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ProCite
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Reference Manager
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-
1
Geissler PW, Prince RJ, Levene M, Poda C, Beckerleg SE, Mutemi W, Shulman CE, 1999. Perceptions of soil-eating and anaemia among pregnant women on the Kenyan coast. Soc Sci Med 48 :1069–1079.
-
2
Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Magnussen P, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Friis H, 2004. Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :734–741.
-
3
Vermeer DE, 1971. Geophagy among the Ewe of Ghana. Ethnology 10 :56–72.
-
4
Thomson J, 1997. Anaemia in pregnant women in eastern Caprivi, Namibia. S Afr Med J 87 :1544–1547.
-
5
Antelman G, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, Narh R, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130 :1950–1957.
-
6
WHO, UNICEF, UNU, 2001. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Program Managers. WHO/NHD/01.3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Allen LH, 2000. Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71 :1280S–1284S.
-
8
Brabin BJ, Hakimi M, Pelletier D, 2001. An analysis of anemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. J Nutr 131 : 604S–614S discussion 614S–615S.
-
9
Marchant T, Schellenberg JA, Nathan R, Abdulla S, Mukasa O, Mshinda H, Lengeler C, 2004. Anaemia in pregnancy and infant mortality in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 9 :262–266.
-
10
Mocroft A, Kirk O, Barton SE, Dietrich M, Proenca R, Colebunders R, Pradier C, dArminio Monforte A, Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, 1999. Anaemia is an independent predictive marker for clinical prognosis in HIV-infected patients from across Europe. EuroSIDA study group. AIDS 13 :943–950.
-
11
O’Brien ME, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Saathoff E, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2005. Anemia is an independent predictor of mortality and immunologic progression of disease among women with HIV in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40 :219–225.
-
12
Geissler PW, Shulman CE, Prince RJ, Mutemi W, Mnazi C, Friis H, Lowe B, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :549–553.
-
13
Adam I, Khamis AH, Elbashir MI, 2005. Prevalence and risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women of eastern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :739–743.
-
14
Steketee RW, 2003. Pregnancy, nutrition and parasitic diseases. J Nutr 133 :1661S–1667S.
-
15
Dreyfuss ML, Stoltzfus RJ, Shrestha JB, Pradhan EK, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK, Shrestha SR, Katz J, Albonico M, West KP Jr, 2000. Hookworms, malaria and vitamin A deficiency contribute to anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. J Nutr 130 :2527–2536.
-
16
Larocque R, Casapia M, Gotuzzo E, Gyorkos TW, 2005. Relationship between intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections and anemia during pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :783–789.
-
17
Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, McGrath N, Mwakagile D, Antelman G, Mbise R, Herrera G, Kapiga S, Willett W, Hunter DJ, 1998. Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 351 :1477–1482.
-
18
1993. Proposed ‘World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease’: preliminary testing by an international collaborative cross-sectional study. The WHO International Collaborating Group for the Study of the WHO Staging System. AIDS 7 :711–718.
-
19
Brenner WE, Edelman DA, Hendricks CH, 1976. A standard of fetal growth for the United States of America. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126 :555–564.
-
20
Kupka R, Garland M, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi W, 2005. Selenium status, pregnancy outcomes, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39 :203–210.
-
21
Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, Urassa E, Renjifo B, Mwakagile D, Hertzmark E, Coley J, Garland M, Kapiga S, Antelman G, Essex M, Spiegelman D, 2000. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 23 :246–254.
-
22
Massawe SN, Urassa EN, Nystrom L, Lindmark G, 1999. Effectiveness of primary level antenatal care in decreasing anemia at term in Tanzania. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78 :573–579.
-
23
Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, 2005. Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am J Epidemiol 162 :199–200.
-
24
Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Magnussen P, Friis H, 2005. Earth-eating and reinfection with intestinal helminths among pregnant and lactating women in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 10 :220–227.
-
25
Young SL, Goodman D, Farag TH, Ali SM, Khatib MR, Khalfan SS, Tielsch JM, Stoltzfus RJ, 2007. Geophagia is not associated with Trichuris or hookworm transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :766–772.
