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Reference Manager
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EndNote
-
1
Schantz PM, 1989. Toxocara larva migrans now. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :21–34.
-
2
Taylor MR, Keane CT, O’Connor P, Girdwood RW, Smith H, 1987. Clinical features of covert toxocariasis. Scand J Infect Dis 19 :693–696.
-
3
Alderete JM, Jacob CM, Pastorino AC, Elefant GR, Castro AP, Fomin AB, Chieffi PP, 2003. Prevalence of Toxocara infection in schoolchildren from the Butanta region, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :593–597.
-
4
Conde Garcia L, Muro Alvarez A, Simon Martin F, 1989. Epidemiological studies on toxocariasis and visceral larva migrans in a zone of western Spain. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83 :615–620.
-
5
Zacharasiewicz A, Auer H, Brath H, Stohlhofer B, Frank W, Aspock H, Zwick H, 2000. Toxocara and bronchial hyperre-activity–results of a seroprevalence study. Wien Klin Wochen-schr 112 :922–926.
-
6
Fan CK, Liao CW, Kao TC, Li MH, Du WY, Su KE, 2005. Sero-epidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among aboriginal schoolchildren in the mountainous areas of north-eastern Taiwan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99 :593–600.
-
7
Kenny V, Allwright SP, 1987. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in a hospital based sample in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 156 :361–363.
-
8
Luzna-Lyskov A, 2000. Toxocarosis in children living in a highly contaminated area. An epidemiological and clinical study. Acta Parasitol 45 :40–42.
-
9
Campos Junior D, Elefant GR, de Melo e Silva EO, Gandolfi L, Jacob CM, Tofeti A, Pratesi R, 2003. Frequency of seropositivity to Toxocara canis in children of different socioeconomic strata. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 :509–513.
-
10
Hermann N, Glickman LT, Schantz PM, Weston MG, Domanski LM, 1985. Seroprevalence of zoonotic toxocariasis in the United States: 1971–1973. Am J Epidemiol 122 :890–896.
-
11
Fenoy S, Cuellar C, Aguila C, Guillen JL, 1992. Persistence of immune response in human toxocariasis as measured by ELISA. Int J Parasitol 22 :1037–1038.
-
12
Zarnowska H, Borecka A, Gawor J, Marczynska M, Dobosz S, Basiak W, 2008. A serological and epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for toxocariasis in children in central Poland. J Helminthol 82 :1–5.
-
13
Statistics NCfH, 1992. Sample Design: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Vital and Health Statistics.
-
14
Glickman L, Schantz P, Greive R, 1986. Toxocariasis. Walls K, Schantz, P, eds. Immunodiagnosis of Parasitic Diseases. Volume 1. New York: Academic Press, 201–231.
-
15
Ezzati T, Khare M, 1993. Nonresponse adjustment in a national health survey. 1992 Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, 339–344.
-
16
Shah BB, Hurt P, 1996. SUDAAN User’s Manual, Release 5.50. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
-
17
Cilla G, Perez-Trallero E, Gutierrez C, Part C, Gomariz M, 1996. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in middle-class and disadvantaged children in northern Spain (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country). Eur J Epidemiol 12 :541–543.
-
18
Guerra A, Navarro C, de Guevara CL, 1995. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in children and a case of VLM. Eur J Epidemiol 11 :701–702.
-
19
Jones WE, Schantz PM, Foreman K, Smith LK, Witte EJ, Schooley DE, Juranek DD, 1980. Human toxocariasis in a rural community. Am J Dis Child 134 :967–969.
-
20
Holland CV, O’Lorcain P, Taylor MR, Kelly A, 1995. Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitology 110 :535–545.
-
21
Garcia-Pedrique ME, Diaz-Suarez O, Estevez J, Cheng-Ng R, Araujo-Fernandez M, Castellano J, Araujo J, Cabrera L, 2004. Prevalence of infection by Toxocara in schoolchildren in the community of El Mojan, Zulia state, Venezuela. Invest Clin 45 :347–354.
-
22
Logar J, Kraut A, Likar M, 1993. Toxocara antibodies in patients with visceral or ocular disorder in Slovenia. Infection 21 :27–29.
-
23
Radman NE, Archelli SM, Fonrouge RD, del V Guardis M, Linzitto OR, 2000. Human toxocarosis. Its seroprevalence in the city of La Plata. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :281–285.
-
24
Abo-Shehada MN, Sharif L, el-Sukhon SN, Abuharfeil N, Atmeh RF, 1992. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in humans in northern Jordan. J Helminthol 66 :75–78.
