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-
1
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson AD, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :494–501.
-
2
Pagliano P, Rossi M, Rescigno C, Altieri S, Coppola MG, Gramiccia M, Scalone A, Gradoni L, Faella F, 2003. Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-negative adults: a retrospective analysis of 64 consecutive cases (1995–2001). J Antimicrob Chemother 52 :264–268.
-
3
Vento S, Cainelli F, Cesario F, 2006. Infections and thalassaemia. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :226–233.
-
4
Davidson RN, di Martino L, Gradoni L, Giacchino R, Gaeta GB, Pempinello R, Scotti S, Cascio A, Castagnola E, Maisto A, Gramiccia M, di Caprio D, Wilkinson RJ, Bryceson AD, 1996. Short-Course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal Amphotericin B (Ambisome). Clin Infect Dis 22 :938–942.
-
5
Garcia-Tsao G, 2005. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: treatment and prophylaxis. J Hepatol 42 (Suppl 1):S85–S92.
-
6
Pagliano P, Carannante N, Gramiccia M, Ascione T, Stornaiuolo G, Gradoni L, Faella FS, Gaeta GB, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis causes fever and decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 56 :893–894.
-
7
Fichoux Y, Quaranta JF, Aufeuvre JP, Lelievre A, Marty P, Suffia I, Rousseau D, Kubar J, 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37 :1953–1957.
-
8
Ossandon A, Bompane D, Alessandri C, Marocchi E, Conti F, Valesini G, 2006. Leishmania in SLE mimicking an exacerbation. Clin Exp Rheumatol 24 :186–190.
-
9
Basset D, Faraut F, Marty P, Dereure J, Rosenthal E, Mary C, Pratlong F, Lachaud L, Bastien P, Dedet JP, 2005. Visceral leishmaniasis in organ transplant recipients: 11 new cases and a review of the literature. Microbes Infect 7 :1370–1375.
-
10
Bassetti M, Pizzorni C, Gradoni L, Del Bono V, Cutolo M, Viscoli C, 2006. Visceral leishmaniasis infection in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with adalimumab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 :1446–1448.
-
11
Weisser M, Khanlari B, Terracciano L, Arber C, Gratwohl A, Bassetti S, Hatz C, Battegay M, Flückiger U, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: a threat to immunocompromised patients in non-endemic areas? Clin Microbiol Infect 13 :751–753.
-
12
Bouchonnet F, Boechat N, Bonay M, Hance AJ, 2002. Alpha/ beta interferon impairs the ability of human macrophages to control growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 70 :3020–3025.
-
13
Puoti M, Babudieri S, Rezza G, Viale P, Antonini MG, Maida I, Rossi S, Zanini B, Putzolu V, Fenu L, Baiguera C, Sassu S, Carosi G, Mura MS, 2004. Use of pegylated interferons is associated with an increased incidence of infections during combination treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a side effect of pegylation? Antivir Ther 9 :627–630.
-
14
Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Pavoni G, Crostoni L, Chiodo F, 2006. Reactivation of severe acute pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin for chronic HCV hepatitis. Scand J Infect Dis 38 :205–208.
-
15
Telesca C, Angelico M, Piccolo P, Nosotti L, Morrone A, Longhi C, Carbone M, Baiocchi L, 2007. Interferon-alpha treatment of hepatitis D induces tuberculosis exacerbation in an immigrant. J Infect 54 :e223–e226.
-
16
Stanley AC, Engwerda CR, 2007. Balancing immunity and pathology in visceral leishmaniasis. Immunol Cell Biol 85 :138–147.
-
17
Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, Mendez S, Shevach EM, Sacks DL, 2002. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity. Nature 420 :502–507.
-
18
Murray HW, Flanders KC, Donaldson DD, Sypek JP, Gotwals PJ, Liu J, Ma X, 2005. Antagonizing deactivating cytokine to enhance host defence and chemotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 73 :3903–3911.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 247 | 43 | 0 |
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Distinguishing Visceral Leishmaniasis from Intolerance to Pegylated Interferon-α in a Thalassemic Splenectomized Patient Treated for Chronic Hepatitis C
Pasquale Pagliano
Pasquale Pagliano
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Silvia Costantini
Silvia Costantini
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Luigi Gradoni
Luigi Gradoni
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Francesco S. Faella
Francesco S. Faella
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Anna Spasiano
Anna Spasiano
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Giuseppe Mascarella
Giuseppe Mascarella
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Luciano Prossomariti
Luciano Prossomariti
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Ugo Fusco
Ugo Fusco
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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Paolo Ricchi
Paolo Ricchi
‘D. Cotugno’ Hospital, Department of Emergency, 1st Division of Infectious Diseases, Naples, Italy; ‘A. Cardarelli’ Hospital, Hematology Unit, Naples, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Rome, Italy
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A 37-year-old splenectomized man affected by β-thalassemia and chronic hepatitis, recently treated with pegylated interferon-α (Peg-IFN), was admitted because of elevated fever lasting 3 months and unresponsiveness to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Laboratory studies showed white blood cell and platelet counts within the normal range but lower than observed before Peg-IFN treatment and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The blood transfusion rate was reported to be increased compared with the period preceding Peg-IFN treatment. A diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was made after Leishmania amastigotes were identified from Giemsa-stained smears of bone marrow aspirates. Cure occurred after liposomal amphotericin B was administered. Symptoms of VL may be difficult to distinguish from the manifestations of Peg-IFN intolerance. We suggest that VL must be suspected in any immunodepressed patient with an unexplained fever and a history of exposure in an endemic area.