-
26
Oppenheimer SJ, 2001. Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. J Nutr 131 :616S–633S.
-
27
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong’o F, Michaelsen KF, Friis H, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among primary school children in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 3 :529–534.
-
28
Desai MR, Phillips-Howard PA, Terlouw DJ, Wannemuehler KA, Odhacha A, Kariuki SK, Nahlen BL, ter Kuile FO, 2002. Recognition of pallor associated with severe anaemia by primary caregivers in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 7 :831–839.
-
29
Nchito M, Geissler PW, Mubila L, Friis H, Olsen A, 2004. Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :218–227.
-
31
Johns T, Duquette M, 1991. Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy. Am J Clin Nutr 53 :448–456.
-
32
Hunter JM, 1973. Geophagy in Africa and in the United States: a culture-nutrition hypothesis. Geogr Rev 63 :170–195.
-
33
Abrahams PW, 1997. Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron supplementation in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2 :617–623.
-
34
Hooda PS, Henry CJ, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LD, Fowler MB, 2004. The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Sci Total Environ 333 :75–87.
-
35
Harvey PW, Dexter PB, Darnton-Hill I, 2000. The impact of consuming iron from non-food sources on iron status in developing countries. Public Health Nutr 3 :375–383.
-
36
Hooda PS, Henry CJK, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LDM, 2002. The potential impact of geophagia on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in human nutrition. Environ Geochem Health 24 :305–319.
-
37
Lin JL, Leu ML, 1996. Aluminium-containing agents may be toxic in predialysis chronic renal insufficiency patients. J Intern Med 240 :243–248.
-
38
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong’o F, Friis H, 1998. Geophagy as a risk factor for geohelminth infections: a longitudinal study of Kenyan primary schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :7–11.
-
39
Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Geissler PW, 2002. Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :485–490.
-
40
Glickman LT, Camara AO, Glickman NW, McCabe GP, 1999. Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia. Int J Epidemiol 28 :169–174.
-
41
Lopez LB, Langini SH, Pita de Portela ML, 2007. Maternal iron status and neonatal outcomes in women with pica during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 98 :151–152.
-
42
Rainville AJ, 1998. Pica practices of pregnant women are associated with lower maternal hemoglobin level at delivery. J Am Diet Assoc 98 :293–296.
-
43
Watson-Jones D, Weiss HA, Changalucha JM, Todd J, Gumodoka B, Bulmer J, Balira R, Ross D, Mugeye K, Hayes R, Mabey D, 2007. Adverse birth outcomes in United Republic of Tanzania–impact and prevention of maternal risk factors. Bull World Health Organ 85 :9–18.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 37 | 37 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 545 | 110 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 219 | 30 | 0 |
Geophagy (Soil-eating) in Relation to Anemia and Helminth Infection among HIV–Infected Pregnant Women in Tanzania
Kosuke Kawai
Kosuke Kawai
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Germany; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Elmar Saathoff
Elmar Saathoff
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Germany; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gretchen Antelman
Gretchen Antelman
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Germany; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gernard Msamanga
Gernard Msamanga
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Germany; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wafaie W. Fawzi
Wafaie W. Fawzi
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich, Germany; Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Geophagy, the regular and deliberate consumption of soil, is prevalent among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the associations of geophagy with anemia and helminth infection among 971 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. About 29% of pregnant women regularly consumed soil. Occupation, marital status, and gestational age were associated with geophagy. Ascaris lumbricoides infection was associated with the prevalence of geophagy (adjusted-prevalence ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37–2.40); however, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis showed no association. Anemia and red blood cell characteristics suggestive of iron deficiency were strongly correlated with geophagy at baseline. In longitudinal analyses, we found evidence suggesting that soil consumption may be associated with an increased risk of anemia (adjusted-relative risk 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98–1.36) and a lower hemoglobin concentration (adjusted-mean difference −3.8 g/L; 95% CI [−7.3, −0.4]). Pregnant women should be informed about the potential risks associated with soil consumption.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
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BibTeX
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-
1
Geissler PW, Prince RJ, Levene M, Poda C, Beckerleg SE, Mutemi W, Shulman CE, 1999. Perceptions of soil-eating and anaemia among pregnant women on the Kenyan coast. Soc Sci Med 48 :1069–1079.
