Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N’Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R, 1999. Early chemo-prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 353 :1463–1468.
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, 1999. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353 :1469–1475.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Kaharuza F, Culver D, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R, 2004. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 364 :1428–1434.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Downing R, Hughes P, Bunnell R, Malamba S, Ransom R, Kaharuza F, Coutinho A, Kigozi A, Quick R, 2005. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis by HIV-infected persons in Uganda reduces morbidity and mortality among HIV-uninfected family members. AIDS 19 :1035–1042.
Mwansa J, Mutela K, Zulu I, Amadi B, Kelly P, 2002. Antimicrobial sensitivity in enterobacteria from AIDS patients, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :92–93.
Feikin DR, Dowell SF, Nwanyanwu OC, Klugman KP, Kazembe PN, Barat LM, Graf C, Bloland PB, Ziba C, Huebner RE, Schwartz B, 2000. Increased carriage of trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malawian children after treatment for malaria with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. J Infect Dis 181 :1501–1505.
Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, Khoosal M, Klugman KP, 2000. Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Clin Infect Dis 31 :170–176.
Iyer JK, Milhous WK, Cortese JF, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Lancet 358 :1066–1067.
van Oosterhout JJ, Laufer MK, Graham SM, Thumba F, Perez MA, Chimbiya N, Wilson L, Chagomerana M, Molyneux ME, Zijlstra EE, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2005. A community-based study of the incidence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-preventable infections in Malawian adults living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39 :626–631.
Bates SJ, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Alloueche A, Bwika J, Happi TC, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Premji Z, Sibley CH, 2004. Rare, highly pyrimethamine-resistant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene from 5 African sites. J Infect Dis 190 :1783–1792.
Alker AP, Mwapasa V, Purfield A, Rogerson SJ, Molyneux ME, Kamwendo DD, Tadesse E, Chaluluka E, Meshnick SR, 2005. Mutations associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Blantyre, Malawi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :3919–3921.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176 :1590–1596.
Mberu EK, Nzila AM, Nduati E, Ross A, Monks SM, Kokwaro GO, Watkins WM, Hopkins Sibley C, 2002. Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro activity of sulfadoxine and dapsone in field isolates from Kenya: point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase may not be the only determinants in sulfa resistance. Exp Parasitol 101 :90–96.
Bwijo B, Kaneko A, Takechi M, Zungu IL, Moriyama Y, Lum JK, Tsukahara T, Mita T, Takahashi N, Bergqvist Y, Bjorkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2003. High prevalence of quintuple mutant dhps/dhfr genes in Plasmodium falciparum infections seven years after introduction of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine as first line treatment in Malawi. Acta Trop 85 :363–373.
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
Lloyd-Evans N, O’Dempsey TJ, Baldeh I, Secka O, Demba E, Todd JE, McArdle TF, Banya WS, Greenwood BM, 1996. Nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in Gambian children and in their families. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 :866–871.
Brueggemann AB, Griffiths DT, Meats E, Peto T, Crook DW, Spratt BG, 2003. Clonal relationships between invasive and carriage Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotype- and clone-specific differences in invasive disease potential. J Infect Dis 187 :1424–1432.
Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR, 2000. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 30 :100–121.
Arason VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmundsson S, 1996. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 313 :387–391.
Meynard JL, Barbut F, Blum L, Guiguet M, Chouaid C, Meyohas MC, Picard O, Petit JC, Frottier J, 1996. Risk factors for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin G from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 22 :437–440.
Zachariah R, Harries AD, Spielmann MP, Arendt V, Nchingula D, Mwenda R, Courtielle O, Kirpach P, Mwale B, Salaniponi FM, 2002. Changes in Escherichia coli resistance to co-trimoxazole in tuberculosis patients and in relation to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in Thyolo, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :202–204.
Buve A, Carael M, Hayes RJ, Auvert B, Ferry B, Robinson NJ, Anagonou S, Kanhonou L, Laourou M, Abega S, Akam E, Zekeng L, Chege J, Kahindo M, Rutenberg N, Kaona F, Musonda R, Sukwa T, Morison L, Weiss HA, Laga M, 2001. Multicentre study on factors determining differences in rate of spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and prevalence of HIV infection. AIDS 15 (Suppl 4):S5–14.
Githeko AK, Service MW, Mbogo CM, Atieli FK, Juma FO, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the Ahero rice irrigation scheme and the Miwani sugar-belt in western Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87 :379–391.
Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, Odhiambo F, Ofware P, Kwach J, Van Eijk AM, Decock KM, Amornkul P, Karanja D, Vulule JM, Slutsker L, 2005. Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :1151–1158.
