Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006a. The Role of Laboratory Diagnosis to Support Malaria Disease Management. Focus on the Use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Areas of High Transmission: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation, October 25–26, 2004.
-
2
Proux S, Hkirijareon L, Ngamngonkiri C, McConnell S, Nosten F, 2001. Paracheck-Pf: a new, inexpensive and reliable rapid test for P. falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 6 :99–101.
-
3
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006b. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :432–440.
-
4
Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH, 2007. A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :119–127.
-
5
Barat L, Chipipa J, Kolczak M, Sukwa T, 1999. Does the availability of blood slide microscopy for malaria at health centers improve the management of persons with fever in Zambia? Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1024–1030.
-
6
Bell D, Wongsrichanalai C, Barnwell JW, 2006. Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved? Nat Rev Microbiol 4 :S7–S20.
-
7
Hopkins H, Kambale W, Kamya MR, Staedke SG, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, 2007. Comparison of HRP2- and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests for malaria with longitudinal follow-up in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1092–1097.
-
8
Ochola LB, Vounatsou P, Smith T, Mabaso ML, Newton CR, 2006. The reliability of diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis and management of malaria in the absence of a gold standard. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :582–588.
-
9
Palmer CJ, Lindo JF, Klaskala WI, Quesada JA, Kaminsky R, Baum MK, Ager AL, 1998. Evaluation of the OptiMAL test for rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Clin Microbiol 36 :203–206.
-
10
Murray CK, Gasser RA Jr, Magill AJ, Miller RS, 2008. Update on rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 21 :97–110.
-
11
Zurovac D, Larson BA, Akhwale W, Snow RW, 2006a. The financial and clinical implications of adult malaria diagnosis using microscopy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1185–1194.
-
12
Mens P, Spieker N, Omar S, Heijnen M, Schallig H, Kager PA, 2007. Is molecular biology the best alternative for diagnosis of malaria to microscopy? A comparison between microscopy, antigen detection and molecular tests in rural Kenya and urban Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 12 :238–244.
-
13
Mboera LE, Fanello CI, Malima RC, Talbert A, Fogliati P, Bobbio F, Molteni F, 2006. Comparison of the Paracheck-Pf test with microscopy, for the confirmation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100 :115–122.
-
14
Hopkins H, Bebell L, Kambale W, Dokomajilar C, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2008. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria at sites of varying transmission intensity in Uganda. J Infect Dis 197 :510–518.
-
15
Baker J, McCarthy J, Gatton M, Kyle DE, Belizario V, Luchavez J, Bell D, Cheng Q, 2005. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its effect on the performance of PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests. J Infect Dis 1 :870–877.
-
16
McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, Kachur SP, 2008. Challenges in routine implementation and quality control of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria–Rufiji District, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79 :385–390.
-
17
Gatti S, Gramegna M, Bisoffi Z, Raglio A, Gulletta M, Klersy C, Bruno A, Maserati R, Madama S, Scaglia M, Gispi Study G, 2007. A comparison of three diagnostic techniques for malaria: a rapid diagnostic test (NOW Malaria), PCR and microscopy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101 :195–204.
-
18
Hawkes M, Kain KC, 2007. Advances in malaria diagnosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 5 :485–495.
-
19
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006b. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva: WHO.
-
20
Reyburn H, Mbakilwa H, Mwangi R, Mwerinde O, Olomi R, Drakeley C, Whitty CJ, 2007. Rapid diagnostic tests compared to malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: randomised trial. BMJ 334 :403.
-
21
Hamer DH, Ndhlovu M, Zurovac D, Fox M, Yeboah-Antwi K, Chanda P, Sipilinyambe N, Simon JL, Snow RW, 2007. Improved diagnostic testing and malaria treatment practices in Zambia. JAMA 297 :2227–2231.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 47 | 47 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 414 | 90 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 11 | 0 |
Performance of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests as Part of Routine Malaria Case Management in Kenya
Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira
Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Jacek Skarbinski
Jacek Skarbinski
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Peter O. Ouma
Peter O. Ouma
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Simon Kariuki
Simon Kariuki
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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John W. Barnwell
John W. Barnwell
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kephas Otieno
Kephas Otieno
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Phillip Onyona
Phillip Onyona
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Louise M. Causer
Louise M. Causer
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Kayla F. Laserson
Kayla F. Laserson
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Willis S. Akhwale
Willis S. Akhwale
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Laurence Slutsker
Laurence Slutsker
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mary Hamel
Mary Hamel
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Vector-Borne, Zoonotic, and Enteric Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Workforce and Career Development, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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Data on malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) performance under routine program conditions are limited. We assessed the attributes of RDTs performed by study and health facility (HF) staffs as part of routine malaria case management of patients ≥ 5 years of age in Kenya. Expert microscopy was used as our gold standard. A total of 1,827 patients were enrolled; 191 (11.6%) were parasitemic by expert microscopy. Sensitivity and specificity of RDTs performed by study staff were 86.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79.8–93.5%) and 95.4% (95% CI: 93.9–96.9%), respectively. Among tests performed by HF staff, RDTs were 91.7% (95% CI: 80.8–100.0%) sensitive and 96.7% (95% CI: 92.8–100.0%) specific, whereas microscopy was 52.5% (95% CI: 33.2–71.9%) sensitive and 77.0% (95% CI: 67.9–86.2%) specific. Our findings suggest that RDTs perform better than microscopy under routine conditions. Further efforts are needed to maintain this high RDT performance over time.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006a. The Role of Laboratory Diagnosis to Support Malaria Disease Management. Focus on the Use of Rapid Diagnostic Tests in Areas of High Transmission: Report of a WHO Technical Consultation, October 25–26, 2004.