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-
1
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson AD, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :494–501.
-
2
Pagliano P, Rossi M, Rescigno C, Altieri S, Coppola MG, Gramiccia M, Scalone A, Gradoni L, Faella F, 2003. Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-negative adults: a retrospective analysis of 64 consecutive cases (1995–2001). J Antimicrob Chemother 52 :264–268.
-
3
Vento S, Cainelli F, Cesario F, 2006. Infections and thalassaemia. Lancet Infect Dis 6 :226–233.
-
4
Davidson RN, di Martino L, Gradoni L, Giacchino R, Gaeta GB, Pempinello R, Scotti S, Cascio A, Castagnola E, Maisto A, Gramiccia M, di Caprio D, Wilkinson RJ, Bryceson AD, 1996. Short-Course treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with liposomal Amphotericin B (Ambisome). Clin Infect Dis 22 :938–942.
-
5
Garcia-Tsao G, 2005. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: treatment and prophylaxis. J Hepatol 42 (Suppl 1):S85–S92.
-
6
Pagliano P, Carannante N, Gramiccia M, Ascione T, Stornaiuolo G, Gradoni L, Faella FS, Gaeta GB, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis causes fever and decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 56 :893–894.
-
7
Fichoux Y, Quaranta JF, Aufeuvre JP, Lelievre A, Marty P, Suffia I, Rousseau D, Kubar J, 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37 :1953–1957.
-
8
Ossandon A, Bompane D, Alessandri C, Marocchi E, Conti F, Valesini G, 2006. Leishmania in SLE mimicking an exacerbation. Clin Exp Rheumatol 24 :186–190.
-
9
Basset D, Faraut F, Marty P, Dereure J, Rosenthal E, Mary C, Pratlong F, Lachaud L, Bastien P, Dedet JP, 2005. Visceral leishmaniasis in organ transplant recipients: 11 new cases and a review of the literature. Microbes Infect 7 :1370–1375.
-
10
Bassetti M, Pizzorni C, Gradoni L, Del Bono V, Cutolo M, Viscoli C, 2006. Visceral leishmaniasis infection in a rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with adalimumab. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 :1446–1448.
-
11
Weisser M, Khanlari B, Terracciano L, Arber C, Gratwohl A, Bassetti S, Hatz C, Battegay M, Flückiger U, 2007. Visceral leishmaniasis: a threat to immunocompromised patients in non-endemic areas? Clin Microbiol Infect 13 :751–753.
-
12
Bouchonnet F, Boechat N, Bonay M, Hance AJ, 2002. Alpha/ beta interferon impairs the ability of human macrophages to control growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Infect Immun 70 :3020–3025.
-
13
Puoti M, Babudieri S, Rezza G, Viale P, Antonini MG, Maida I, Rossi S, Zanini B, Putzolu V, Fenu L, Baiguera C, Sassu S, Carosi G, Mura MS, 2004. Use of pegylated interferons is associated with an increased incidence of infections during combination treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a side effect of pegylation? Antivir Ther 9 :627–630.
-
14
Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Pavoni G, Crostoni L, Chiodo F, 2006. Reactivation of severe acute pulmonary tuberculosis during treatment with pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin for chronic HCV hepatitis. Scand J Infect Dis 38 :205–208.
-
15
Telesca C, Angelico M, Piccolo P, Nosotti L, Morrone A, Longhi C, Carbone M, Baiocchi L, 2007. Interferon-alpha treatment of hepatitis D induces tuberculosis exacerbation in an immigrant. J Infect 54 :e223–e226.
-
16
Stanley AC, Engwerda CR, 2007. Balancing immunity and pathology in visceral leishmaniasis. Immunol Cell Biol 85 :138–147.
-
17
Belkaid Y, Piccirillo CA, Mendez S, Shevach EM, Sacks DL, 2002. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity. Nature 420 :502–507.
-
18
Murray HW, Flanders KC, Donaldson DD, Sypek JP, Gotwals PJ, Liu J, Ma X, 2005. Antagonizing deactivating cytokine to enhance host defence and chemotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 73 :3903–3911.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 247 | 43 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 33 | 4 | 0 |