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1
Nash DMF, Fine A, Miller J, OLeary D, Murray K, Huang A, ’ Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344 :1807–1814.
-
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system–United States, 1996–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :517–522.
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3
Calisher CH, 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7 :89–116.
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4
Tsai TF, 1991. Arboviral infections in the United States. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 5 :73–102.
-
5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive Domestic Arboviral Diseases. 2004 Case Definition. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/casedef/arboviral_current.htm. Accessed July 21, 2008.
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6
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1990. Case definitions for public health surveillance. MMWR Recomm Rep 39 :1–43.
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7
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Recomm Rep 46 :1–64.
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8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control. Third revision, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2008.
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9
O’Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :61–70.
-
10
United States Census Bureau, Latest Race, Ethnic, and Age Estimates. Available at: www.census.gov. Accessed July 21, 2008.
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11
Hinten SR, Beckett GA, Gensheimer KF, Pritchard E, Courtney TM, Sears SD, Woytowicz JM, Preston DG, Smith RP, Rand PW, Lacombe EH, Holman MS, Lubelczyk CB, Tassler Kelso P, Beelen AP, Sobierski MG, Sotir MJ, Wong S, Ebel G, Kosoy O, Piesman J, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2008. Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999–2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. ahead of print. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0022.
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12
Campbell GL, Mataczynski JD, Reisdorf ES, Powell JW, Martin DA, Lambert AJ, Haupt TE, Davis JP, Lanciotti RS, 2006. Second human case of Cache Valley virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :854–856.
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13
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis–New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :697–700.
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14
Grimstad PR, 1988. California group virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. II, First edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 99–136.
-
15
Tsai TF, Mitchell CJ, 1988. St. Louis encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. III, First edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
16
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, OLeary DR, ’ Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
17
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. IV, First edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 113–144.
-
18
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Arboviral disease–United States, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :641–644.
-
19
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Arbovirus disease–United States, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 43 :385–387.
-
20
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. Arboviral diseases–United States, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42 :467–468.
-
21
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1992. Arboviral disease–United States, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41 :545–548.
-
22
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1990. Current trends arboviral surveillance—United States, 1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39 :593–598.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1988. Current trends arboviral infections of the central nervous system—United States, 1987. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37 : 506–508, 513–515.
-
24
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1985. Current trends arboviral infections of the central nervous system—United States, 1984. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 34 :283–286, 291–294.
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25
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1983. Current trends human arboviral encephalitis—United States, 1982. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 32 :160, 165–167.
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26
Lindsey NP, Kuhn S, Campbell GL, Hayes EB, 2008. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence in the United States, 2002–2006. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8 :35–39.
-
27
Reisen W, Brault AC, 2007. West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention. Pest Manag Sci 63 :641–646.
-
28
Fang Y, Reisen WK, 2006. Previous infection with West Nile of St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protectionduring reinfection in house finches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :480–485.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 876 | 813 | 26 |
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Epidemiology of Neuroinvasive Arboviral Disease in the United States, 1999–2007
Carolyn A. Reimann
Carolyn A. Reimann
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Edward B. Hayes
Edward B. Hayes
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Carolyn DiGuiseppi
Carolyn DiGuiseppi
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Richard Hoffman
Richard Hoffman
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Jennifer A. Lehman
Jennifer A. Lehman
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Nicole P. Lindsey
Nicole P. Lindsey
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Grant L. Campbell
Grant L. Campbell
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Marc Fischer
Marc Fischer
Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado; Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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From 1999–2007, the most common causes of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, after West Nile virus (WNV), were California (CAL) serogroup viruses, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). The CAL serogroup virus disease was primarily reported from Appalachia and the upper Midwest, SLEV disease from southern states, and EEEV disease from areas along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Children accounted for 88% of CAL serogroup virus disease, whereas 75% of SLEV disease occurred among older adults. The EEEV disease had the highest case-fatality rate (42%). The incidence of CAL serogroup virus and EEEV disease remained stable before and after the detection of WNV in the United States in 1999. The SLEV disease declined 3-fold after 1999; however, SLEV disease has occurred in sporadic epidemics that make trends difficult to interpret. The CAL serogroup virus, SLEV, and EEEV disease are persistent public health concerns in the United States warranting ongoing prevention efforts.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Nash DMF, Fine A, Miller J, OLeary D, Murray K, Huang A, ’ Rosenberg A, Greenberg A, Sherman M, Wong S, Layton M, West Nile Outbreak Response Working Group, 2001. The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. N Engl J Med 344 :1807–1814.