Brooks JT, Ochieng JB, Kumar L, Okoth G, Shapiro RL, Wells JG, Bird M, Bopp C, Chege W, Beatty ME, Chiller T, Vulule JM, Mintz E, Slutsker L, 2006. Surveillance for bacterial diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance in rural western Kenya, 1997–2003. Clin Infect Dis 43 :393–401.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Wei R, Kapiga S, Villamor E, Mwakagile D, Mugusi F, Hertzmark E, Essex M, Hunter DJ, 2004. A randomized trial of multivitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality. N Engl J Med 351 :23–32.
Bloland PB, Boriga DA, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Roberts JM, Oloo AJ, Hawley W, Lal A, Nahlen B, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission II. Descriptive epidemiology of malaria infection and disease among children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641–648.
McCollum AM, Poe AC, Hamel M, Huber C, Zhou Z, Shi YP, Ouma P, Vulule J, Bloland P, Slutsker L, Barnwell JW, Udhayakumar V, Escalante AA, 2006. Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles. J Infect Dis 194 :189–197.
Zhou Z, Poe AC, Limor J, Grady KK, Goldman I, McCollum AM, Escalante AA, Barnwell JW, Udhayakumar V, 2006. Pyrosequencing, a high-throughput method for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Microbiol 44 :3900–3910.
NCCLS, 1998. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Eighth Informational Supplement. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :432–440.
Obonyo CO, Ochieng F, Taylor WR, Ochola SA, Mugitu K, Olliaro P, ter Kuile F, Oloo AJ, 2003. Artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :585–591.
Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, Mulenga V, Sinyinza F, Lishimpi K, Farrelly L, Kaganson N, Zumla A, Gillespie SH, Nunn AJ, Gibb DM, 2004. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364 :1865–1871.
Ministry of Health Kenya, 2005. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines. Nairobi: Ministry of Health Kenya.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :3–9.
Marsik FJ, Parisi JT, Blenden DC, 1975. Transmissible drug resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from humans, animals, and their rural environments. J Infect Dis 132 :296–302.
Murray BE, Rensimer ER, 1983. Transfer of trimethoprim resistance from fecal Escherichia coli isolated during a prophylaxis study in Mexico. J Infect Dis 147 :724–728.
Balis E, Vatopoulos AC, Kanelopoulou M, Mainas E, Hatzoudis G, Kontogianni V, Malamou-Lada H, Kitsou-Kiriakopoulou S, Kalapothaki V, 1996. Indications of in vivo transfer of an epidemic R plasmid from Salmonella enteritidis to Escherichia coli of the normal human gut flora. J Clin Microbiol 34 :977–979.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1437 | 1367 | 699 |
Full Text Views | 292 | 13 | 10 |
PDF Downloads | 76 | 9 | 6 |
We assessed the effect of daily cotrimoxazole, essential for HIV care, on development of antifolate-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, naso-pharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and commensal Escherichia coli. HIV-positive subjects with CD4 cell count < 350 cells/μL (lower-CD4; N = 692) received cotrimoxazole; HIV-positive with CD4 cell count ≥ 350 cells/μL (higher-CD4; N = 336) and HIV-negative subjects (N = 132) received multivitamins. Specimens were collected at baseline, 2 weeks, monthly, and at sick visits during 6 months of follow-up to compare changes in resistance, with higher-CD4 as referent. P. falciparum parasitemia incidence density was 16 and 156/100 person-years in lower-CD4 and higher-CD4, respectively (adjusted rate ratio [ARR] = 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06–0.15; P < 0.001) and 97/100 person-years in HIV-negative subjects (ARR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.44–0.86; P = 005). Incidence density of triple and quintuple dihydrofolate-reductase/dihydropteroate-synthetase mutations was 90% reduced in lower-CD4 compared with referent. Overall, cotrimoxazole non-susceptibility was high among isolated pneumococcus (92%) and E. coli (76%) and increased significantly in lower-CD4 subjects by Week 2 (P < 0.005). Daily cotrimoxazole prevented malaria and reduced incidence of antifolate-resistant P. falciparum but contributed to increased pneumococcus and commensal Escherichia coli resistance.
Anglaret X, Chene G, Attia A, Toure S, Lafont S, Combe P, Manlan K, N’Dri-Yoman T, Salamon R, 1999. Early chemo-prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for HIV-1-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised trial. Cotrimo-CI Study Group. Lancet 353 :1463–1468.
