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1
UNAIDS, 2007. AIDS Epidemic Update: 2007. Geneva: UNAIDS.
-
2
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual Infection with HIV-1 and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314 :1603–1606.
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Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Lutalo T, Wawer MJ, Abramowsky C, Sullivan D, Gray R, 2003. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 17 :2539–2541.
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Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M, 2006. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :726–732.
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De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, Alnwick DJ, Rogers M, Shaffer N, 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 283 :1175–1182.
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Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–35.
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ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :41–54.
-
9
Parise ME, Ayisi JG, Nahlen BL, Schultz LJ, Roberts JM, Misore A, Muga R, Oloo AJ, Steketee RW, 1998. Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :813–822.
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10
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Bloland PB, Chilima B, Mermin JH, Chitsulo L, Breman JG, 1996. Impairment of a pregnant woman’s acquired ability to limit Plasmodium falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :42–49.
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11
Villamor E, Msamanga G, Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2005. Adverse perinatal outcomes of HIV-1 infected women in relation to malaria parasitemia in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :694–697.
-
12
French N, Gilks CF, 2000. Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting at Manson House, London, 18 March 1999. Fresh from the field: some controversies in tropical medicine and hygiene. HIV and malaria, do they interact? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :233–237.
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13
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314 :1603–1606.
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14
Inion I, Mwanyumba F, Gaillard P, Chohan V, Verhofstede C, Claeys P, Mandaliya K, Van Marck E, Temmerman M, 2003. Placental malaria and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 188 :1675–1678.
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Ladner J, Leroy V, Simonon A, Karita E, Bogaerts J, De Clercq A, Van De Perre P, Dabis F, 2002. HIV infection, malaria, and pregnancy: a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :56–60.
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16
van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, Misore AO, Otieno JA, Rosen DH, Kager PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2003. HIV increases the risk of malaria in women of all gravidities in Kisumu, Kenya. AIDS 17 :595–603.
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Ayisi JG, van Eijk AM, ter Kuile FO, Kolczak MS, Otieno JA, Misore AO, Kaga PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2003. The effect of dual infection with HIV and malaria on pregnancy outcome in western Kenya. AIDS 17 :585–594.
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20
Kublin JG, Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Chimbiya N, Pendame R, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2005. Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1 RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 365 :233–240.
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Mwapasa V, Rogerson SJ, Molyneux ME, Abrams ET, Kamwendo DD, Lema VM, Tadesse E, Chaluluka E, Wilson PE, Meshnick SR, 2004. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on peripheral and placental HIV-1 RNA concentrations in pregnant Malawian women. AIDS 18 :1051–1059.
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Placental Malaria and Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1
Gernard I. Msamanga
Gernard I. Msamanga
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Taha E. Taha
Taha E. Taha
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Alicia M. Young
Alicia M. Young
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Elizabeth R. Brown
Elizabeth R. Brown
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Irving F. Hoffman
Irving F. Hoffman
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Jennifer S. Read
Jennifer S. Read
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Victor Mudenda
Victor Mudenda
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Robert L. Goldenberg
Robert L. Goldenberg
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Usha Sharma
Usha Sharma
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Moses Sinkala
Moses Sinkala
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wafaie W. Fawzi
Wafaie W. Fawzi
Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; University of North Carolina Division of Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Pediatric, Adolescent, and Maternal AIDS Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Directorate of Health, Lusaka Urban District Health Management Team, Lusaka Zambia; Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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There are few studies of the association between placental malaria (PM) and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and the results of published studies are inconsistent. To determine the association between PM and MTCT of HIV-1, we performed a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial of antibiotics to reduce chorioamnionitis. Data regarding 1,662 HIV-1–infected women with live born singleton and first-born twin infants with information regarding PM and infant HIV-1 infection status at birth were analyzed. At the time of the study, women did not have access to antiretroviral drugs for treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome but had received nevirapine prophylaxis to reduce the risk of MTCT of HIV-1. Placental malaria was not associated with the infant HIV-1 infection status at birth (P = 0.67). Adjustment for maternal plasma viral load and CD4+ cell count did not change these results (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 0.51–2.20, P = 0.87). Placental malaria was more likely to be related to HIV-1 infection at birth among women with low viral load at baseline (P for interaction = 0.08). In conclusion, PM was not associated with infant HIV-1 infection status at birth. The interaction of maternal plasma viral load, PM, and MTCT of HIV-1 warrants further studies.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
UNAIDS, 2007. AIDS Epidemic Update: 2007. Geneva: UNAIDS.
