Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
- FORMULATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS
- BACKGROUND
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRE-DEPARTURE PRESUMPTIVE AND DIRECTED TREATMENT OF P. FALCIPARUM INFECTION FOR REFUGEES FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POST-ARRIVAL PRESUMPTIVE AND DIRECTED TREATMENT OF MALARIA FOR REFUGEES FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
- Refugees who have received recommended pre-departure presumptive or directed therapy.
- Refugees who have not received the recommended presumptive or directed pre-departure treatment.
- Post-arrival presumptive anti-malarial treatment.
- Medical and laboratory screening after arrival.
- Precautions and contraindications to presumptive treatment.
- REFUGEES FROM OTHER REGIONS
- CONCLUSIONS
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
UStates Department of State, 2006. Proposed refugee admission guidelines for fiscal year 2006 report to Congress. Available at: http://www.state.gov/g/prm/refadm/rls/rpts/. Accessed January 18, 2007.
-
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1998. Enhanced medical assessment strategy for Barawan Somali refugees—Kenya, 1997. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 46 :1250–1254.
-
3
Slutsker L, Tipple M, Keane V, McCance C, Campbell CC, 1995. Malaria in east African refugees resettling to the United States: development of strategies to reduce the risk of imported malaria. J Infect Dis 171 :489–493.
-
4
Ndao M, Bandyayera E, Kokoskin E, Diemert D, Gyorkos TW, Maclean JD, St John R, Ward BJ, 2005. Malaria “epidemic” in Quebec: diagnosis and response to imported malaria. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J 172 :46–50.
-
5
Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, 2004. Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: what’s new, what’s needed: a summary. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :1–15.
-
6
World Health Organization (WHO). The global malaria situation: current tools for prevention and control. 55th World Health Assembly. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Available at: http:who.int/topics/malaria/en. Accessed January 12, 2007.
-
7
Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T, 2002. Malaria in 2002. Nature 415 :670–672.
-
8
White NJ, 1996. The treatment of malaria. N Engl J Med 335 :800–806.
-
9
Zucker JR, 1996. Changing patterns of autochthonous malaria transmission in the United States: a review of recent outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :37–43.
-
10
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Filler SJ, MacArthur JR, Parise P, Wirtz R, Eliades MJ, Dasilva A, Steketee R, 2006. Locally acquired mosquito–transmitted malaria: a guide for investigations in the United States. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :1–9.
-
11
Kambili C, Murray HW, Golightly LM, 2004. Malaria: 30 years of experience at a New York City teaching hospital. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :408–411.
-
12
Schlagenhauf P, Steffen R, Loutan L, 2003. Migrants as a major risk group for imported malaria in European countries. J Trav Med. 10 :106–107.
-
13
Taylor–Robinson A, 2001. Population migration and malaria: terms of reference. Trends Parasitol 17 :315.
-
14
Mertans P, Hall L, 2000. Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :103–109.
-
15
Rowland M, Nosten F, 2001. Malaria epidemiology and control in refugee camps and complex emergencies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :741–754.
-
16
Ndao M, Bandyayera E, Kokosin E, Gyorkos TW, MacLean JD, Ward BJ, 2004. Comparison of blood smear, antigen detection, and nested–PCR methods for screening from regions where malaria is endemic after a malaria outbreak in Quebec, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 42 :2694–2700.
-
17
Stauffer WM, Newberry AM, Cartwright CP, Rosenblatt JE, Hanson KL, Sloan L, Tsukayama DT, Taylor C, Juni BA, 2006. Evaluation of malaria screening in newly arrived refugees to the United States by microscopy and rapid antigen capture enzyme assay (Binax–Now™). Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 :948–950.
-
18
Maroushek SR, Aguilar EF, Stauffer W, Abd–Alla MD, 2005. Malaria among refugee children at arrival in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 :450–452.
-
19
Njama–Meya D, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, 2004. Asymptomatic parasiaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children. Trop Med Intern Health 9 :862–868.
-
20
Collinet-Adler S, Stauffer WM, Boulware DR, Larson KL, Rogers TB, Williams DN, 2007. Financial implications of refugee malaria: the impact of pre-departure anti-malarial presumptive therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :458–463.
-
21
Kain KC, Harrington MA, Tennyson S, Keystone JS, 1998. Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 27 :142–149.
