–a prospective study. S Afr Med J 94 :51–53.
-
12
Chin TW, Vandenbroucke A, Fong IW, 1995. Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill AIDS patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 :28–33.
-
13
Winstanley P, Khoo S, Szwandt S, Edwards G, Wilkins E, Tija J, Coker R, McKane W, Beeching N, Watkin S, 1995. Marked variation in pyrimethamine disposition in AIDS patients treated for cerebral toxoplasmosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 36 :435–439.
-
14
Arens J, Barnes K, Crowley N, Maartens G, 2007. Treating AIDS-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine compared with cotrimoxazole, and outcome with adjunctive glucocorticoids. S Afr Med J 97 :956–958.
-
15
Duval X, Pajot O, Le Moing V, Longuet P, Ecobichon JL, Mentre F, Leport C, Vilde JL, 2004. Maintenance therapy with cotrimoxazole for toxoplasmic encephalitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 18 :1342–1344.
-
16
Abgrall S, Rabaud C, Costagliola D, 2001. Incidence and risk factors for toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients before and during the highly active anti-retroviral therapy era. Clin Infect Dis 33 :1747–1755.
-
17
Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N’Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R, 1999. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 353 :1463–1468.
-
18
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, 1999. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353 :1469–1475.
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| Abstract Views | 255 | 255 | 66 |
| Full Text Views | 772 | 306 | 2 |
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Cotrimoxazole for Treatment of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: An Observational Cohort Study during 1994–2006
Guillaume Béraud
Guillaume Béraud
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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Sandrine Pierre-François
Sandrine Pierre-François
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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Adeline Foltzer
Adeline Foltzer
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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Sylvie Abel
Sylvie Abel
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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Bernard Liautaud
Bernard Liautaud
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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Didier Smadja
Didier Smadja
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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André Cabié
André Cabié
Infectious Diseases Department Comité de Coordination de la Lutte Contre le Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine de la Martinique, Neurology Department, Centre d’Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique Antilles Guyane (INSERM CIC-EC 802), University Hospital of Fort-de-France, Fort de France, Martinique, France
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Cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SMX]) is an alternative treatment for toxoplasmic encephalitis because it is inexpensive, well-tolerated, and as effective as pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine, which is the first-line drug regimen). We report results of a large cohort study of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who were treated for toxoplasmic encephalitis with cotrimoxazole. The mean follow-up period was more than three years. Our results confirm that cotrimoxazole is effective (85.5%), with a relatively low incidence of side effects (22%; 7.4% requiring treatment interruption). Relapse occurred in 30.1% of the patients at a mean ± SD of 7.8 ± 16.2 months after the first episode. The only risk factor for relapse was poor treatment and/or prophylaxis adherence. Mortality was significantly higher (P < 0.05) before 1996 than after 1996 (the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy). There was a non-significant trend towards a higher rate of relapse among patients treated before 1996 (P = 0.06). Consequently, cotrimoxazole could be a first-line drug regimen for curative treatment and prophylaxis of toxoplasmic encephalitis.
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-
1
Luft BJ, Hafner R, Korzun AH, Leport C, Antoniskis D, Bosler EM, Bourland DD III, Uttamchandani R, Fuhrer J, Jacobson J, 1993. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Members of the ACTG 077p/ANRS 009 Study Team. N Engl J Med 329 :995–1000.
-
2
Antinori A, Larussa D, Cingolani A, Lorenzini P, Bossolasco S, Finazzi MG, Bongiovanni M, Guaraldi G, Grisetti S, Vigo B, Gigli B, Mariano A, Dalle Nogare ER, De Marco M, Moretti F, Corsi P, Abrescia N, Rellecati P, Castagna A, Mussini C, Ammassari A, Cinque P, d’Arminio Monforte A, 2004. Prevalence, associated factors, and prognostic determinants of AIDS-related toxoplasmic encephalitis in the era of advanced highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 39 :1681–1691.
-
3
Dannemann B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D, Antoniskis D, Leport C, Luft B, Nussbaum J, Clumeck N, Morlat P, Chiu J, 1992. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin topyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The California Collaborative Treatment Group. Ann Intern Med 116 :33–43.
-
4
Leport C, Raffi F, Matheron S, Katlama C, Regnier B, Saimot AG, Marche C, Vedrenne C, Vilde JL, 1988. Treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine combination in 35 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Efficacy of long-term continuous therapy. Am J Med 84 :94–100.
-
5
Torre D, Speranza F, Martegani R, Zeroli C, Banfi M, Airoldi M, 1998. A retrospective study of treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. J Infect 37 :15–18.
-
6
Katlama C, De Wit S, O’Doherty E, Van Glabeke M, Clumeck N, 1996. Pyrimethamine-clindamycin vs. pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine as acute and long-term therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 22 :268–275.
-
7
Torre D, Casari S, Speranza F, Donisi A, Gregis G, Poggio A, Ranieri S, Orani A, Angarano G, Chiodo F, Fiori G, Carosi G, 1998. Randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for therapy of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Italian Collaborative Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 :1346–1349.
-
8
Dedicoat M, Livesley N, 2006. Management of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected adults (with an emphasis on resource-poor settings). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 :CD005420.
-
9
Canessa A, Del Bono V, De Leo P, Piersantelli N, Terragna A, 1992. Cotrimoxazole therapy of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in AIDS patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11 :125–130.
-
10
Solbreux P, Sonnet J, Zech F, 1990. A retrospective study about the use of cotrimoxazole as diagnostic support and treatment of suspected cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Acta Clin Belg 45 :85–96.
-
11
Francis P, Patel VB, Bill PL, Bhigjee AI, 2004. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients–a prospective study. S Afr Med J 94 :51–53.
-
12
Chin TW, Vandenbroucke A, Fong IW, 1995. Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in critically ill and non-critically ill AIDS patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39 :28–33.
-
13
Winstanley P, Khoo S, Szwandt S, Edwards G, Wilkins E, Tija J, Coker R, McKane W, Beeching N, Watkin S, 1995. Marked variation in pyrimethamine disposition in AIDS patients treated for cerebral toxoplasmosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 36 :435–439.
-
14
Arens J, Barnes K, Crowley N, Maartens G, 2007. Treating AIDS-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine compared with cotrimoxazole, and outcome with adjunctive glucocorticoids. S Afr Med J 97 :956–958.
-
15
Duval X, Pajot O, Le Moing V, Longuet P, Ecobichon JL, Mentre F, Leport C, Vilde JL, 2004. Maintenance therapy with cotrimoxazole for toxoplasmic encephalitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 18 :1342–1344.
-
16
Abgrall S, Rabaud C, Costagliola D, 2001. Incidence and risk factors for toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients before and during the highly active anti-retroviral therapy era. Clin Infect Dis 33 :1747–1755.
-
17
Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N’Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R, 1999. Early chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 353 :1463–1468.
-
18
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, 1999. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353 :1469–1475.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 255 | 255 | 66 |
| Full Text Views | 772 | 306 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 576 | 239 | 2 |