Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 2004. The World Health Report 2004: Changing History. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
Prüss-Üstün A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J, 2004. Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: The Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Volumes 1 and 2. Ezzati, M, et al., eds. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Wagner EG, Lanoix JN, 1958. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4
Curtis V, Cairncross S, 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :275–281.
-
5
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
6
Sobsey MD, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
United Nations, 2000. Millennium Declaration. UN General Assembly: A/RES/55/2, September 18, 2000.
-
8
National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia, 2004. Cambodian Inter-censal Population Survey, 2004. Phnom Penh: Ministry of Planning, Kingdom of Cambodia.
-
9
Feldman P, Rosenboom JW, Mao S, Chea S, Peng N, Iddings S, 2007. Assessment of the chemical quality of drinking water in Cambodia. J Water Health 5 :101–116.
-
10
Polya DA, Gault AG, Diebe N, Feldman P, Rosenboom JW, Gilligan E, Fredericks D, Milton AH, Sampson M, Rowland HAL, Lythgoe PR, Jones JC, Middleton C, Cooke DA, 2007. Arsenic hazard in shallow Cambodian groundwaters. Mineral Mag 69 :807–823.
-
11
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Col-ford JM, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
12
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3). Art. No.: CD004794. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004794.pub2.
-
13
Clasen T, Schmidt WP, Rabie T, Roberts I, Cairncross S, 2007. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 334 :755–756.
-
14
Clasen T, Brown J, Collin S, 2006. Preventing diarrhoea with household ceramic water filters: assessment of a pilot project in Bolivia. Int J Environ Health Res 16 :221–239.
-
15
Clasen T, Brown J, Collin S, Suntura O, Cairncross S, 2004. Reducing diarrhea through the use of household-based ceramic water filters: a randomized, controlled trial in rural Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :651–657.
-
16
Brown J, Sobsey M, Proum S, 2007. Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Cambodia. Washington, DC: WSP-World Bank Field Note. Available at: http://www.wsp.org.
-
17
Oyanedel-Craver VA, Smith JA, 2008. Sustainable colloidal-silver-impregnated ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 42 :927–933.
-
18
Diggle PJ, Heagerty P, Liang KY, Zeger SL, 2002. Analysis of longitudinal data. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
19
Leon AC, 2004. Sample-size requirements for comparisons of two groups on repeated observations of a binary outcome. Eval Health Prof 27 :34–44.
-
20
Killip S, Mahfoud Z, Pearce K, 2004. What is an intracluster correlation coefficient? Crucial concepts for primary care researchers. Ann Fam Med 2 :204–208.
-
21
Schmidt WP, Luby SP, Genser B, Barreto ML, Clasen T, 2007. Estimating the longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea and other episodic diseases. Epidemiology 18 :1–7.
-
22
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA, 1996. Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 144 :582–588.
-
23
Baqui AH, Black RE, Yunus M, Hoque AR, Chowdhury HR, Sack RB, 1991. Methodological issues in diarrheal disease epidemiology: definition of diarrheal episodes. Int J Epidemiol 20 :1057–1063.
-
24
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Lanata CF, Kirkwood BR, 1994. Diarrhea–defining the episode. Int J Epidemiol 23 :617–623.
-
25
Chiller TM, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2006. Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of occulant-disinfectant for drinking-water. Bull World Health Organ 84 :28–35.
-
26
Crump JA, Otieno PO, Slutsker L, Keswick BH, Rosen DH, Hoekstra RM, Vulule JM, Luby SP, 2004. Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ 331 :478–484.
-
27
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM, 2006. Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 11 :479–489.
-
28
Zeger SL, Liang KY, 1986. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 42 :121–130.
-
29
Liang KY, Zeger SL, 1986. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73 :13–22.
-
30
Little RJA, Rubin DB, 2002. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Second edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
-
31
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Method 1604: Total coliforms and Escherichia coli in water by membrane filtration using a simultaneous detection technique (MI Medium). Publication EPA-821-R-02-024. Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4303T).
-
32
Morris SS, Santos CA, Barreto ML, Cousens SN, Strina A, Santos LM, Assis AM, 1998. Measuring the burden of common morbidities: sampling disease experience versus continuous surveillance. Am J Epidemiol 147 :1087–1092.