-
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998. Arboviral infections of the central nervous system–United States, 1996–1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47 :517–522.
-
3
Calisher CH, 1994. Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7 :89–116.
-
4
Tsai TF, 1991. Arboviral infections in the United States. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 5 :73–102.
-
5
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive Domestic Arboviral Diseases. 2004 Case Definition. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncphi/disss/nndss/casedef/arboviral_current.htm. Accessed July 21, 2008.
-
6
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1990. Case definitions for public health surveillance. MMWR Recomm Rep 39 :1–43.
-
7
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. MMWR Recomm Rep 46 :1–64.
-
8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003. Epidemic/Epizootic West Nile Virus in the United States: Guidelines for Surveillance, Prevention, and Control. Third revision, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2008.
-
9
O’Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, Kipp AM, Lehman JA, Biggerstaff BJ, Elko VL, Collins PD, Jones JE, Campbell GL, 2004. The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :61–70.
-
10
United States Census Bureau, Latest Race, Ethnic, and Age Estimates. Available at: www.census.gov. Accessed July 21, 2008.
-
11
Hinten SR, Beckett GA, Gensheimer KF, Pritchard E, Courtney TM, Sears SD, Woytowicz JM, Preston DG, Smith RP, Rand PW, Lacombe EH, Holman MS, Lubelczyk CB, Tassler Kelso P, Beelen AP, Sobierski MG, Sotir MJ, Wong S, Ebel G, Kosoy O, Piesman J, Campbell GL, Marfin AA, 2008. Increased recognition of Powassan encephalitis in the United States, 1999–2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. ahead of print. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0022.
-
12
Campbell GL, Mataczynski JD, Reisdorf ES, Powell JW, Martin DA, Lambert AJ, Haupt TE, Davis JP, Lanciotti RS, 2006. Second human case of Cache Valley virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :854–856.
-
13
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis–New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :697–700.
-
14
Grimstad PR, 1988. California group virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. II, First edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 99–136.
-
15
Tsai TF, Mitchell CJ, 1988. St. Louis encephalitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. III, First edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1–20.
-
16
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, OLeary DR, ’ Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
17
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. IV, First edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 113–144.
-
18
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. Arboviral disease–United States, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 44 :641–644.
-
19
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994. Arbovirus disease–United States, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 43 :385–387.
-
20
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1993. Arboviral diseases–United States, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 42 :467–468.
-
21
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1992. Arboviral disease–United States, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 41 :545–548.
-
22
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1990. Current trends arboviral surveillance—United States, 1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 39 :593–598.
-
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1988. Current trends arboviral infections of the central nervous system—United States, 1987. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 37 : 506–508, 513–515.
-
24
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1985. Current trends arboviral infections of the central nervous system—United States, 1984. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 34 :283–286, 291–294.
-
25
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1983. Current trends human arboviral encephalitis—United States, 1982. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 32 :160, 165–167.
-
26
Lindsey NP, Kuhn S, Campbell GL, Hayes EB, 2008. West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease incidence in the United States, 2002–2006. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8 :35–39.
-
27
Reisen W, Brault AC, 2007. West Nile virus in North America: perspectives on epidemiology and intervention. Pest Manag Sci 63 :641–646.
-
28
Fang Y, Reisen WK, 2006. Previous infection with West Nile of St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protectionduring reinfection in house finches. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :480–485.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 876 | 813 | 26 |
| Full Text Views | 373 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 8 | 0 |