Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :884–890.
Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, Zamani AA, 1997. Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med 336 :1867–1874.
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68 :158–169.
Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Benard KA, Ebel GD, 2008. Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 14 :454–460.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R, 1991. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology 182 :774–784.
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CL, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LF, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :360–378.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Tirrell-Peck SJ, 1998. Multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and highlands J viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 35 :296–302.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis—New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :697–700.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :1140–1147.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S, 2007. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24 :1596–1599.
Swofford D, 2001. PAUP* 4.0, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony and Other Methods. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14 :817–818.
Farris JS, Kallersjo M, Kluge AG, Bult C, 1994. Testing the significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10 :315–319.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215 :403–410.
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Repik PM, Scott TW, Holland JJ, 1993. Diversity within natural populations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 195 :700–709.
Scott TW, 1988. Vertebrate host ecology. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 257–280.
Jamnback H, 1961. Culiseta melanura (Coq.) breeding on Long Island, N.Y. Mosquito News 21 :140–141.
Wallis RC, 1962. Overwintering Culiseta melanura larvae. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 64 :119–122.
Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD, 1961. Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol 6 :371–390.
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Anderson KS, Parsons MA, Maxfield HK, LaMotte LC, 1962. Detection of eastern encephalitis virus and antibody in wild and domestic birds in Massachusetts. Am J Hyg 75 :183–189.
Morris CD, Srihongse S, 1978. An evaluation of the hypothesis of transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :1246–1250.
Sprance HE, 1981. Experimental evidence against the transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Culiseta melanura. Mosquito News 41 :168–173.
Watts DM, Clark GG, Crabbs CL, Rossi CA, Olin TR, Bailey CL, 1987. Ecological evidence against vertical transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. J Med Entomol 24 :91–98.
Wallis RC, Taylor RM, McCollum RW, Riordan JT, 1958. Study of hibernating mosqutioes in eastern equine encephalomyelitis epidemic areas in Connecticut. Mosquito News 18 :1–4.
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31 :711–728.
Emord DE, Morris CD, 1984. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VI. Antibody prevalence in wild birds during an interepizootic period. J Med Entomol 21 :395–404.
Howard JJ, Oliver J, Grayson MA, 2004. Antibody response of wild birds to natural infection with alphaviruses. J Med Entomol 41 :1090–1103.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 319 | 286 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 268 | 8 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 53 | 9 | 0 |
Epidemics and epizootics of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) occur sporadically in temperate regions where transmission is seasonal from late summer to early fall. These outbreaks may derive from virus that overwinters locally or perhaps results from reintroduction of virus from other sites. To evaluate these possibilities, we compared the phylogenetic relationships of EEEV isolates obtained from mosquitoes collected during statewide arbovirus surveillance in Connecticut, in addition to isolates from concurrent outbreaks in southern New Hampshire and upstate New York. In Connecticut, viral isolates grouped into temporally discrete clades by year of isolation or over 2 years of sampling. Two or more clades arose in 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2006, possibly the result of separate introduction events into the state, whereas viruses from upstate New York and New Hampshire segregated into single clades that persisted for 2 or more years. New Hampshire viruses shared recent common ancestry to those isolated in Connecticut suggesting viral dispersal among these regions. These results provide additional evidence for independent episodes of EEEV overwintering in northern foci.
Morris CD, 1988. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1–20.
Scott TW, Weaver SC, 1989. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission. Adv Virus Res 37 :277–328.
Bigler WJ, Lassing EB, Buff EE, Prather EC, Beck EC, Hoff GL, 1976. Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955–1974. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :884–890.
Deresiewicz RL, Thaler SJ, Hsu L, Zamani AA, 1997. Clinical and neuroradiographic manifestations of eastern equine encephalitis. N Engl J Med 336 :1867–1874.
Weaver SC, Hagenbaugh A, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Mallampalli V, Holland JJ, Scott TW, 1994. Evolution of alphaviruses in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis complex. J Virol 68 :158–169.
Young DS, Kramer LD, Maffei JG, Dusek RJ, Backenson PB, Mores CN, Benard KA, Ebel GD, 2008. Molecular Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, New York. Emerg Infect Dis 14 :454–460.
Weaver SC, Scott TW, Rico-Hesse R, 1991. Molecular evolution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in North America. Virology 182 :774–784.
Brault AC, Powers AM, Chavez CL, Lopez RN, Cachon MF, Gutierrez LF, Kang W, Tesh RB, Shope RE, Weaver SC, 1999. Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :579–586.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Vossbrinck CR, Main AJ, 2004. Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999–2003. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :360–378.
Andreadis TG, Anderson JF, Tirrell-Peck SJ, 1998. Multiple isolations of eastern equine encephalitis and highlands J viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during a 1996 epizootic in southeastern Connecticut. J Med Entomol 35 :296–302.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. Eastern equine encephalitis—New Hampshire and Massachusetts, August–September 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :697–700.
Molaei G, Oliver J, Andreadis TG, Armstrong PM, Howard JJ, 2006. Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in Culiseta melanura and Culiseta morsitans from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :1140–1147.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S, 2007. MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24 :1596–1599.
Swofford D, 2001. PAUP* 4.0, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony and Other Methods. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Posada D, Crandall KA, 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14 :817–818.
Farris JS, Kallersjo M, Kluge AG, Bult C, 1994. Testing the significance of incongruence. Cladistics 10 :315–319.
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ, 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215 :403–410.
Weaver SC, Bellew LA, Gousset L, Repik PM, Scott TW, Holland JJ, 1993. Diversity within natural populations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Virology 195 :700–709.
Scott TW, 1988. Vertebrate host ecology. Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 257–280.
Jamnback H, 1961. Culiseta melanura (Coq.) breeding on Long Island, N.Y. Mosquito News 21 :140–141.
Wallis RC, 1962. Overwintering Culiseta melanura larvae. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 64 :119–122.
Chamberlain RW, Sudia WD, 1961. Mechanism of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol 6 :371–390.
Hayes RO, Daniels JB, Anderson KS, Parsons MA, Maxfield HK, LaMotte LC, 1962. Detection of eastern encephalitis virus and antibody in wild and domestic birds in Massachusetts. Am J Hyg 75 :183–189.
Morris CD, Srihongse S, 1978. An evaluation of the hypothesis of transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by Culiseta melanura. Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 :1246–1250.
Sprance HE, 1981. Experimental evidence against the transovarial transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus in Culiseta melanura. Mosquito News 41 :168–173.
Watts DM, Clark GG, Crabbs CL, Rossi CA, Olin TR, Bailey CL, 1987. Ecological evidence against vertical transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. J Med Entomol 24 :91–98.
Wallis RC, Taylor RM, McCollum RW, Riordan JT, 1958. Study of hibernating mosqutioes in eastern equine encephalomyelitis epidemic areas in Connecticut. Mosquito News 18 :1–4.
Crans WJ, Caccamise DF, McNelly JR, 1994. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in relation to the avian community of a coastal cedar swamp. J Med Entomol 31 :711–728.
Emord DE, Morris CD, 1984. Epizootiology of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in upstate New York, USA. VI. Antibody prevalence in wild birds during an interepizootic period. J Med Entomol 21 :395–404.
Howard JJ, Oliver J, Grayson MA, 2004. Antibody response of wild birds to natural infection with alphaviruses. J Med Entomol 41 :1090–1103.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 319 | 286 | 13 |
Full Text Views | 268 | 8 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 53 | 9 | 0 |