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1
Herwaldt BL, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354 :1191–1199.
-
2
Malla N, Mahajan RC, 2006. Pathophysiology of visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 123 :267–274.
-
3
Sunder S, Rai M, 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :951–958.
-
4
Harith AE, Kolk AHJ, Leewenberg J, Muigai R, Huigen E, Jeisma T, Kager PA, 1988. Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 26 :1321–1325.
-
5
Mengitsu G, Klesing R, Akuffo H, 1990. The value of a direct agglutination test in the diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2551–2555.
-
6
Kaul P, Malla N, Kaur S, Mahajan RC, Ganguly NK, 2000. Evaluation of a 200 kDa amastigote-specific antigen of L. donovani by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :173–175.
-
7
Malla N, Sengupta C, Dubey ML, Sud A, Ansari NA, Salotra P, 2003. Antigenaemia and antibody response to L. donovani stage specific antigens and rk39 antigen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Br J Biomed Sci 60 :210–216.
-
8
Singh R, Subba Raju V, Jain K, Salotra P, 2005. Potential of direct agglutination test based on promastigote and amastigote antigens for serodiagnosis of post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12 :1191–1194.
-
9
Saha S, Mondal S, Banerjee A, Ghosh J, Bhowmick S, Ali N, 2006. Immune responses in kala-azar. Indian J Med Res 123 :245–266.
-
10
Sunder S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic strip test detection of anti-k39 antibody in Indian VL. Am J Trop Med Parasitol 96 :19–23.
-
11
Ziljstra EE, Daifalla NS, Kager PA, Khalil EA, El-Hassan AM, Reed SG, 1998. rk39 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of L. donovani infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5 :717–720.
-
12
Singla N, Singh GS, Sundar S, Vinayak VK, 1993. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test as an immunodiagnostic tool for kala-azar in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :276–278.
-
13
Galen RS, Gambino SR, 1975. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley.
-
14
Boelaert M, Rijal S, Regmi S, Singh R, Karki B, Jacquet D, Chappuis F, Campino L, Desjeux P, Ray DL, Koirala S, Stuyft P, 2004. A comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for VL. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :72–77.
-
15
Veeken H, Ritmeijer K, Seaman J, Davidson R, 2003. Comparison of an rk39 dipstick rapid test with the direct agglutination test and splenic aspiration for the diagnosis of kala-azar in Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 8 :164–167.
-
16
Singh S, Kumar V, Singh N, 2002. Predicting kala-azar disease manifestations in asymptomatic patients with latent L. dono-vani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant k39 antigen. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :568–572.
-
17
Goswami RP, Bairagi B, Kundu PK, 2003. k39 strip test—easy, reliable and cost effective field diagnosis for VL in India. J Assoc Physicians India 51 :759–761.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1192 | 1142 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 396 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 8 | 0 |
Evaluation of Direct Agglutination Test, rk39 Test, and ELISA for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Jharna Mandal
Jharna Mandal
Department of Parasitology and Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sumeeta Khurana
Sumeeta Khurana
Department of Parasitology and Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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M. L. Dubey
M. L. Dubey
Department of Parasitology and Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Prateek Bhatia
Prateek Bhatia
Department of Parasitology and Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Neelam Varma
Neelam Varma
Department of Parasitology and Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Nancy Malla
Nancy Malla
Department of Parasitology and Department of Haematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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The study reports an evaluation of the direct agglutination test (DAT) with use of promastigote/amastigote antigen, rk39 strip test, and ELISA for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Out of 94 clinically suspected VL patients, 16 (17%) were seropositive by all the techniques; in addition, 6 were positive in rk39 strip test and ELISA. On retrospective analysis, out of 16 positive by all the techniques, 11 (69%) had demonstrable Leishmania donovani (LD) bodies in their bone marrow samples, while in 5 bone marrow was not examined. Out of 6 that were positive by ELISA and rk39 strip test, 2 had myelofibrosis and 4 had chronic myeloid leukemia. On the basis of bone marrow aspirate positivity, the sensitivity and specificity of DAT were 100% while those of rk39 strip test and ELISA were 100% and 87%, respectively. The study suggests that DAT appears to be the best technique for the serodiagnosis of VL.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Herwaldt BL, 1999. Leishmaniasis. Lancet 354 :1191–1199.
-
2
Malla N, Mahajan RC, 2006. Pathophysiology of visceral leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res 123 :267–274.
-
3
Sunder S, Rai M, 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :951–958.
-
4
Harith AE, Kolk AHJ, Leewenberg J, Muigai R, Huigen E, Jeisma T, Kager PA, 1988. Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol 26 :1321–1325.
-
5
Mengitsu G, Klesing R, Akuffo H, 1990. The value of a direct agglutination test in the diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. J Clin Microbiol 35 :2551–2555.
-
6
Kaul P, Malla N, Kaur S, Mahajan RC, Ganguly NK, 2000. Evaluation of a 200 kDa amastigote-specific antigen of L. donovani by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :173–175.
-
7
Malla N, Sengupta C, Dubey ML, Sud A, Ansari NA, Salotra P, 2003. Antigenaemia and antibody response to L. donovani stage specific antigens and rk39 antigen in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Br J Biomed Sci 60 :210–216.
-
8
Singh R, Subba Raju V, Jain K, Salotra P, 2005. Potential of direct agglutination test based on promastigote and amastigote antigens for serodiagnosis of post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12 :1191–1194.
-
9
Saha S, Mondal S, Banerjee A, Ghosh J, Bhowmick S, Ali N, 2006. Immune responses in kala-azar. Indian J Med Res 123 :245–266.
-
10
Sunder S, Pai K, Sahu M, Kumar V, Murray HW, 2002. Immunochromatographic strip test detection of anti-k39 antibody in Indian VL. Am J Trop Med Parasitol 96 :19–23.
-
11
Ziljstra EE, Daifalla NS, Kager PA, Khalil EA, El-Hassan AM, Reed SG, 1998. rk39 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of L. donovani infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 5 :717–720.
-
12
Singla N, Singh GS, Sundar S, Vinayak VK, 1993. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test as an immunodiagnostic tool for kala-azar in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :276–278.
-
13
Galen RS, Gambino SR, 1975. Beyond Normality: The Predictive Value and Efficiency of Medical Diagnosis. New York: John Wiley.
-
14
Boelaert M, Rijal S, Regmi S, Singh R, Karki B, Jacquet D, Chappuis F, Campino L, Desjeux P, Ray DL, Koirala S, Stuyft P, 2004. A comparative study of the effectiveness of diagnostic tests for VL. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70 :72–77.
-
15
Veeken H, Ritmeijer K, Seaman J, Davidson R, 2003. Comparison of an rk39 dipstick rapid test with the direct agglutination test and splenic aspiration for the diagnosis of kala-azar in Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 8 :164–167.
-
16
Singh S, Kumar V, Singh N, 2002. Predicting kala-azar disease manifestations in asymptomatic patients with latent L. dono-vani infection by detection of antibody against recombinant k39 antigen. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9 :568–572.
-
17
Goswami RP, Bairagi B, Kundu PK, 2003. k39 strip test—easy, reliable and cost effective field diagnosis for VL in India. J Assoc Physicians India 51 :759–761.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1192 | 1142 | 11 |
| Full Text Views | 396 | 8 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 85 | 8 | 0 |