-
22
Newman RD, Parise ME, Barber AM, Steketee RW, 2004. Malaria–related deaths among U.S. travelers, 1963–2001. Ann Intern Med 141 :547–555.
-
23
Paxton LA, Slutsker L, Schultz LJ, Luby SP, Meriwether R, Matson P, Sulzer AJ, 1996. Imported malaria in Montagnard refugees settling in North Carolina: Implications for prevention and control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :54–57.
-
24
Causer LM, Bishop HS, Sharp DJ, Flagg EW, Calderon JF, Keane V, Shah JJ, Macarthur JR, Maloney SA, Cetron MS, Bloland PB, 2005. Rapid malaria screening and targeted treatment of United States–bound Montagnard refugees from Cambodia in 2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :688–693.
-
25
Dal-Blanco MP, Koster KB, Kombila UD, Kun JF, Grobusch MP, Ngoma GM, Matsiegui PB, Supan C, Ospina Salazar CL, Missinou MA, Issifou S, Lell B, Kremsner P, 2007. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in Gabonese adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :939–942.
-
26
Health CDC, 2008. Information for International Travel. Philadelphia: US Department of Health and Human Services.
-
27
Marx A, Pewsner D, Egger M, Nuesch R, Bucher HC, Genton B, Hatz C, Juni P, 2005. Meta-analysis: accuracy of rapid tests for malaria in travelers returning from endemic areas. Ann Intern Med 142 :836–847.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1432 | 1180 | 140 |
| Full Text Views | 223 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 9 | 0 |
Pre-departure and Post-arrival Management of P. falciparum Malaria in Refugees Relocating from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States
William M. Stauffer
William M. Stauffer
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Michelle Weinberg
Michelle Weinberg
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Robert D. Newman
Robert D. Newman
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Louise M. Causer
Louise M. Causer
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Mary J. Hamel
Mary J. Hamel
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Laurence Slutsker
Laurence Slutsker
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Martin S. Cetron
Martin S. Cetron
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Field Station, Kisumu, Kenya
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Plasmodium infection, often sub-clinical, is common in migrating sub-Saharan refugee populations. Refugees who subsequently develop clinical malaria suffer illness and exact a cost on state and local health care facilities. Untreated infection is also of public health concern because of the potential for local transmission. In response to increasing numbers of refugees originating in sub-Saharan Africa guidelines for the management of malaria in refugees migrating to the United States have been broadened and updated. The guidelines are based on available evidence-based literature and recent public health experience. These guidelines were critically reviewed, assessed, and approved by multiple National and State entities as well as outside experts. These consensus guidelines recommend that sub-Saharan African refugees relocating to the United States receive presumptive treatment of P. falciparum malaria before departure or during the domestic refugee medical screening after arrival. Presumptive therapy is not currently recommended for either non-falciparum malaria or for refugees relocating from areas outside sub-Saharan Africa.
Author Notes
- FORMULATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS
- BACKGROUND
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRE-DEPARTURE PRESUMPTIVE AND DIRECTED TREATMENT OF P. FALCIPARUM INFECTION FOR REFUGEES FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POST-ARRIVAL PRESUMPTIVE AND DIRECTED TREATMENT OF MALARIA FOR REFUGEES FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
- Refugees who have received recommended pre-departure presumptive or directed therapy.
- Refugees who have not received the recommended presumptive or directed pre-departure treatment.
- Post-arrival presumptive anti-malarial treatment.
- Medical and laboratory screening after arrival.
- Precautions and contraindications to presumptive treatment.
- REFUGEES FROM OTHER REGIONS
- CONCLUSIONS
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
UStates Department of State, 2006. Proposed refugee admission guidelines for fiscal year 2006 report to Congress. Available at: http://www.state.gov/g/prm/refadm/rls/rpts/. Accessed January 18, 2007.
-
2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1998. Enhanced medical assessment strategy for Barawan Somali refugees—Kenya, 1997. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 46 :1250–1254.
-
3
Slutsker L, Tipple M, Keane V, McCance C, Campbell CC, 1995. Malaria in east African refugees resettling to the United States: development of strategies to reduce the risk of imported malaria. J Infect Dis 171 :489–493.
-
4
Ndao M, Bandyayera E, Kokoskin E, Diemert D, Gyorkos TW, Maclean JD, St John R, Ward BJ, 2005. Malaria “epidemic” in Quebec: diagnosis and response to imported malaria. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J 172 :46–50.