-
2
Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Magnussen P, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Friis H, 2004. Geophagy among pregnant and lactating women in Bondo District, western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :734–741.
-
3
Vermeer DE, 1971. Geophagy among the Ewe of Ghana. Ethnology 10 :56–72.
-
4
Thomson J, 1997. Anaemia in pregnant women in eastern Caprivi, Namibia. S Afr Med J 87 :1544–1547.
-
5
Antelman G, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, Narh R, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2000. Nutritional factors and infectious disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania. J Nutr 130 :1950–1957.
-
6
WHO, UNICEF, UNU, 2001. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. A Guide for Program Managers. WHO/NHD/01.3. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Allen LH, 2000. Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71 :1280S–1284S.
-
8
Brabin BJ, Hakimi M, Pelletier D, 2001. An analysis of anemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. J Nutr 131 : 604S–614S discussion 614S–615S.
-
9
Marchant T, Schellenberg JA, Nathan R, Abdulla S, Mukasa O, Mshinda H, Lengeler C, 2004. Anaemia in pregnancy and infant mortality in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 9 :262–266.
-
10
Mocroft A, Kirk O, Barton SE, Dietrich M, Proenca R, Colebunders R, Pradier C, dArminio Monforte A, Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, 1999. Anaemia is an independent predictive marker for clinical prognosis in HIV-infected patients from across Europe. EuroSIDA study group. AIDS 13 :943–950.
-
11
O’Brien ME, Kupka R, Msamanga GI, Saathoff E, Hunter DJ, Fawzi WW, 2005. Anemia is an independent predictor of mortality and immunologic progression of disease among women with HIV in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 40 :219–225.
-
12
Geissler PW, Shulman CE, Prince RJ, Mutemi W, Mnazi C, Friis H, Lowe B, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among pregnant women on the coast of Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :549–553.
-
13
Adam I, Khamis AH, Elbashir MI, 2005. Prevalence and risk factors for anaemia in pregnant women of eastern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :739–743.
-
14
Steketee RW, 2003. Pregnancy, nutrition and parasitic diseases. J Nutr 133 :1661S–1667S.
-
15
Dreyfuss ML, Stoltzfus RJ, Shrestha JB, Pradhan EK, LeClerq SC, Khatry SK, Shrestha SR, Katz J, Albonico M, West KP Jr, 2000. Hookworms, malaria and vitamin A deficiency contribute to anemia and iron deficiency among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. J Nutr 130 :2527–2536.
-
16
Larocque R, Casapia M, Gotuzzo E, Gyorkos TW, 2005. Relationship between intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections and anemia during pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :783–789.
-
17
Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Urassa EJ, McGrath N, Mwakagile D, Antelman G, Mbise R, Herrera G, Kapiga S, Willett W, Hunter DJ, 1998. Randomised trial of effects of vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcomes and T cell counts in HIV-1-infected women in Tanzania. Lancet 351 :1477–1482.
-
18
1993. Proposed ‘World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease’: preliminary testing by an international collaborative cross-sectional study. The WHO International Collaborating Group for the Study of the WHO Staging System. AIDS 7 :711–718.
-
19
Brenner WE, Edelman DA, Hendricks CH, 1976. A standard of fetal growth for the United States of America. Am J Obstet Gynecol 126 :555–564.
-
20
Kupka R, Garland M, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi W, 2005. Selenium status, pregnancy outcomes, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39 :203–210.
-
21
Fawzi WW, Msamanga G, Hunter D, Urassa E, Renjifo B, Mwakagile D, Hertzmark E, Coley J, Garland M, Kapiga S, Antelman G, Essex M, Spiegelman D, 2000. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 23 :246–254.
