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1
Ministry of Health. Available at: www.funasa.gov.br; http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/painel_%20indicadores_do_SUS.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2007.
-
2
Arruda M, Carvalho MB, Nussenzweig RS, Maracic M, Ferreira AW, Cochrane AH, 1986. Potential vectors of malaria and their different susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Northern Brazil identified by immunoassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :873–881.
-
3
Deane LM, 1986. Malaria vectors in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 81 (Suppl II):5–14.
-
4
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Oliveira LR, Teva A, Deane LM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, 1990. Natural malaria infections in anophelines in Rondônia state, Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :6–10.
-
5
Póvoa MM, Wirtz RA, Lacerda RNL, Miles MA, Warhurst DC, 2001. Malaria vectors in the municipality of Serra do Navio, State of Amapá, Amazon Region, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :179–184.
-
6
Rosa-Freitas MG, Deane L, Momen H, 1990. A morphological, isoenzymatic and behavioural study of ten populations of Anopheles albitarsis Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1878 (Diptera: Culicidae) including from the type-locality Baradero, Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 85 :275–289.
-
7
Narang SK, Klein TA, Perera OP, Lima JB, Tang AT, 1993. Genetic evidence for the existence of cryptic species in the Anopheles albitarsis complex in Brazil: allozymes and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Biochem Genet 31 :97–112.
-
8
Povoa MM, de Souza RT, Lacerda RN, Rosa ES, Galiza D, de Souza JR, Wietz RA, Schilichting CD, Conn JE, 2006. The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil. Mem Isnt Oswaldo Cruz 101 :163–168.
-
9
Wilkerson RC, Gaffigan TV, Lima JB, 1995. Identification of species related to Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90 :721–732.
-
10
Wilkerson RC, Foster PG, Li C, Sallum MAM, 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the neotropical Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis species complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 98 :918–925.
-
11
Klein TA, Lima JB, Tada MS, 1991. Comparative susceptibility of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum in Rondonia, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :598–603.
-
12
Branquinho MS, Lagos CB, Rocha RM, Natal D, Barata JM, Cochrane AH, Nardin E, Nussenzweig RS, Kloetzel JK, 1993. Anophelines in the state of Acre, Brazil, infected with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, the variant P. vivax VK247 and P. malariae.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :391–394.
-
13
Branquinho MS, Araújo MS, Natal D, Marrelli MT, Rocha RM, Taveira FA, Kloetzel JK, 1996. Anopheles oswaldoi a potential malaria vector in Acre, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :233.
-
14
Silva-Vasconcelos A, Kato MYN, Mourão EN, Souza RTL, Lacerda RNL, Sibajev A, Tsouris P, Póvoa MM, Momen H, Rosa-Freitas MG, 2002. Biting indices, host-seeking and natural infection rates of anopheline species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :151–161.
-
15
Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MN, de Souza RT, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new neo-tropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :18–22.
-
16
Forattini OP, 1962. Entomologia Médica. v.1. São Paulo: Facul-dade de Higiene e Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo.
-
17
Consoli RA, Lourençode-Oliveira R, 1994. Principais Mosquitos de Importância Sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: FIOCRUZ.
-
18
Faran ME, 1980. Mosquito studies (Diptera: Culicidae) XXXIV. A revision of the albimanus section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles.Contrib Amer Entomol Inst 15 :1–215.
-
19
Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Graves PM, 1987. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24 :433–437.
-
20
Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser KM, Beaudoin RL, André RG, 1987. Comparative testing of monoconal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ 65 :39–45.
-
21
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, doRosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :315–320.
-
22
Black WC 4th, Munstermann LE, 1996. Molecular taxonomy and systematics of arthropod vectors. BJ Beaty and WC Marquardt, eds. The Biology of Disease Vectors, 1st ed. Denver: Colorado University Press.
-
23
Wilkerson RC, Hribar LJ, Milstrey EG, Calderon GF, 1995. The identification of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rondoni (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mato Grosso, Brazil: an analysis of key character variability, 1995. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90 :575–582.
-
24
Guimarães AE, Mello RP, Lopes CM, Alencar J, Gentile C, 1997. Prevalencia de anofelinos (Diptera: Culicidae) no crepusculo vespertino em areas da Usina Hidreletrica de Itaipu, no Municipio de Guaira, Estado do Parana, Brasil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :745–754.