-
33
Boerma JT, Black RE, Sommerfelt AE, Rutstein SO, Bicego GT, 1991. Accuracy and completeness of mothers’ recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys. Int J Epidemiol 20 :1073–1080.
-
34
Alam N, Henry FJ, Rahaman MM, 1989. Reporting errors in one-week diarrhea recall surveys: experience from a prospective study in rural Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 18 :697–700.
-
35
Pinfold JV, Horan NJ, Mara DD, 1991. Seasonal effects on the reported incidence of acute diarrhoeal disease in northeast Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 20 :777–786.
-
36
Gleeson C, Gray N, 1997. The Coliform Index and Waterborne Disease. London: E & FN Spon.
-
37
Emanuel EJ, Miller FG, 2001. The ethics of placebo controlled trials: a middle ground. N Engl J Med 345 :915–919.
-
38
Verástegui EL, 2006. Consenting of the vulnerable: the informed consent procedure in advanced cancer patients in Mexico. BMC Med Ethics 7 :1–12.
-
39
Hawkins JS, 2006. Justice and placebo controls. Soc Theory Pract 32 :467–496.
-
40
Sobsey M, 2006. Drinking water and health research: a look to the future in the United States and globally. J Water Health 04 (Suppl 1):17–21.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 373 | 373 | 50 |
| Full Text Views | 3821 | 985 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 835 | 113 | 2 |
Local Drinking Water Filters Reduce Diarrheal Disease in Cambodia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Ceramic Water Purifier
Joe Brown
Joe Brown
University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; School of Public Health, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada
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Mark D. Sobsey
Mark D. Sobsey
University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; School of Public Health, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada
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Dana Loomis
Dana Loomis
University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; School of Public Health, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada
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Current site
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PubMed
A randomized, controlled intervention trial of two household-scale drinking water filters was conducted in a rural village in Cambodia. After collecting four weeks of baseline data on household water quality, diarrheal disease, and other data related to water use and handling practices, households were randomly assigned to one of three groups of 60 households: those receiving a ceramic water purifier (CWP), those receiving a second filter employing an iron-rich ceramic (CWP-Fe), and a control group receiving no intervention. Households were followed for 18 weeks post-baseline with biweekly follow-up. Households using either filter reported significantly less diarrheal disease during the study compared with a control group of households without filters as indicated by longitudinal prevalence ratios CWP: 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.41–0.63); CWP-Fe: 0.58 (95% CI: 0.47–0.71), an effect that was observed in all age groups and both sexes after controlling for clustering within households and within individuals over time.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organization, 2004. The World Health Report 2004: Changing History. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
2
Prüss-Üstün A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J, 2004. Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: The Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Volumes 1 and 2. Ezzati, M, et al., eds. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
Wagner EG, Lanoix JN, 1958. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
4
Curtis V, Cairncross S, 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :275–281.
-
5
World Health Organization, 2006. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
6
Sobsey MD, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
United Nations, 2000. Millennium Declaration. UN General Assembly: A/RES/55/2, September 18, 2000.
-
8
National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia, 2004. Cambodian Inter-censal Population Survey, 2004. Phnom Penh: Ministry of Planning, Kingdom of Cambodia.
-
9
Feldman P, Rosenboom JW, Mao S, Chea S, Peng N, Iddings S, 2007. Assessment of the chemical quality of drinking water in Cambodia. J Water Health 5 :101–116.
-
10
Polya DA, Gault AG, Diebe N, Feldman P, Rosenboom JW, Gilligan E, Fredericks D, Milton AH, Sampson M, Rowland HAL, Lythgoe PR, Jones JC, Middleton C, Cooke DA, 2007. Arsenic hazard in shallow Cambodian groundwaters. Mineral Mag 69 :807–823.
-
11
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Col-ford JM, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
12
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3). Art. No.: CD004794. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004794.pub2.
-
13
Clasen T, Schmidt WP, Rabie T, Roberts I, Cairncross S, 2007. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 334 :755–756.
-
14
Clasen T, Brown J, Collin S, 2006. Preventing diarrhoea with household ceramic water filters: assessment of a pilot project in Bolivia. Int J Environ Health Res 16 :221–239.
-
15
Clasen T, Brown J, Collin S, Suntura O, Cairncross S, 2004. Reducing diarrhea through the use of household-based ceramic water filters: a randomized, controlled trial in rural Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :651–657.