-
25
Agudelo C, Villareal E, Caceres E, Lopez C, Eljach J, Ramirez N, Hernandez C, Corredor A, 1990. Human and dogs Toxocara canis infection in a poor neighborhood in Bogota. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 85 :75–78.
-
26
Glickman LT, Schantz PM, 1981. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of zoonotic toxocariasis. Epidemiol Rev 3 :230–250.
-
27
Malafiej E, Spiewak E, 2001. The significance of the level of antibodies in the evaluation of the effects of treatment of toxo-cariasis. Wiad Parazytol 47 :805–810.
-
28
Bass JL, Mehta KA, Glickman LT, Blocker R, Eppes BM, 1987. Asymptomatic toxocariasis in children. A prospective study and treatment trial. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 26 :441–446.
-
29
Elefant GR, Shimizu SH, Sanchez MC, Jacob CM, Ferreira AW, 2006. A serological follow-up of toxocariasis patients after chemotherapy based on the detection of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Lab Anal 20 :164–172.
-
30
Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Won K, Wilson M, Schantz PM, 2008. Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. co-infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :35–39.
-
31
Genchi C, Di Sacco B, Gatti S, Sangalli G, Scaglia M, 1990. Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in northern Italy. Parassitologia 32 :313–319.
-
32
Buijs J, Borsboom G, van Gemund JJ, Hazebroek A, van Dongen PA, van Knapen F, Neijens HJ, 1994. Toxocara seroprevalence in 5-year-old elementary schoolchildren: relation with allergic asthma. Am J Epidemiol 140 :839–847.
-
33
Ajayi OO, Duhlinska DD, Agwale SM, Njoku M, 2000. Frequency of human toxocariasis in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :147–149.
-
34
De la Burde B, Reames B, 1973. Prevention of pica, the major cause of lead poisoning in children. Am J Public Health 63 :737–743.
-
35
Laraque D, McCormick M, Norman M, Taylor A, Weller SC, Karp J, 1990. Blood lead, calcium status, and behavior in pre-school children. Am J Dis Child 144 :186–189.
-
36
Greene T, Ernhart CB, Boyd TA, 1992. Contributions of risk factors to elevated blood and dentine lead levels in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 115 :239–260.
-
37
Khan AH, Khan A, Ghani F, Khurshid M, 2001. Low-level lead exposure and blood lead levels in children: a cross-sectional survey. Arch Environ Health 56 :501–505.
-
38
Fong MY, Lau YL, 2004. Recombinant expression of the larval excretory-secretory antigen TES-120 of Toxocara canis in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Parasitol Res 92 :173–176.
-
39
Gems D, Ferguson CJ, Robertson BD, Nieves R, Page AP, Blaxter ML, Maizels RM, 1995. An abundant, trans-spliced mRNA from Toxocara canis infective larvae encodes a 26-kDa protein with homology to phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 270 :18517–18522.
-
40
Yamasaki H, Araki K, Lim PK, Zasmy N, Mak JW, Taib R, Aoki T, 2000. Development of a highly specific recombinant Toxocara canis second-stage larva excretory-secretory antigen for immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1409–1413.
-
41
U.S. Pet Ownership–2007 Market Research Statistics. American Veterinary Medical Association 2007 U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook.
-
42
Guidelines for Veterinarians, Prevention of Zoonotic Transmission of Ascarids and Hook worms of Dogs and Cats. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Association of Veterinary Practitioners.
-
43
Companion Animal Parasite Council Ascarid (Roundworm) Guidelines, Companion Animal Parasite Council.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 39 | 39 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 466 | 135 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 180 | 28 | 0 |
National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Zoonotic Toxocara spp. Infection
Kimberly Y. Won
Kimberly Y. Won
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, CCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
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Deanna Kruszon-Moran
Deanna Kruszon-Moran
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, CCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
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Peter M. Schantz
Peter M. Schantz
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, CCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
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Jeffrey L. Jones
Jeffrey L. Jones
Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, CCID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland
Search for other papers by Jeffrey L. Jones in
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To estimate the prevalence of Toxocara spp. infection in a representative sample of the United States population ≥ 6 years of age, sera from participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) were tested for antibodies to Toxocara. Among the 30,930 persons selected for the survey, 82% (N = 25,733) were interviewed, and 91% (N = 23,527) of those interviewed underwent physical examination of which 87% (N = 20,395) were tested. The age adjusted Toxocara seroprevalence was 13.9% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 12.5, 15.3), and was higher in non-Hispanic blacks (21.2%) than non-Hispanic whites (12%) or Mexican Americans (10.7%; P < 0.001). Increased Toxocara seropositivity was associated with head of household level of education (low versus high) (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2; CI: 1.8, 2.8), poverty (OR: 1.5; CI: 1.3, 1.8), elevated blood lead concentrations (OR: 1.4; CI: 1.1, 1.9), and dog ownership (OR: 1.2; CI: 1.1, 1.4). Toxocara infection is widespread and associated with specific risk groups.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1
Schantz PM, 1989. Toxocara larva migrans now. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 :21–34.
