- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Leptospira strain and cultivation.
- Preparation of vaccine for immunization.
- Experimental animals.
- Immunization and challenge.
- Blood collection for bacterial culture, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and microscopic agglutination test.
- Histopathologic examination and bacterial culture.
- MAT.
- Preparation of hamster RNA from blood.
- Determination of cytokine gene expression.
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Adler B, Faine S, 1977. Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections. Infect Immun 17 :67–72.
-
2
Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, Chuang TH, Kravchenko V, Saint Girons I, Haake DA, Godowski PJ, Hayashi F, Ozinsky A, Underhill DM, Kirschning CJ, Wagner H, Aderem A, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, 2001. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat Immunol 2 :346–352.
-
3
Gamberini M, Gomez RM, Atzingen MV, Martins EA, Vasconcellos SA, Romero EC, Leite LC, Ho PL, Nascimento AL, 2005. Whole-genome analysis of Leptospira interrogans to identify potential vaccine candidates against leptospirosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 244 :305–313.
-
4
Im JG, Yeon KM, Han MC, Kim CW, Webb WR, Lee JS, Han YC, Chang WH, Chi JG, 1989. Leptospirosis of the lung: radiographic findings in 58 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152 :955–959.
-
5
Yersin C, Bovet P, Merien F, Clement J, Laille M, Van Ranst M, Perolat P, 2000. Pulmonary hemorrhage as a predominant cause of death in leptospirosis in Seychelles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :71–76.
-
6
Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, 1996. Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. The Epidemic Working Group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua. Lancet 347 :535–536.
-
7
Allen P, Raftery S, Phelan D, 1989. Massive pulmonary hemorrhage due to leptospirosis. Intensive Care Med 15 :322–324.
-
8
da Silva JJ, Netto BA, Lilembaum W, Alvim ME, de Oliveira AV, 1995. The hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis: an experimental study in guinea pigs. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 28 :169–177.
-
9
Barnett JK, Barnett D, Bolin CA, Summers TA, Wagar EA, Cheville NF, Hartskeerl RA, Haake DA, 1999. Expression and distribution of leptospiral outer membrane components during renal infection of hamsters. Infect Immun 67 :853–861.
-
10
Yang CW, Wu MS, Pan MJ, Hong JJ, Yu CC, Vandewalle A, Huang CC, 2000. Leptospira outer membrane protein activates NF-κB and downstream genes expressed in medullary thick ascending limb cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 :2017–2026.
-
11
Adler B, Faine S, 1980. Immunogenicity of boiled compared with formalized leptospiral vaccines in rabbits, hamsters and humans. J Hyg (Lond) 84 :1–10.
-
12
Christopher WL, Adler B, Faine S, 1982. Immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccines grown in protein-free medium. J Med Microbiol 15 :493–501.
-
13
Faine S, 1982. Guidelines for the Control of Leptospirosis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Fronhoffs S, Totzke G, Stier S, Wernert N, Rothe M, Bruning T, Koch B, Sachinidis A, Vetter H, Ko Y, 2002. A method for the rapid construction of cRNA standard curves in quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 16 :99–110.
-
15
Jittimanee J, Sermswan RW, Puapairoj A, Maleewong W, Wongratanacheewin S, 2007. Cytokine expression in hamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini.Parasite Immunol 29 :159–167.
-
16
Galli M, Esposito R, Crocchiolo P, Chemotti M, Gasparro M, Dall’Aglio PP, 1985. Immune complexes in leptospirosis. Infection 13 :156.
-
17
Del Prete G, 1998. The concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans. Int Rev Immunol 16 :427–455.
-
18
Chen T, 1985. Development and present status of a leptospiral vaccine and the technology of vaccine production in China. Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 40 :755–762.
-
19
Fukumura K, 1984. Epidemiological studies on leptospirosis in Okinawa Part1. Prevalence of leptospirosis in Izena Island and the prevention by vaccination. Yamaguchi Igaku 33 :257–268.
-
20
Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G, 1989. Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo type hardjobovis on type hardjobovis infection of cattle. Am J Vet Res 50 :2004–2008.
-
21
Vinh T, Adler B, Faine S, 1986. Glycolipoprotein cytotoxin from Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. J Gen Microbiol 132 :111–123.
-
22
Higgins R, Cousineau G, 1977. The pathogenesis of leptospirosis I. Hemorrhages in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs. Can J Comp Med 41 :174–181.