-
5
Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, 2004. Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: what’s new, what’s needed: a summary. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :1–15.
-
6
World Health Organization (WHO). The global malaria situation: current tools for prevention and control. 55th World Health Assembly. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Available at: http:who.int/topics/malaria/en. Accessed January 12, 2007.
-
7
Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T, 2002. Malaria in 2002. Nature 415 :670–672.
-
8
White NJ, 1996. The treatment of malaria. N Engl J Med 335 :800–806.
-
9
Zucker JR, 1996. Changing patterns of autochthonous malaria transmission in the United States: a review of recent outbreaks. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :37–43.
-
10
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Filler SJ, MacArthur JR, Parise P, Wirtz R, Eliades MJ, Dasilva A, Steketee R, 2006. Locally acquired mosquito–transmitted malaria: a guide for investigations in the United States. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :1–9.
-
11
Kambili C, Murray HW, Golightly LM, 2004. Malaria: 30 years of experience at a New York City teaching hospital. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :408–411.
-
12
Schlagenhauf P, Steffen R, Loutan L, 2003. Migrants as a major risk group for imported malaria in European countries. J Trav Med. 10 :106–107.
-
13
Taylor–Robinson A, 2001. Population migration and malaria: terms of reference. Trends Parasitol 17 :315.
-
14
Mertans P, Hall L, 2000. Malaria on the move: human population movement and malaria transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :103–109.
-
15
Rowland M, Nosten F, 2001. Malaria epidemiology and control in refugee camps and complex emergencies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95 :741–754.
-
16
Ndao M, Bandyayera E, Kokosin E, Gyorkos TW, MacLean JD, Ward BJ, 2004. Comparison of blood smear, antigen detection, and nested–PCR methods for screening from regions where malaria is endemic after a malaria outbreak in Quebec, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 42 :2694–2700.
-
17
Stauffer WM, Newberry AM, Cartwright CP, Rosenblatt JE, Hanson KL, Sloan L, Tsukayama DT, Taylor C, Juni BA, 2006. Evaluation of malaria screening in newly arrived refugees to the United States by microscopy and rapid antigen capture enzyme assay (Binax–Now™). Pediatr Infect Dis J 25 :948–950.
-
18
Maroushek SR, Aguilar EF, Stauffer W, Abd–Alla MD, 2005. Malaria among refugee children at arrival in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24 :450–452.
-
19
Njama–Meya D, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, 2004. Asymptomatic parasiaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children. Trop Med Intern Health 9 :862–868.
-
20
Collinet-Adler S, Stauffer WM, Boulware DR, Larson KL, Rogers TB, Williams DN, 2007. Financial implications of refugee malaria: the impact of pre-departure anti-malarial presumptive therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :458–463.
-
21
Kain KC, Harrington MA, Tennyson S, Keystone JS, 1998. Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 27 :142–149.
-
22
Newman RD, Parise ME, Barber AM, Steketee RW, 2004. Malaria–related deaths among U.S. travelers, 1963–2001. Ann Intern Med 141 :547–555.
-
23
Paxton LA, Slutsker L, Schultz LJ, Luby SP, Meriwether R, Matson P, Sulzer AJ, 1996. Imported malaria in Montagnard refugees settling in North Carolina: Implications for prevention and control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :54–57.
-
24
Causer LM, Bishop HS, Sharp DJ, Flagg EW, Calderon JF, Keane V, Shah JJ, Macarthur JR, Maloney SA, Cetron MS, Bloland PB, 2005. Rapid malaria screening and targeted treatment of United States–bound Montagnard refugees from Cambodia in 2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :688–693.
-
25
Dal-Blanco MP, Koster KB, Kombila UD, Kun JF, Grobusch MP, Ngoma GM, Matsiegui PB, Supan C, Ospina Salazar CL, Missinou MA, Issifou S, Lell B, Kremsner P, 2007. High prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection in Gabonese adults. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :939–942.
-
26
Health CDC, 2008. Information for International Travel. Philadelphia: US Department of Health and Human Services.
-
27
Marx A, Pewsner D, Egger M, Nuesch R, Bucher HC, Genton B, Hatz C, Juni P, 2005. Meta-analysis: accuracy of rapid tests for malaria in travelers returning from endemic areas. Ann Intern Med 142 :836–847.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1432 | 1180 | 140 |
| Full Text Views | 223 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 9 | 0 |