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25
Povoa MM, Machado RL, Segura MN, Vianna GM, Vasconcelos AS, Conn JE, 2000. Infectivity of malaria vector mosquitoes: correlation of positivity between ELISA and PCR-ELISA tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :106–107.
-
26
Vythilingam I, Nitiavathy K, Yi P, Bakotee B, Hugo B, Singh B, Wirtz RA, Palmer K, 1999. A highly sensitive, nested polymerase chain reaction based method using simple DNA extraction to detect malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :631–635.
-
27
Santos-Ciminera PD, Achee NL, Quinnan GV Jr, Roberts DR, 2004. Use of polymerase chain reaction technique to confirm VecTest screening results in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax VK 210 laboratory-infected Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20 :265–271.
-
28
Meister S, Koutsos AC, Christophides GK, 2004. The Plasmodium parasite—a new ‘ ’ challenge for insect innate immunity. Int J Parasitol 34 :1473–1482.
-
29
Boulanger N, Charoenvit Y, Krettli A, Betschart B, 1995. Developmental changes in the circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium berghei and P. gallinaceum in their mosquito vectors. Parasitol Res 81 :58–65.
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Malaria Vectors in Areas of Plasmodium falciparum Epidemic Transmission in the Amazon Region, Brazil
José Almir M. da Rocha
José Almir M. da Rocha
Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secção de Parasitologia, SVS/MS, Belém, PA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Sabrina B. de Oliveira
Sabrina B. de Oliveira
Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secção de Parasitologia, SVS/MS, Belém, PA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Marinete M. Póvoa
Marinete M. Póvoa
Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secção de Parasitologia, SVS/MS, Belém, PA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Luciano A. Moreira
Luciano A. Moreira
Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secção de Parasitologia, SVS/MS, Belém, PA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Antoniana Ursine Krettli
Antoniana Ursine Krettli
Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secção de Parasitologia, SVS/MS, Belém, PA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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The main vectors of malaria in Brazil are Anopheles darlingi, An. aquasalis, and some species of the An. albitarsis complex, whereas others have questionable importance with regard to the disease transmission. To identify these vectors in the State of Pará, Brazil, in a high-prevalence P. falciparum area, 565 anophelines were captured and identified while the seasonal variation and daily biting activity were determined. Of the seven anopheline species (An. strodei, An. albitarsis s.l., An. rondoni, An. darlingi, An. triannulatus, An. oswaldoi, and An. nuneztovari), the plasmodia circumsporozoite protein (CSP) was detected in three of them, with a total infection rate of 6.2%. An. darlingi was the most prevalent species (22.4%), followed by An. albitarsis (5.2%) and An. rondoni (3.6%). An. rondoni was found to be infected for the first time, which was also confirmed through PCR. This result possibly represents a new malaria vector based on its highest frequency, biting and seasonal activities in the peak of malaria transmission.
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1
Ministry of Health. Available at: www.funasa.gov.br; http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/painel_%20indicadores_do_SUS.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2007.
-
2
Arruda M, Carvalho MB, Nussenzweig RS, Maracic M, Ferreira AW, Cochrane AH, 1986. Potential vectors of malaria and their different susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Northern Brazil identified by immunoassay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :873–881.
-
3
Deane LM, 1986. Malaria vectors in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 81 (Suppl II):5–14.
-
4
Oliveira-Ferreira J, Oliveira LR, Teva A, Deane LM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, 1990. Natural malaria infections in anophelines in Rondônia state, Brazilian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :6–10.
-
5
Póvoa MM, Wirtz RA, Lacerda RNL, Miles MA, Warhurst DC, 2001. Malaria vectors in the municipality of Serra do Navio, State of Amapá, Amazon Region, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 96 :179–184.
-
6
Rosa-Freitas MG, Deane L, Momen H, 1990. A morphological, isoenzymatic and behavioural study of ten populations of Anopheles albitarsis Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1878 (Diptera: Culicidae) including from the type-locality Baradero, Argentina. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 85 :275–289.
-
7
Narang SK, Klein TA, Perera OP, Lima JB, Tang AT, 1993. Genetic evidence for the existence of cryptic species in the Anopheles albitarsis complex in Brazil: allozymes and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Biochem Genet 31 :97–112.
-
8
Povoa MM, de Souza RT, Lacerda RN, Rosa ES, Galiza D, de Souza JR, Wietz RA, Schilichting CD, Conn JE, 2006. The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil. Mem Isnt Oswaldo Cruz 101 :163–168.