-
2
Taylor MR, Keane CT, O’Connor P, Girdwood RW, Smith H, 1987. Clinical features of covert toxocariasis. Scand J Infect Dis 19 :693–696.
-
3
Alderete JM, Jacob CM, Pastorino AC, Elefant GR, Castro AP, Fomin AB, Chieffi PP, 2003. Prevalence of Toxocara infection in schoolchildren from the Butanta region, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98 :593–597.
-
4
Conde Garcia L, Muro Alvarez A, Simon Martin F, 1989. Epidemiological studies on toxocariasis and visceral larva migrans in a zone of western Spain. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 83 :615–620.
-
5
Zacharasiewicz A, Auer H, Brath H, Stohlhofer B, Frank W, Aspock H, Zwick H, 2000. Toxocara and bronchial hyperre-activity–results of a seroprevalence study. Wien Klin Wochen-schr 112 :922–926.
-
6
Fan CK, Liao CW, Kao TC, Li MH, Du WY, Su KE, 2005. Sero-epidemiology of Toxocara canis infection among aboriginal schoolchildren in the mountainous areas of north-eastern Taiwan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99 :593–600.
-
7
Kenny V, Allwright SP, 1987. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in a hospital based sample in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci 156 :361–363.
-
8
Luzna-Lyskov A, 2000. Toxocarosis in children living in a highly contaminated area. An epidemiological and clinical study. Acta Parasitol 45 :40–42.
-
9
Campos Junior D, Elefant GR, de Melo e Silva EO, Gandolfi L, Jacob CM, Tofeti A, Pratesi R, 2003. Frequency of seropositivity to Toxocara canis in children of different socioeconomic strata. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36 :509–513.
-
10
Hermann N, Glickman LT, Schantz PM, Weston MG, Domanski LM, 1985. Seroprevalence of zoonotic toxocariasis in the United States: 1971–1973. Am J Epidemiol 122 :890–896.
-
11
Fenoy S, Cuellar C, Aguila C, Guillen JL, 1992. Persistence of immune response in human toxocariasis as measured by ELISA. Int J Parasitol 22 :1037–1038.
-
12
Zarnowska H, Borecka A, Gawor J, Marczynska M, Dobosz S, Basiak W, 2008. A serological and epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for toxocariasis in children in central Poland. J Helminthol 82 :1–5.
-
13
Statistics NCfH, 1992. Sample Design: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Vital and Health Statistics.
-
14
Glickman L, Schantz P, Greive R, 1986. Toxocariasis. Walls K, Schantz, P, eds. Immunodiagnosis of Parasitic Diseases. Volume 1. New York: Academic Press, 201–231.
-
15
Ezzati T, Khare M, 1993. Nonresponse adjustment in a national health survey. 1992 Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, 339–344.
-
16
Shah BB, Hurt P, 1996. SUDAAN User’s Manual, Release 5.50. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute.
-
17
Cilla G, Perez-Trallero E, Gutierrez C, Part C, Gomariz M, 1996. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in middle-class and disadvantaged children in northern Spain (Gipuzkoa, Basque Country). Eur J Epidemiol 12 :541–543.
-
18
Guerra A, Navarro C, de Guevara CL, 1995. Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in children and a case of VLM. Eur J Epidemiol 11 :701–702.
-
19
Jones WE, Schantz PM, Foreman K, Smith LK, Witte EJ, Schooley DE, Juranek DD, 1980. Human toxocariasis in a rural community. Am J Dis Child 134 :967–969.
-
20
Holland CV, O’Lorcain P, Taylor MR, Kelly A, 1995. Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitology 110 :535–545.
-
21
Garcia-Pedrique ME, Diaz-Suarez O, Estevez J, Cheng-Ng R, Araujo-Fernandez M, Castellano J, Araujo J, Cabrera L, 2004. Prevalence of infection by Toxocara in schoolchildren in the community of El Mojan, Zulia state, Venezuela. Invest Clin 45 :347–354.