-
23
Miller NG, Allen JE, Wilson RB, 1974. The pathogenesis of hemorrhage in the lung of the hamster during acute leptospirosis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 160 :269–278.
-
24
Naiman BM, Alt D, Bolin CA, Zuerner R, Baldwin CL, 2001. Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 69 :7550–7558.
-
25
Naiman BM, Blumerman S, Alt D, Bolin CA, Brown R, Zuerner R, Baldwin CL, 2002. Evaluation of type 1 immune response in naive and vaccinated animals following challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo: involvement of WC1(+) γδ and CD4 T cells. Infect Immun 70 :6147–6157.
-
26
Diament D, Brunialti MK, Romero EC, Kallas EG, Salomao R, 2002. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation induced by Leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein. Infect Immun 70 :1677–1683.
-
27
Klimpel GR, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospira interrogans activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: preferential expansion of TCR γδ + T cells vs TCR αβ + T cells. J Immunol 171 :1447–1455.
-
28
Estavoyer JM, Racadot E, Couetdic G, Leroy J, Grosperrin L, 1991. Tumor necrosis factor in patients with leptospirosis. Rev Infect Dis 13 :1245–1246.
-
29
Vernel-Pauillac F, Merien F, 2006. Proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine mRNA time course profiles in hamsters infected with a virulent variant of Leptospira interrogans.Infect Immun 74 :4172–4179.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 231 | 204 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 296 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 59 | 6 | 0 |
Analyses of Vaccination Protocols for Leptospira interrogans Serovar Autumnalis in Hamsters
Amporn Srikram
Amporn Srikram
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin
Surasakdi Wongratanacheewin
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Anucha Puapairoj
Anucha Puapairoj
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Rasana W. Sermswan
Rasana W. Sermswan
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira spp., is a zoonotic disease found worldwide. Killed whole cell leptospiral vaccines have been used as effective vaccines to elicit specific antibodies for protection. However, the involvement of cytokine responses after vaccination is not well characterized. Hamsters were immunized with killed L. interrogans serovar Autumnalis before challenge to study cytokine mRNA expression levels (interferon [IFN]-γ, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-10, and IL-4). Vaccinated groups showed 92–100% survival rates, whereas control hamsters died within 6–10 days. However, live organisms were detected in vaccinated groups, and mild to moderate pathology was observed early in infection. IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNA expression levels correlated with the severity of infection and lung pathology, whereas IL-4 and IL-10 expression levels were significantly higher in vaccinated groups. In summary, commonly used vaccines changed the cytokine profiles and protected hamsters from death but failed to stimulate sterile immunity and were unable to prevent the occurrence of pathology.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Leptospira strain and cultivation.
- Preparation of vaccine for immunization.
- Experimental animals.
- Immunization and challenge.
- Blood collection for bacterial culture, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and microscopic agglutination test.
- Histopathologic examination and bacterial culture.
- MAT.
- Preparation of hamster RNA from blood.
- Determination of cytokine gene expression.
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Adler B, Faine S, 1977. Host immunological mechanisms in the resistance of mice to leptospiral infections. Infect Immun 17 :67–72.
-
2
Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, Chuang TH, Kravchenko V, Saint Girons I, Haake DA, Godowski PJ, Hayashi F, Ozinsky A, Underhill DM, Kirschning CJ, Wagner H, Aderem A, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, 2001. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat Immunol 2 :346–352.
-
3
Gamberini M, Gomez RM, Atzingen MV, Martins EA, Vasconcellos SA, Romero EC, Leite LC, Ho PL, Nascimento AL, 2005. Whole-genome analysis of Leptospira interrogans to identify potential vaccine candidates against leptospirosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 244 :305–313.
-
4
Im JG, Yeon KM, Han MC, Kim CW, Webb WR, Lee JS, Han YC, Chang WH, Chi JG, 1989. Leptospirosis of the lung: radiographic findings in 58 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152 :955–959.
-
5
Yersin C, Bovet P, Merien F, Clement J, Laille M, Van Ranst M, Perolat P, 2000. Pulmonary hemorrhage as a predominant cause of death in leptospirosis in Seychelles. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :71–76.
-
6
Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, 1996. Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995. The Epidemic Working Group at Ministry of Health in Nicaragua. Lancet 347 :535–536.
-
7
Allen P, Raftery S, Phelan D, 1989. Massive pulmonary hemorrhage due to leptospirosis. Intensive Care Med 15 :322–324.