Wiktor SZ, Sassan-Morokro M, Grant AD, Abouya L, Karon JM, Maurice C, Djomand G, Ackah A, Domoua K, Kadio A, Yapi A, Combe P, Tossou O, Roels TH, Lackritz EM, Coulibaly D, De Cock KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, 1999. Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 353 :1469–1475.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Malamba S, Downing R, Ransom R, Kaharuza F, Culver D, Kizito F, Bunnell R, Kigozi A, Nakanjako D, Wafula W, Quick R, 2004. Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda. Lancet 364 :1428–1434.
Mermin J, Lule J, Ekwaru JP, Downing R, Hughes P, Bunnell R, Malamba S, Ransom R, Kaharuza F, Coutinho A, Kigozi A, Quick R, 2005. Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis by HIV-infected persons in Uganda reduces morbidity and mortality among HIV-uninfected family members. AIDS 19 :1035–1042.
Mwansa J, Mutela K, Zulu I, Amadi B, Kelly P, 2002. Antimicrobial sensitivity in enterobacteria from AIDS patients, Zambia. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :92–93.
Feikin DR, Dowell SF, Nwanyanwu OC, Klugman KP, Kazembe PN, Barat LM, Graf C, Bloland PB, Ziba C, Huebner RE, Schwartz B, 2000. Increased carriage of trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malawian children after treatment for malaria with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. J Infect Dis 181 :1501–1505.
Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, Khoosal M, Klugman KP, 2000. Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Clin Infect Dis 31 :170–176.
Iyer JK, Milhous WK, Cortese JF, Kublin JG, Plowe CV, 2001. Plasmodium falciparum cross-resistance between trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Lancet 358 :1066–1067.
van Oosterhout JJ, Laufer MK, Graham SM, Thumba F, Perez MA, Chimbiya N, Wilson L, Chagomerana M, Molyneux ME, Zijlstra EE, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2005. A community-based study of the incidence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-preventable infections in Malawian adults living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39 :626–631.
Bates SJ, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, Alloueche A, Bwika J, Happi TC, Kremsner PG, Kublin JG, Premji Z, Sibley CH, 2004. Rare, highly pyrimethamine-resistant alleles of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase gene from 5 African sites. J Infect Dis 190 :1783–1792.
Alker AP, Mwapasa V, Purfield A, Rogerson SJ, Molyneux ME, Kamwendo DD, Tadesse E, Chaluluka E, Meshnick SR, 2005. Mutations associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Blantyre, Malawi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :3919–3921.
Plowe CV, Cortese JF, Djimde A, Nwanyanwu OC, Watkins WM, Winstanley PA, Estrada-Franco JG, Mollinedo RE, Avila JC, Cespedes JL, Carter D, Doumbo OK, 1997. Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase and epidemiologic patterns of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine use and resistance. J Infect Dis 176 :1590–1596.
Mberu EK, Nzila AM, Nduati E, Ross A, Monks SM, Kokwaro GO, Watkins WM, Hopkins Sibley C, 2002. Plasmodium falciparum: in vitro activity of sulfadoxine and dapsone in field isolates from Kenya: point mutations in dihydropteroate synthase may not be the only determinants in sulfa resistance. Exp Parasitol 101 :90–96.
Bwijo B, Kaneko A, Takechi M, Zungu IL, Moriyama Y, Lum JK, Tsukahara T, Mita T, Takahashi N, Bergqvist Y, Bjorkman A, Kobayakawa T, 2003. High prevalence of quintuple mutant dhps/dhfr genes in Plasmodium falciparum infections seven years after introduction of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine as first line treatment in Malawi. Acta Trop 85 :363–373.
Kublin JG, Dzinjalamala FK, Kamwendo DD, Malkin EM, Cortese JF, Martino LM, Mukadam RA, Rogerson SJ, Lescano AG, Molyneux ME, Winstanley PA, Chimpeni P, Taylor TE, Plowe CV, 2002. Molecular markers for failure of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and chlorproguanil-dapsone treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 185 :380–388.
Lloyd-Evans N, O’Dempsey TJ, Baldeh I, Secka O, Demba E, Todd JE, McArdle TF, Banya WS, Greenwood BM, 1996. Nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in Gambian children and in their families. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15 :866–871.
Brueggemann AB, Griffiths DT, Meats E, Peto T, Crook DW, Spratt BG, 2003. Clonal relationships between invasive and carriage Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotype- and clone-specific differences in invasive disease potential. J Infect Dis 187 :1424–1432.
Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR, 2000. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 30 :100–121.
Arason VA, Kristinsson KG, Sigurdsson JA, Stefansdottir G, Molstad S, Gudmundsson S, 1996. Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study. BMJ 313 :387–391.
Meynard JL, Barbut F, Blum L, Guiguet M, Chouaid C, Meyohas MC, Picard O, Petit JC, Frottier J, 1996. Risk factors for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin G from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 22 :437–440.
