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1
Desjeux P, 2004. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27 :305–318.
-
2
Desjeux P, 1992. Human leishmaniases: epidemiology and public health aspects. World Health Stat Q 45 :267–275.
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3
Bora D, 1999. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12 :62–68.
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4
Costa CH, Stewart JM, Gomes RB, Garcez LM, Ramos PK, Bozza M, Satoskar A, Dissanayake S, Santos RS, Silva MR, Shaw JJ, David JR, Maguire JH, 2002. Asymptomatic human carriers of Leishmania chagasi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :334–337.
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5
Singh S, Kumar V, Singh N, 2002. Predicting kala-azar disease manifestations in asymptomatic patients with latent Leishmania donovani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant K39 antigen. Clinical 9 :568–572.
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6
Sinha PK, Bimal S, Pandey K, Singh SK, Ranjan A, Kumar N, Lal CS, Barman SB, Verma RB, Jeyakumar A, Das P, Bhattacharya M, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK, 2008. A community-based, comparative evaluation of direct agglutination and rK39 strip tests in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102 :119–125.
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7
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el-Hassan AM, el-Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1991. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis and sero-epidemiological survey of kala-azar in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :474–476.
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8
Singla N, Singh GS, Sundar S, Vinayak VK, 1993. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test as an immunodiagnostic tool for kala-azar in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :276–278.
-
9
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 :563–565.
-
10
Sundar S, Sahu M, Mehta H, Gupta A, Kohli U, Rai M, Berman JD, Murray HW, 2002. Noninvasive management of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: clinical application of diagnosis by K39 antigen strip testing at a kala-azar referral unit. Clin Infect Dis 35 :581–586.
-
11
Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Faber FJ, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1987. Evaluation of a newly developed direct agglutination test (DAT) for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison with IFAT and ELISA. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :603–606.
-
12
Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Amann J, Wagatsuma Y, Haque R, Kurkjian K, Vaz LE, Begum M, Akter T, Cetre-Sossah CB, Ahluwalia IB, Dotson E, Secor WE, Breiman RF, Maguire JH, 2005. Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :655–662.
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13
Badaro R, Jones TC, Carvalho EM, Sampaio D, Reed SG, Barral A, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1986. New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 154 :1003–1011.
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14
Le Fichoux Y, Quaranta JF, Aufeuvre JP, Lelieure A, Marty P, Suffia I, Rousseau D, Kubar J, 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37 :1953–1957.
-
15
Bucheton B, Abel L, El-Safi S, Kheir MM, Pavek S, Lemainque A, Dessein AJ, 2003. A major susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q12 plays a critical role in the control of kala-azar. Am J Hum Genet 73 :1052–1060.
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16
Mohamed HS, Ibrahim ME, Miller EN, White JK, Cordell HJ, Howson JM, Peacock CS, Khalil EA, Elhassan AM, Blackwell JM, 2004. SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan. Eur J Hum Genet 12 :66–74.
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Longitudinal Seroepidemiologic Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hyperendemic Regions of Bihar, India
Kamlesh Gidwani
Kamlesh Gidwani
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Rajiv Kumar
Rajiv Kumar
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Madhukar Rai
Madhukar Rai
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Shyam Sundar
Shyam Sundar
Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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We conducted a seroepidemiologic study of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in hyperendemic communities in Bihar, India, to determine its seroprevalence. A direct agglutination test (DAT) and rK39 antigen strip test were used as serologic tests. Capillary blood samples were collected on filter papers from 870 healthy persons (574 and 296 from households with or without VL, respectively). Of these persons, 230 (26.43%) were positive by DAT (titer > 1:1,600) and 120 (13.79%) were positive by the rK39 antigen strip test. During a two-year follow-up, 25 persons developed VL; 1 and 8 persons were positive by the rK39 strip test and DAT, respectively, and 1 was positive by both tests. Fifteen (2.57%) persons who were seronegative at baseline also developed VL. Disease occurred more among persons living in the same household (24 of 25). However, there was no significant difference in disease conversion among children (5–15 years of age) and adults (> 15 years of age). Seropositivity among asymptomatic persons is not a predictor for development of VL.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Desjeux P, 2004. Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 27 :305–318.
-
2
Desjeux P, 1992. Human leishmaniases: epidemiology and public health aspects. World Health Stat Q 45 :267–275.
-
3
Bora D, 1999. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India. Natl Med J India 12 :62–68.
-
4
Costa CH, Stewart JM, Gomes RB, Garcez LM, Ramos PK, Bozza M, Satoskar A, Dissanayake S, Santos RS, Silva MR, Shaw JJ, David JR, Maguire JH, 2002. Asymptomatic human carriers of Leishmania chagasi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :334–337.
-
5
Singh S, Kumar V, Singh N, 2002. Predicting kala-azar disease manifestations in asymptomatic patients with latent Leishmania donovani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant K39 antigen. Clinical 9 :568–572.
-
6
Sinha PK, Bimal S, Pandey K, Singh SK, Ranjan A, Kumar N, Lal CS, Barman SB, Verma RB, Jeyakumar A, Das P, Bhattacharya M, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK, 2008. A community-based, comparative evaluation of direct agglutination and rK39 strip tests in the early detection of subclinical Leishmania donovani infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 102 :119–125.
-
7
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el-Hassan AM, el-Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1991. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis and sero-epidemiological survey of kala-azar in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :474–476.
-
8
Singla N, Singh GS, Sundar S, Vinayak VK, 1993. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test as an immunodiagnostic tool for kala-azar in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :276–278.
-
9
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 :563–565.
-
10
Sundar S, Sahu M, Mehta H, Gupta A, Kohli U, Rai M, Berman JD, Murray HW, 2002. Noninvasive management of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: clinical application of diagnosis by K39 antigen strip testing at a kala-azar referral unit. Clin Infect Dis 35 :581–586.
-
11
Harith AE, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Faber FJ, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1987. Evaluation of a newly developed direct agglutination test (DAT) for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis: comparison with IFAT and ELISA. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81 :603–606.
-
12
Bern C, Hightower AW, Chowdhury R, Ali M, Amann J, Wagatsuma Y, Haque R, Kurkjian K, Vaz LE, Begum M, Akter T, Cetre-Sossah CB, Ahluwalia IB, Dotson E, Secor WE, Breiman RF, Maguire JH, 2005. Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :655–662.
-
13
Badaro R, Jones TC, Carvalho EM, Sampaio D, Reed SG, Barral A, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, 1986. New perspectives on a subclinical form of visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 154 :1003–1011.
-
14
Le Fichoux Y, Quaranta JF, Aufeuvre JP, Lelieure A, Marty P, Suffia I, Rousseau D, Kubar J, 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37 :1953–1957.
-
15
Bucheton B, Abel L, El-Safi S, Kheir MM, Pavek S, Lemainque A, Dessein AJ, 2003. A major susceptibility locus on chromosome 22q12 plays a critical role in the control of kala-azar. Am J Hum Genet 73 :1052–1060.
-
16
Mohamed HS, Ibrahim ME, Miller EN, White JK, Cordell HJ, Howson JM, Peacock CS, Khalil EA, Elhassan AM, Blackwell JM, 2004. SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in The Sudan. Eur J Hum Genet 12 :66–74.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 14 | 14 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 263 | 77 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 8 | 0 |