-
22
Massawe SN, Urassa EN, Nystrom L, Lindmark G, 1999. Effectiveness of primary level antenatal care in decreasing anemia at term in Tanzania. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 78 :573–579.
-
23
Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, 2005. Easy SAS calculations for risk or prevalence ratios and differences. Am J Epidemiol 162 :199–200.
-
24
Luoba AI, Geissler PW, Estambale B, Ouma JH, Alusala D, Ayah R, Mwaniki D, Magnussen P, Friis H, 2005. Earth-eating and reinfection with intestinal helminths among pregnant and lactating women in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 10 :220–227.
-
25
Young SL, Goodman D, Farag TH, Ali SM, Khatib MR, Khalfan SS, Tielsch JM, Stoltzfus RJ, 2007. Geophagia is not associated with Trichuris or hookworm transmission in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 :766–772.
-
26
Oppenheimer SJ, 2001. Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. J Nutr 131 :616S–633S.
-
27
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong’o F, Michaelsen KF, Friis H, 1998. Geophagy, iron status and anaemia among primary school children in Western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 3 :529–534.
-
28
Desai MR, Phillips-Howard PA, Terlouw DJ, Wannemuehler KA, Odhacha A, Kariuki SK, Nahlen BL, ter Kuile FO, 2002. Recognition of pallor associated with severe anaemia by primary caregivers in western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 7 :831–839.
-
29
Nchito M, Geissler PW, Mubila L, Friis H, Olsen A, 2004. Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :218–227.
-
31
Johns T, Duquette M, 1991. Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy. Am J Clin Nutr 53 :448–456.
-
32
Hunter JM, 1973. Geophagy in Africa and in the United States: a culture-nutrition hypothesis. Geogr Rev 63 :170–195.
-
33
Abrahams PW, 1997. Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron supplementation in Uganda. Trop Med Int Health 2 :617–623.
-
34
Hooda PS, Henry CJ, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LD, Fowler MB, 2004. The potential impact of soil ingestion on human mineral nutrition. Sci Total Environ 333 :75–87.
-
35
Harvey PW, Dexter PB, Darnton-Hill I, 2000. The impact of consuming iron from non-food sources on iron status in developing countries. Public Health Nutr 3 :375–383.
-
36
Hooda PS, Henry CJK, Seyoum TA, Armstrong LDM, 2002. The potential impact of geophagia on the bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in human nutrition. Environ Geochem Health 24 :305–319.
-
37
Lin JL, Leu ML, 1996. Aluminium-containing agents may be toxic in predialysis chronic renal insufficiency patients. J Intern Med 240 :243–248.
-
38
Geissler PW, Mwaniki DL, Thiong’o F, Friis H, 1998. Geophagy as a risk factor for geohelminth infections: a longitudinal study of Kenyan primary schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :7–11.
-
39
Saathoff E, Olsen A, Kvalsvig JD, Geissler PW, 2002. Geophagy and its association with geohelminth infection in rural schoolchildren from northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :485–490.
-
40
Glickman LT, Camara AO, Glickman NW, McCabe GP, 1999. Nematode intestinal parasites of children in rural Guinea, Africa: prevalence and relationship to geophagia. Int J Epidemiol 28 :169–174.
-
41
Lopez LB, Langini SH, Pita de Portela ML, 2007. Maternal iron status and neonatal outcomes in women with pica during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 98 :151–152.
-
42
Rainville AJ, 1998. Pica practices of pregnant women are associated with lower maternal hemoglobin level at delivery. J Am Diet Assoc 98 :293–296.
-
43
Watson-Jones D, Weiss HA, Changalucha JM, Todd J, Gumodoka B, Bulmer J, Balira R, Ross D, Mugeye K, Hayes R, Mabey D, 2007. Adverse birth outcomes in United Republic of Tanzania–impact and prevention of maternal risk factors. Bull World Health Organ 85 :9–18.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 37 | 37 | 7 |
| Full Text Views | 545 | 110 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 219 | 30 | 0 |