Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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1
National Institute of Population Research and Training, 2004. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2004. (Preliminary Report). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Mitra and Associates and Macro International Inc.
-
2
UNICEF Bangladesh Health Statistics. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html. Accessed May 16, 2006.
-
3
Faruque SM, Naser IB, Islam MJ, Faruque ASG, Ghosh AN, Nair GB, Sack DA, Mekalanos JJ, 2005. Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 :1702–1707.
-
4
Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M, 2000. Contamination of drinking water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1093–1103.
-
5
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9 :106–117.
-
6
Trevett A, 2002. Household water security: the quality component. Waterlines 21 :2–4.
-
7
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt WP, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 :CD004794.
-
8
Sobsey M, Gundry S, 2004. Draft Research Agenda, International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. Available at: http://www.who.int/household_water/research/en/draft_research_agenda_June2004.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2006.
-
9
Harris J, 2005. Challenges to the Commercial Viability of Point-of-Use (POU) Water Treatment Systems in Low-Income Settings. Available at: http://www.who.int/household_water/research/commercial_viability.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2006.
-
11
Islam MF, Johnston RB, 2006. Household pasteurization of drinking-water: the chulli water-treatment system. J Health Popul Nutr 24 :356–362.
-
12
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method 1603, 2002. Escherichia coli in Water by Membrane Filtration using Modified Membrane-Thermotolerant E. coli Agar (Modified mTEC). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
13
Dufour AP, Strickland ER, Cabelli VJ, 1981. Membrane filter method for enumerating Escherichia coli.Appl Environ Microbiol 41 :1152–1158.
-
14
Ogutu P, Garrett V, Barasa P, Ombeki S, Mwaki A, Quick R, 2001. Seeking safe storage: a comparison of drinking water quality in clay and plastic vessels. Am J Public Health 91 :1610–1611.
-
15
Aziz SN, Boyle KJ, Rahman M, 2006. Knowledge of arsenic in drinking water: risks and avoidance in Matlab, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 24 :327–352.
-
16
Hanchett S, Nahar Q, Van Agthoven A, Geers C, Rezvi MD, 2002. Increasing awareness of arsenic in Bangladesh: lessons from a public education program. Health Policy Plan 17 :393–401.
-
17
Parvez F, Chen Y, Argos M, Hussain I, Momotaj H, Dhar R, van Geen A, Graciano JH, Ahsan H, 2006. Prevalence of arsenic exposure from drinking water and awareness of its health risks in a Bangladeshi population: results from a large population-based study. Environ Health Perspect 114 :355–359.
-
18
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM Jr, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
19
Gurian PL, Camacho G, Park JY, Cook SR, Mena KD, 2006. Evaluating in-home water purification methods for communities in Texas on the border with Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica 20 :403–406.
-
20
Brown J, Sobsey M, 2007. Improving Household Drinking Water Quality: Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Cambodia. New York: UNICEF. UNICEF Water and Sanitation Program Field Note.
-
21
Gupta SK, Suantio A, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1158–1162.
-
22
Sobsey M, 2007. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsh0207/en/index1.html. Accesses February 12, 2008.
-
23
Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J, 1999. Solar disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis Child 81 :337–338.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2160 | 2060 | 618 |
| Full Text Views | 370 | 17 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 164 | 9 | 2 |
The Chulli Water Purifier: Acceptability and Effectiveness of an Innovative Strategy for Household Water Treatment in Bangladesh
Sundeep K. Gupta
Sundeep K. Gupta
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; United Nations Children’s Fund, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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M. S. Islam
M. S. Islam
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; United Nations Children’s Fund, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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Richard Johnston
Richard Johnston
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; United Nations Children’s Fund, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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Pavani Kalluri Ram
Pavani Kalluri Ram
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; United Nations Children’s Fund, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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Stephen P. Luby
Stephen P. Luby
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; United Nations Children’s Fund, Dhaka, Bangladesh; School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
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To evaluate the effectiveness of the chulli water purifier, a new household water treatment strategy in Bangladesh that relies on passing water through a stove, we interviewed persons who had this water purifier. From households using it regularly, we tested untreated water, sand-filtered water without heat pasteurization, sand-filtered and heat pasteurized water, and household stored, treated water. Reasons for discontinuing use among 80 of 101 persons included mechanical problems (49%), inconvenience (35%), and high cost (10%). Only four households were regularly using the purifier. Three (19%) of 16 heat-treated samples were positive for Escherichia coli. The median log reduction from source water was > 5. Nine (56%) stored water samples were positive for E. coli, indicating recontamination. Poor durability, inconvenience, high cost, and post-treatment contamination limit the usefulness of the purifier. These issues, which are relevant for other household water treatment strategies, should be resolved before further implementation.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
National Institute of Population Research and Training, 2004. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2004. (Preliminary Report). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Mitra and Associates and Macro International Inc.