-
16
Brown J, Sobsey M, Proum S, 2007. Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Cambodia. Washington, DC: WSP-World Bank Field Note. Available at: http://www.wsp.org.
-
17
Oyanedel-Craver VA, Smith JA, 2008. Sustainable colloidal-silver-impregnated ceramic filter for point-of-use water treatment. Environ Sci Technol 42 :927–933.
-
18
Diggle PJ, Heagerty P, Liang KY, Zeger SL, 2002. Analysis of longitudinal data. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
19
Leon AC, 2004. Sample-size requirements for comparisons of two groups on repeated observations of a binary outcome. Eval Health Prof 27 :34–44.
-
20
Killip S, Mahfoud Z, Pearce K, 2004. What is an intracluster correlation coefficient? Crucial concepts for primary care researchers. Ann Fam Med 2 :204–208.
-
21
Schmidt WP, Luby SP, Genser B, Barreto ML, Clasen T, 2007. Estimating the longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea and other episodic diseases. Epidemiology 18 :1–7.
-
22
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Ross DA, 1996. Is prevalence of diarrhea a better predictor of subsequent mortality and weight gain than diarrhea incidence? Am J Epidemiol 144 :582–588.
-
23
Baqui AH, Black RE, Yunus M, Hoque AR, Chowdhury HR, Sack RB, 1991. Methodological issues in diarrheal disease epidemiology: definition of diarrheal episodes. Int J Epidemiol 20 :1057–1063.
-
24
Morris SS, Cousens SN, Lanata CF, Kirkwood BR, 1994. Diarrhea–defining the episode. Int J Epidemiol 23 :617–623.
-
25
Chiller TM, Mendoza CE, Lopez MB, Alvarez M, Hoekstra RM, Keswick BH, Luby SP, 2006. Reducing diarrhoea in Guatemalan children: randomized controlled trial of occulant-disinfectant for drinking-water. Bull World Health Organ 84 :28–35.
-
26
Crump JA, Otieno PO, Slutsker L, Keswick BH, Rosen DH, Hoekstra RM, Vulule JM, Luby SP, 2004. Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomized controlled trial. BMJ 331 :478–484.
-
27
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM, 2006. Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 11 :479–489.
-
28
Zeger SL, Liang KY, 1986. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics 42 :121–130.
-
29
Liang KY, Zeger SL, 1986. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73 :13–22.
-
30
Little RJA, Rubin DB, 2002. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Second edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
-
31
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Method 1604: Total coliforms and Escherichia coli in water by membrane filtration using a simultaneous detection technique (MI Medium). Publication EPA-821-R-02-024. Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4303T).
-
32
Morris SS, Santos CA, Barreto ML, Cousens SN, Strina A, Santos LM, Assis AM, 1998. Measuring the burden of common morbidities: sampling disease experience versus continuous surveillance. Am J Epidemiol 147 :1087–1092.
-
33
Boerma JT, Black RE, Sommerfelt AE, Rutstein SO, Bicego GT, 1991. Accuracy and completeness of mothers’ recall of diarrhoea occurrence in pre-school children in demographic and health surveys. Int J Epidemiol 20 :1073–1080.
-
34
Alam N, Henry FJ, Rahaman MM, 1989. Reporting errors in one-week diarrhea recall surveys: experience from a prospective study in rural Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 18 :697–700.
-
35
Pinfold JV, Horan NJ, Mara DD, 1991. Seasonal effects on the reported incidence of acute diarrhoeal disease in northeast Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 20 :777–786.
-
36
Gleeson C, Gray N, 1997. The Coliform Index and Waterborne Disease. London: E & FN Spon.
-
37
Emanuel EJ, Miller FG, 2001. The ethics of placebo controlled trials: a middle ground. N Engl J Med 345 :915–919.
-
38
Verástegui EL, 2006. Consenting of the vulnerable: the informed consent procedure in advanced cancer patients in Mexico. BMC Med Ethics 7 :1–12.
-
39
Hawkins JS, 2006. Justice and placebo controls. Soc Theory Pract 32 :467–496.
-
40
Sobsey M, 2006. Drinking water and health research: a look to the future in the United States and globally. J Water Health 04 (Suppl 1):17–21.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 373 | 373 | 50 |
| Full Text Views | 3821 | 985 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 835 | 113 | 2 |