Zachariah R, Harries AD, Spielmann MP, Arendt V, Nchingula D, Mwenda R, Courtielle O, Kirpach P, Mwale B, Salaniponi FM, 2002. Changes in Escherichia coli resistance to co-trimoxazole in tuberculosis patients and in relation to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in Thyolo, Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :202–204.
Buve A, Carael M, Hayes RJ, Auvert B, Ferry B, Robinson NJ, Anagonou S, Kanhonou L, Laourou M, Abega S, Akam E, Zekeng L, Chege J, Kahindo M, Rutenberg N, Kaona F, Musonda R, Sukwa T, Morison L, Weiss HA, Laga M, 2001. Multicentre study on factors determining differences in rate of spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and prevalence of HIV infection. AIDS 15 (Suppl 4):S5–14.
Githeko AK, Service MW, Mbogo CM, Atieli FK, Juma FO, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the Ahero rice irrigation scheme and the Miwani sugar-belt in western Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 87 :379–391.
Adazu K, Lindblade KA, Rosen DH, Odhiambo F, Ofware P, Kwach J, Van Eijk AM, Decock KM, Amornkul P, Karanja D, Vulule JM, Slutsker L, 2005. Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :1151–1158.
Brooks JT, Ochieng JB, Kumar L, Okoth G, Shapiro RL, Wells JG, Bird M, Bopp C, Chege W, Beatty ME, Chiller T, Vulule JM, Mintz E, Slutsker L, 2006. Surveillance for bacterial diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance in rural western Kenya, 1997–2003. Clin Infect Dis 43 :393–401.
Fawzi WW, Msamanga GI, Spiegelman D, Wei R, Kapiga S, Villamor E, Mwakagile D, Mugusi F, Hertzmark E, Essex M, Hunter DJ, 2004. A randomized trial of multivitamin supplements and HIV disease progression and mortality. N Engl J Med 351 :23–32.
Bloland PB, Boriga DA, Ruebush TK, McCormick JB, Roberts JM, Oloo AJ, Hawley W, Lal A, Nahlen B, Campbell CC, 1999. Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission II. Descriptive epidemiology of malaria infection and disease among children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :641–648.
McCollum AM, Poe AC, Hamel M, Huber C, Zhou Z, Shi YP, Ouma P, Vulule J, Bloland P, Slutsker L, Barnwell JW, Udhayakumar V, Escalante AA, 2006. Antifolate resistance in Plasmodium falciparum: multiple origins and identification of novel dhfr alleles. J Infect Dis 194 :189–197.
Zhou Z, Poe AC, Limor J, Grady KK, Goldman I, McCollum AM, Escalante AA, Barnwell JW, Udhayakumar V, 2006. Pyrosequencing, a high-throughput method for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms in the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase genes of Plasmodium falciparum. J Clin Microbiol 44 :3900–3910.
NCCLS, 1998. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Eighth Informational Supplement. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Zurovac D, Midia B, Ochola SA, English M, Snow RW, 2006. Microscopy and outpatient malaria case management among older children and adults in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11 :432–440.
Obonyo CO, Ochieng F, Taylor WR, Ochola SA, Mugitu K, Olliaro P, ter Kuile F, Oloo AJ, 2003. Artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :585–591.
Chintu C, Bhat GJ, Walker AS, Mulenga V, Sinyinza F, Lishimpi K, Farrelly L, Kaganson N, Zumla A, Gillespie SH, Nunn AJ, Gibb DM, 2004. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364 :1865–1871.
Ministry of Health Kenya, 2005. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Guidelines. Nairobi: Ministry of Health Kenya.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Alaii JA, ter Kuile FO, Gimnig JE, Terlouw DJ, Kachur SP, Hightower AW, Lal AA, Schoute E, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :3–9.
Marsik FJ, Parisi JT, Blenden DC, 1975. Transmissible drug resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from humans, animals, and their rural environments. J Infect Dis 132 :296–302.
Murray BE, Rensimer ER, 1983. Transfer of trimethoprim resistance from fecal Escherichia coli isolated during a prophylaxis study in Mexico. J Infect Dis 147 :724–728.
Balis E, Vatopoulos AC, Kanelopoulou M, Mainas E, Hatzoudis G, Kontogianni V, Malamou-Lada H, Kitsou-Kiriakopoulou S, Kalapothaki V, 1996. Indications of in vivo transfer of an epidemic R plasmid from Salmonella enteritidis to Escherichia coli of the normal human gut flora. J Clin Microbiol 34 :977–979.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1437 | 1367 | 699 |
Full Text Views | 292 | 13 | 10 |
PDF Downloads | 76 | 9 | 6 |