-
2
UNICEF Bangladesh Health Statistics. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html. Accessed May 16, 2006.
-
3
Faruque SM, Naser IB, Islam MJ, Faruque ASG, Ghosh AN, Nair GB, Sack DA, Mekalanos JJ, 2005. Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 :1702–1707.
-
4
Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M, 2000. Contamination of drinking water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1093–1103.
-
5
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9 :106–117.
-
6
Trevett A, 2002. Household water security: the quality component. Waterlines 21 :2–4.
-
7
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt WP, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 :CD004794.
-
8
Sobsey M, Gundry S, 2004. Draft Research Agenda, International Network to Promote Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage. Available at: http://www.who.int/household_water/research/en/draft_research_agenda_June2004.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2006.
-
9
Harris J, 2005. Challenges to the Commercial Viability of Point-of-Use (POU) Water Treatment Systems in Low-Income Settings. Available at: http://www.who.int/household_water/research/commercial_viability.pdf. Accessed June 2, 2006.
-
11
Islam MF, Johnston RB, 2006. Household pasteurization of drinking-water: the chulli water-treatment system. J Health Popul Nutr 24 :356–362.
-
12
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Method 1603, 2002. Escherichia coli in Water by Membrane Filtration using Modified Membrane-Thermotolerant E. coli Agar (Modified mTEC). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
-
13
Dufour AP, Strickland ER, Cabelli VJ, 1981. Membrane filter method for enumerating Escherichia coli.Appl Environ Microbiol 41 :1152–1158.
-
14
Ogutu P, Garrett V, Barasa P, Ombeki S, Mwaki A, Quick R, 2001. Seeking safe storage: a comparison of drinking water quality in clay and plastic vessels. Am J Public Health 91 :1610–1611.
-
15
Aziz SN, Boyle KJ, Rahman M, 2006. Knowledge of arsenic in drinking water: risks and avoidance in Matlab, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 24 :327–352.
-
16
Hanchett S, Nahar Q, Van Agthoven A, Geers C, Rezvi MD, 2002. Increasing awareness of arsenic in Bangladesh: lessons from a public education program. Health Policy Plan 17 :393–401.
-
17
Parvez F, Chen Y, Argos M, Hussain I, Momotaj H, Dhar R, van Geen A, Graciano JH, Ahsan H, 2006. Prevalence of arsenic exposure from drinking water and awareness of its health risks in a Bangladeshi population: results from a large population-based study. Environ Health Perspect 114 :355–359.
-
18
Fewtrell L, Kaufmann RB, Kay D, Enanoria W, Haller L, Colford JM Jr, 2005. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 5 :42–52.
-
19
Gurian PL, Camacho G, Park JY, Cook SR, Mena KD, 2006. Evaluating in-home water purification methods for communities in Texas on the border with Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica 20 :403–406.
-
20
Brown J, Sobsey M, 2007. Improving Household Drinking Water Quality: Use of Ceramic Water Filters in Cambodia. New York: UNICEF. UNICEF Water and Sanitation Program Field Note.
-
21
Gupta SK, Suantio A, Gray A, Widyastuti E, Jain N, Rolos R, Hoekstra RM, Quick R, 2007. Factors associated with E. coli contamination of household drinking water among tsunami and earthquake survivors, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1158–1162.
-
22
Sobsey M, 2007. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Available at: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/wsh0207/en/index1.html. Accesses February 12, 2008.
-
23
Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J, 1999. Solar disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis Child 81 :337–338.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2160 | 2060 | 618 |
| Full Text Views | 370 | 17 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 164 | 9 | 2 |