-
8
da Silva JJ, Netto BA, Lilembaum W, Alvim ME, de Oliveira AV, 1995. The hemorrhagic syndrome of leptospirosis: an experimental study in guinea pigs. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 28 :169–177.
-
9
Barnett JK, Barnett D, Bolin CA, Summers TA, Wagar EA, Cheville NF, Hartskeerl RA, Haake DA, 1999. Expression and distribution of leptospiral outer membrane components during renal infection of hamsters. Infect Immun 67 :853–861.
-
10
Yang CW, Wu MS, Pan MJ, Hong JJ, Yu CC, Vandewalle A, Huang CC, 2000. Leptospira outer membrane protein activates NF-κB and downstream genes expressed in medullary thick ascending limb cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 :2017–2026.
-
11
Adler B, Faine S, 1980. Immunogenicity of boiled compared with formalized leptospiral vaccines in rabbits, hamsters and humans. J Hyg (Lond) 84 :1–10.
-
12
Christopher WL, Adler B, Faine S, 1982. Immunogenicity of leptospiral vaccines grown in protein-free medium. J Med Microbiol 15 :493–501.
-
13
Faine S, 1982. Guidelines for the Control of Leptospirosis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
14
Fronhoffs S, Totzke G, Stier S, Wernert N, Rothe M, Bruning T, Koch B, Sachinidis A, Vetter H, Ko Y, 2002. A method for the rapid construction of cRNA standard curves in quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Mol Cell Probes 16 :99–110.
-
15
Jittimanee J, Sermswan RW, Puapairoj A, Maleewong W, Wongratanacheewin S, 2007. Cytokine expression in hamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini.Parasite Immunol 29 :159–167.
-
16
Galli M, Esposito R, Crocchiolo P, Chemotti M, Gasparro M, Dall’Aglio PP, 1985. Immune complexes in leptospirosis. Infection 13 :156.
-
17
Del Prete G, 1998. The concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans. Int Rev Immunol 16 :427–455.
-
18
Chen T, 1985. Development and present status of a leptospiral vaccine and the technology of vaccine production in China. Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi 40 :755–762.
-
19
Fukumura K, 1984. Epidemiological studies on leptospirosis in Okinawa Part1. Prevalence of leptospirosis in Izena Island and the prevention by vaccination. Yamaguchi Igaku 33 :257–268.
-
20
Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G, 1989. Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo type hardjobovis on type hardjobovis infection of cattle. Am J Vet Res 50 :2004–2008.
-
21
Vinh T, Adler B, Faine S, 1986. Glycolipoprotein cytotoxin from Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. J Gen Microbiol 132 :111–123.
-
22
Higgins R, Cousineau G, 1977. The pathogenesis of leptospirosis I. Hemorrhages in experimental leptospirosis in guinea pigs. Can J Comp Med 41 :174–181.
-
23
Miller NG, Allen JE, Wilson RB, 1974. The pathogenesis of hemorrhage in the lung of the hamster during acute leptospirosis. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 160 :269–278.
-
24
Naiman BM, Alt D, Bolin CA, Zuerner R, Baldwin CL, 2001. Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and γδ T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 69 :7550–7558.
-
25
Naiman BM, Blumerman S, Alt D, Bolin CA, Brown R, Zuerner R, Baldwin CL, 2002. Evaluation of type 1 immune response in naive and vaccinated animals following challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo: involvement of WC1(+) γδ and CD4 T cells. Infect Immun 70 :6147–6157.
-
26
Diament D, Brunialti MK, Romero EC, Kallas EG, Salomao R, 2002. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell activation induced by Leptospira interrogans glycolipoprotein. Infect Immun 70 :1677–1683.
-
27
Klimpel GR, Matthias MA, Vinetz JM, 2003. Leptospira interrogans activation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: preferential expansion of TCR γδ + T cells vs TCR αβ + T cells. J Immunol 171 :1447–1455.
-
28
Estavoyer JM, Racadot E, Couetdic G, Leroy J, Grosperrin L, 1991. Tumor necrosis factor in patients with leptospirosis. Rev Infect Dis 13 :1245–1246.
-
29
Vernel-Pauillac F, Merien F, 2006. Proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine mRNA time course profiles in hamsters infected with a virulent variant of Leptospira interrogans.Infect Immun 74 :4172–4179.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 231 | 204 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 296 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 59 | 6 | 0 |