-
2
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual Infection with HIV-1 and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314 :1603–1606.
-
3
Brahmbhatt H, Kigozi G, Wabwire-Mangen F, Serwadda D, Sewankambo N, Lutalo T, Wawer MJ, Abramowsky C, Sullivan D, Gray R, 2003. The effects of placental malaria on mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rakai, Uganda. AIDS 17 :2539–2541.
-
4
Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M, 2006. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :726–732.
-
5
De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, Alnwick DJ, Rogers M, Shaffer N, 2000. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 283 :1175–1182.
-
6
Guyatt HL, Snow RW, 2001. The epidemiology and burden of Plasmodium falciparum-related anemia among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :36–44.
-
7
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–35.
-
8
ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, van Eijk AM, Rogerson SJ, Steketee RW, 2004. The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :41–54.
-
9
Parise ME, Ayisi JG, Nahlen BL, Schultz LJ, Roberts JM, Misore A, Muga R, Oloo AJ, Steketee RW, 1998. Efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :813–822.
-
10
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Bloland PB, Chilima B, Mermin JH, Chitsulo L, Breman JG, 1996. Impairment of a pregnant woman’s acquired ability to limit Plasmodium falciparum by infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :42–49.
-
11
Villamor E, Msamanga G, Aboud S, Urassa W, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2005. Adverse perinatal outcomes of HIV-1 infected women in relation to malaria parasitemia in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :694–697.
-
12
French N, Gilks CF, 2000. Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene meeting at Manson House, London, 18 March 1999. Fresh from the field: some controversies in tropical medicine and hygiene. HIV and malaria, do they interact? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :233–237.
-
13
Abu-Raddad LJ, Patnaik P, Kublin JG, 2006. Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Science 314 :1603–1606.
-
14
Inion I, Mwanyumba F, Gaillard P, Chohan V, Verhofstede C, Claeys P, Mandaliya K, Van Marck E, Temmerman M, 2003. Placental malaria and perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 188 :1675–1678.
-
15
Ladner J, Leroy V, Simonon A, Karita E, Bogaerts J, De Clercq A, Van De Perre P, Dabis F, 2002. HIV infection, malaria, and pregnancy: a prospective cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :56–60.
-
16
van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, Misore AO, Otieno JA, Rosen DH, Kager PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2003. HIV increases the risk of malaria in women of all gravidities in Kisumu, Kenya. AIDS 17 :595–603.
-
17
Verhoeff FH, Brabin BJ, Hart CA, Chimsuku L, Kazembe P, Broadhead RL, 1999. Increased prevalence of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women and its implications for malaria control. Trop Med Int Health 4 :5–12.
-
18
Ticconi C, Mapfumo M, Dorrucci M, Naha N, Tarira E, Pietropolli A, Rezza G, 2003. Effect of maternal HIV and malaria infection on pregnancy and perinatal outcome in Zimbabwe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 34 :289–294.
-
19
Ayisi JG, van Eijk AM, ter Kuile FO, Kolczak MS, Otieno JA, Misore AO, Kaga PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2003. The effect of dual infection with HIV and malaria on pregnancy outcome in western Kenya. AIDS 17 :585–594.
-
20
Kublin JG, Patnaik P, Jere CS, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Chimbiya N, Pendame R, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, 2005. Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1 RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 365 :233–240.
-
21
Mwapasa V, Rogerson SJ, Molyneux ME, Abrams ET, Kamwendo DD, Lema VM, Tadesse E, Chaluluka E, Wilson PE, Meshnick SR, 2004. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on peripheral and placental HIV-1 RNA concentrations in pregnant Malawian women. AIDS 18 :1051–1059.
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