-
2
Proux S, Hkirijareon L, Ngamngonkiri C, McConnell S, Nosten F, 2001. Paracheck-Pf: a new, inexpensive and reliable rapid test for P. falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 6 :99–101.
-
3
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006b. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :432–440.
-
4
Wongsrichanalai C, Barcus MJ, Muth S, Sutamihardja A, Wernsdorfer WH, 2007. A review of malaria diagnostic tools: microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :119–127.
-
5
Barat L, Chipipa J, Kolczak M, Sukwa T, 1999. Does the availability of blood slide microscopy for malaria at health centers improve the management of persons with fever in Zambia? Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :1024–1030.
-
6
Bell D, Wongsrichanalai C, Barnwell JW, 2006. Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved? Nat Rev Microbiol 4 :S7–S20.
-
7
Hopkins H, Kambale W, Kamya MR, Staedke SG, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, 2007. Comparison of HRP2- and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests for malaria with longitudinal follow-up in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1092–1097.
-
8
Ochola LB, Vounatsou P, Smith T, Mabaso ML, Newton CR, 2006. The reliability of diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis and management of malaria in the absence of a gold standard. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :582–588.
-
9
Palmer CJ, Lindo JF, Klaskala WI, Quesada JA, Kaminsky R, Baum MK, Ager AL, 1998. Evaluation of the OptiMAL test for rapid diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Clin Microbiol 36 :203–206.
-
10
Murray CK, Gasser RA Jr, Magill AJ, Miller RS, 2008. Update on rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 21 :97–110.
-
11
Zurovac D, Larson BA, Akhwale W, Snow RW, 2006a. The financial and clinical implications of adult malaria diagnosis using microscopy in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1185–1194.
-
12
Mens P, Spieker N, Omar S, Heijnen M, Schallig H, Kager PA, 2007. Is molecular biology the best alternative for diagnosis of malaria to microscopy? A comparison between microscopy, antigen detection and molecular tests in rural Kenya and urban Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 12 :238–244.
-
13
Mboera LE, Fanello CI, Malima RC, Talbert A, Fogliati P, Bobbio F, Molteni F, 2006. Comparison of the Paracheck-Pf test with microscopy, for the confirmation of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100 :115–122.
-
14
Hopkins H, Bebell L, Kambale W, Dokomajilar C, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, 2008. Rapid diagnostic tests for malaria at sites of varying transmission intensity in Uganda. J Infect Dis 197 :510–518.
-
15
Baker J, McCarthy J, Gatton M, Kyle DE, Belizario V, Luchavez J, Bell D, Cheng Q, 2005. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its effect on the performance of PfHRP2-based rapid diagnostic tests. J Infect Dis 1 :870–877.
-
16
McMorrow ML, Masanja MI, Abdulla SM, Kahigwa E, Kachur SP, 2008. Challenges in routine implementation and quality control of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria–Rufiji District, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79 :385–390.
-
17
Gatti S, Gramegna M, Bisoffi Z, Raglio A, Gulletta M, Klersy C, Bruno A, Maserati R, Madama S, Scaglia M, Gispi Study G, 2007. A comparison of three diagnostic techniques for malaria: a rapid diagnostic test (NOW Malaria), PCR and microscopy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 101 :195–204.
-
18
Hawkes M, Kain KC, 2007. Advances in malaria diagnosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 5 :485–495.
-
19
World Health Organization (WHO), 2006b. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva: WHO.
-
20
Reyburn H, Mbakilwa H, Mwangi R, Mwerinde O, Olomi R, Drakeley C, Whitty CJ, 2007. Rapid diagnostic tests compared to malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: randomised trial. BMJ 334 :403.
-
21
Hamer DH, Ndhlovu M, Zurovac D, Fox M, Yeboah-Antwi K, Chanda P, Sipilinyambe N, Simon JL, Snow RW, 2007. Improved diagnostic testing and malaria treatment practices in Zambia. JAMA 297 :2227–2231.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 47 | 47 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 414 | 90 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 96 | 11 | 0 |