Naidoo A, Patric K, 2002. Cholera: a continuous epidemic in Africa. J R Soc Health 122 :89–94.
WHO, 2004. Cholera 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :281–288.
Shears P, 2000. Emerging and reemerging infections in Africa: the need for improved laboratory services and disease surveillance. Microbes Infect 2 :489–495.
Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK, 2004. Cholera. Lancet 363 :897–898.
Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA, Miller MA, 2006. Review of reported cholera outbreaks worldwide, 1995–2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :973–977.
Zuckerman JN, Rombo L, Fisch A, 2007. The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for prevention and control. Lancet Infect Dis 7 :521–530.
Diez Roux AV, 2004. The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches. Epidemiol Rev 26 :104–111.
Diez Roux AV, 2007. Neighborhoods and health: where are we and were do we go from here? Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 55 :13–21.
Dubois AE, Sinkala M, Kalluri P, Makasa-Chikoya M, Quick RE, 2006. Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors. Epidemiol Infect 134 :1226–1230.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. Cholera epidemic associated with raw vegetables–Lusaka, Zambia, 2003–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :783–786.
Becker KM, Glass GE, Brathwaite W, Zenilman JM, 1998. Geographic epidemiology of gonorrhea in Baltimore, Maryland, using a geographic information system. Am J Epidemiol 147 :709–716.
Moore DA, Carpenter TE, 1999. Spatial analytical methods and geographic information systems: use in health research and epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 21 :143–161.
Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, 2002. Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a raster GIS approach. Health Place 8 :201–210.
Whitman S, Silva A, Shah A, Ansell D, 2004. Diversity and disparity: GIS and small-area analysis in six Chicago neighborhoods. J Med Syst 28 :397–411.
Newsom SW, 2006. Pioneers in infection control: John Snow, Henry Whitehead, the Broad Street pump, and the beginnings of geographical epidemiology. J Hosp Infect 64 :210–216.
Quick RE, Kimura A, Thevos A, Tembo M, Shamputa I, Hutwagner L, Mintz E, 2002. Diarrhea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :584–589.
Durrheim D, 2004. Prevention of cholera. Lancet 363 :897–898.
Thevos AK, Kaona FA, Siajunza MT, Quick RE, 2000. Adoption of safe water behaviors in Zambia: comparing educational and motivational approaches. Educ Health (Abingdon) 13 :366–376.
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM Jr, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
Curtis V, Cairncross S, 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :275–281.
Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C, 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 69 :609–621.
Eisenberg JN, Scott JC, Porco T, 2007. Integrating disease control strategies: balancing water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrheal disease burden. Am J Public Health 97 :846–852.
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A cholera outbreak occurred in Lusaka city between November 28, 2003 and June 8, 2004, and 6,542 cases with 187 deaths (case fatality rata: 2.86) were reported. We analyzed the distribution of cholera cases, the mode of cholera transmission, and the risk factors affecting cholera infection in a peri-urban area of Lusaka by using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a matched case-control method. Chloropleth mapping of the incidences of cholera showed variation of the incidences in the study area. Our analysis indicated a significant association between the lack of latrine and drainage systems surrounding houses and high incidence of cholera. The matched case-control study showed the protective role of chlorination of drinking water and of hand washing with soap for cholera prevention. We concluded that cholera occurred because of personal behavior and the environment conditions of daily life.
Naidoo A, Patric K, 2002. Cholera: a continuous epidemic in Africa. J R Soc Health 122 :89–94.
WHO, 2004. Cholera 2003. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 79 :281–288.
Shears P, 2000. Emerging and reemerging infections in Africa: the need for improved laboratory services and disease surveillance. Microbes Infect 2 :489–495.
Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK, 2004. Cholera. Lancet 363 :897–898.
Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA, Miller MA, 2006. Review of reported cholera outbreaks worldwide, 1995–2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :973–977.
Zuckerman JN, Rombo L, Fisch A, 2007. The true burden and risk of cholera: implications for prevention and control. Lancet Infect Dis 7 :521–530.
Diez Roux AV, 2004. The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches. Epidemiol Rev 26 :104–111.
Diez Roux AV, 2007. Neighborhoods and health: where are we and were do we go from here? Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 55 :13–21.
Dubois AE, Sinkala M, Kalluri P, Makasa-Chikoya M, Quick RE, 2006. Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors. Epidemiol Infect 134 :1226–1230.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004. Cholera epidemic associated with raw vegetables–Lusaka, Zambia, 2003–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :783–786.
Becker KM, Glass GE, Brathwaite W, Zenilman JM, 1998. Geographic epidemiology of gonorrhea in Baltimore, Maryland, using a geographic information system. Am J Epidemiol 147 :709–716.
Moore DA, Carpenter TE, 1999. Spatial analytical methods and geographic information systems: use in health research and epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 21 :143–161.
Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, 2002. Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a raster GIS approach. Health Place 8 :201–210.
Whitman S, Silva A, Shah A, Ansell D, 2004. Diversity and disparity: GIS and small-area analysis in six Chicago neighborhoods. J Med Syst 28 :397–411.
Newsom SW, 2006. Pioneers in infection control: John Snow, Henry Whitehead, the Broad Street pump, and the beginnings of geographical epidemiology. J Hosp Infect 64 :210–216.
Quick RE, Kimura A, Thevos A, Tembo M, Shamputa I, Hutwagner L, Mintz E, 2002. Diarrhea prevention through household-level water disinfection and safe storage in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :584–589.
Durrheim D, 2004. Prevention of cholera. Lancet 363 :897–898.
Thevos AK, Kaona FA, Siajunza MT, Quick RE, 2000. Adoption of safe water behaviors in Zambia: comparing educational and motivational approaches. Educ Health (Abingdon) 13 :366–376.
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM Jr, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
Curtis V, Cairncross S, 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :275–281.
Esrey SA, Potash JB, Roberts L, Shiff C, 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 69 :609–621.
Eisenberg JN, Scott JC, Porco T, 2007. Integrating disease control strategies: balancing water sanitation and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrheal disease burden. Am J Public Health 97 :846–852.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 267 | 200 | 19 |
Full Text Views | 517 | 6 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 287 | 6 | 0 |