-
22
Logar J, Kraut A, Likar M, 1993. Toxocara antibodies in patients with visceral or ocular disorder in Slovenia. Infection 21 :27–29.
-
23
Radman NE, Archelli SM, Fonrouge RD, del V Guardis M, Linzitto OR, 2000. Human toxocarosis. Its seroprevalence in the city of La Plata. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :281–285.
-
24
Abo-Shehada MN, Sharif L, el-Sukhon SN, Abuharfeil N, Atmeh RF, 1992. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis antibodies in humans in northern Jordan. J Helminthol 66 :75–78.
-
25
Agudelo C, Villareal E, Caceres E, Lopez C, Eljach J, Ramirez N, Hernandez C, Corredor A, 1990. Human and dogs Toxocara canis infection in a poor neighborhood in Bogota. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 85 :75–78.
-
26
Glickman LT, Schantz PM, 1981. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of zoonotic toxocariasis. Epidemiol Rev 3 :230–250.
-
27
Malafiej E, Spiewak E, 2001. The significance of the level of antibodies in the evaluation of the effects of treatment of toxo-cariasis. Wiad Parazytol 47 :805–810.
-
28
Bass JL, Mehta KA, Glickman LT, Blocker R, Eppes BM, 1987. Asymptomatic toxocariasis in children. A prospective study and treatment trial. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 26 :441–446.
-
29
Elefant GR, Shimizu SH, Sanchez MC, Jacob CM, Ferreira AW, 2006. A serological follow-up of toxocariasis patients after chemotherapy based on the detection of IgG, IgA, and IgE antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Lab Anal 20 :164–172.
-
30
Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Won K, Wilson M, Schantz PM, 2008. Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. co-infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78 :35–39.
-
31
Genchi C, Di Sacco B, Gatti S, Sangalli G, Scaglia M, 1990. Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in northern Italy. Parassitologia 32 :313–319.
-
32
Buijs J, Borsboom G, van Gemund JJ, Hazebroek A, van Dongen PA, van Knapen F, Neijens HJ, 1994. Toxocara seroprevalence in 5-year-old elementary schoolchildren: relation with allergic asthma. Am J Epidemiol 140 :839–847.
-
33
Ajayi OO, Duhlinska DD, Agwale SM, Njoku M, 2000. Frequency of human toxocariasis in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95 :147–149.
-
34
De la Burde B, Reames B, 1973. Prevention of pica, the major cause of lead poisoning in children. Am J Public Health 63 :737–743.
-
35
Laraque D, McCormick M, Norman M, Taylor A, Weller SC, Karp J, 1990. Blood lead, calcium status, and behavior in pre-school children. Am J Dis Child 144 :186–189.
-
36
Greene T, Ernhart CB, Boyd TA, 1992. Contributions of risk factors to elevated blood and dentine lead levels in preschool children. Sci Total Environ 115 :239–260.
-
37
Khan AH, Khan A, Ghani F, Khurshid M, 2001. Low-level lead exposure and blood lead levels in children: a cross-sectional survey. Arch Environ Health 56 :501–505.
-
38
Fong MY, Lau YL, 2004. Recombinant expression of the larval excretory-secretory antigen TES-120 of Toxocara canis in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Parasitol Res 92 :173–176.
-
39
Gems D, Ferguson CJ, Robertson BD, Nieves R, Page AP, Blaxter ML, Maizels RM, 1995. An abundant, trans-spliced mRNA from Toxocara canis infective larvae encodes a 26-kDa protein with homology to phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 270 :18517–18522.
-
40
Yamasaki H, Araki K, Lim PK, Zasmy N, Mak JW, Taib R, Aoki T, 2000. Development of a highly specific recombinant Toxocara canis second-stage larva excretory-secretory antigen for immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1409–1413.
-
41
U.S. Pet Ownership–2007 Market Research Statistics. American Veterinary Medical Association 2007 U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook.
-
42
Guidelines for Veterinarians, Prevention of Zoonotic Transmission of Ascarids and Hook worms of Dogs and Cats. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/American Association of Veterinary Practitioners.
-
43
Companion Animal Parasite Council Ascarid (Roundworm) Guidelines, Companion Animal Parasite Council.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 39 | 39 | 12 |
| Full Text Views | 466 | 135 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 180 | 28 | 0 |