-
9
Wilkerson RC, Gaffigan TV, Lima JB, 1995. Identification of species related to Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis by random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90 :721–732.
-
10
Wilkerson RC, Foster PG, Li C, Sallum MAM, 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the neotropical Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis species complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 98 :918–925.
-
11
Klein TA, Lima JB, Tada MS, 1991. Comparative susceptibility of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum in Rondonia, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44 :598–603.
-
12
Branquinho MS, Lagos CB, Rocha RM, Natal D, Barata JM, Cochrane AH, Nardin E, Nussenzweig RS, Kloetzel JK, 1993. Anophelines in the state of Acre, Brazil, infected with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, the variant P. vivax VK247 and P. malariae.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :391–394.
-
13
Branquinho MS, Araújo MS, Natal D, Marrelli MT, Rocha RM, Taveira FA, Kloetzel JK, 1996. Anopheles oswaldoi a potential malaria vector in Acre, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :233.
-
14
Silva-Vasconcelos A, Kato MYN, Mourão EN, Souza RTL, Lacerda RNL, Sibajev A, Tsouris P, Póvoa MM, Momen H, Rosa-Freitas MG, 2002. Biting indices, host-seeking and natural infection rates of anopheline species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :151–161.
-
15
Conn JE, Wilkerson RC, Segura MN, de Souza RT, Schlichting CD, Wirtz RA, Povoa MM, 2002. Emergence of a new neo-tropical malaria vector facilitated by human migration and changes in land use. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 :18–22.
-
16
Forattini OP, 1962. Entomologia Médica. v.1. São Paulo: Facul-dade de Higiene e Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo.
-
17
Consoli RA, Lourençode-Oliveira R, 1994. Principais Mosquitos de Importância Sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: FIOCRUZ.
-
18
Faran ME, 1980. Mosquito studies (Diptera: Culicidae) XXXIV. A revision of the albimanus section of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus of Anopheles.Contrib Amer Entomol Inst 15 :1–215.
-
19
Wirtz RA, Burkot TR, Graves PM, 1987. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea. J Med Entomol 24 :433–437.
-
20
Wirtz RA, Zavala F, Charoenvit Y, Campbell GH, Burkot TR, Schneider I, Esser KM, Beaudoin RL, André RG, 1987. Comparative testing of monoconal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites for ELISA development. Bull World Health Organ 65 :39–45.
-
21
Snounou G, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, doRosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN, 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :315–320.
-
22
Black WC 4th, Munstermann LE, 1996. Molecular taxonomy and systematics of arthropod vectors. BJ Beaty and WC Marquardt, eds. The Biology of Disease Vectors, 1st ed. Denver: Colorado University Press.
-
23
Wilkerson RC, Hribar LJ, Milstrey EG, Calderon GF, 1995. The identification of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rondoni (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mato Grosso, Brazil: an analysis of key character variability, 1995. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90 :575–582.
-
24
Guimarães AE, Mello RP, Lopes CM, Alencar J, Gentile C, 1997. Prevalencia de anofelinos (Diptera: Culicidae) no crepusculo vespertino em areas da Usina Hidreletrica de Itaipu, no Municipio de Guaira, Estado do Parana, Brasil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 92 :745–754.
-
25
Povoa MM, Machado RL, Segura MN, Vianna GM, Vasconcelos AS, Conn JE, 2000. Infectivity of malaria vector mosquitoes: correlation of positivity between ELISA and PCR-ELISA tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :106–107.
-
26
Vythilingam I, Nitiavathy K, Yi P, Bakotee B, Hugo B, Singh B, Wirtz RA, Palmer K, 1999. A highly sensitive, nested polymerase chain reaction based method using simple DNA extraction to detect malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :631–635.
-
27
Santos-Ciminera PD, Achee NL, Quinnan GV Jr, Roberts DR, 2004. Use of polymerase chain reaction technique to confirm VecTest screening results in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax VK 210 laboratory-infected Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20 :265–271.
-
28
Meister S, Koutsos AC, Christophides GK, 2004. The Plasmodium parasite—a new ‘ ’ challenge for insect innate immunity. Int J Parasitol 34 :1473–1482.
-
29
Boulanger N, Charoenvit Y, Krettli A, Betschart B, 1995. Developmental changes in the circumsporozoite proteins of Plasmodium berghei and P. gallinaceum in their mosquito vectors. Parasitol Res 81 :58–65.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 14 | 14 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 232 | 90 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 59 | 17 | 0 |