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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Veintemillas F, 1944. Sobre las Rickettsiasis y las Fiebres Exantematicas el Tifus Altiplanico. La Paz, Bolivia: Escuela Tip Salesiana.
-
2
Ripoll CM, Remondegui CE, Ordonez G, Arazamendi R, Fusaro H, Hyman MJ, Paddock CD, Zaki SR, Olson JG, Santos-Buch CA, 1999. Evidence of rickettsial spotted fever and ehrlichial infections in a subtropical territory of Jujuy, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 350–354.
-
3
Webb L, Carl M, Malloy DC, Dasch GA, Azad AF, 1990. Detection of murine typhus infection in fleas by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 28: 530–534.
-
4
Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa Y, Matsuura K, Hasegawa S, Nakayama T, Fujita H, Eatanabe M, 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae based in gltA, 17 kDa, and rOmpA genes amplified by nested PCR from ticks in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 47: 823–832.
-
5
Drancourt M, Raoult D, 1999. Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene in naturally rifampin-resistant Rickettsia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :2400–2403.
-
6
Tzianabos T, Anderson BE, McDade JE, 1989. Detection of Rickettsia ricketsii in clinical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction technology. J Clin Microbiol 27: 2866–2868.
-
7
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
8
Roux V, Fournier PE, Raoult D, 1996. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J Clin Microbiol 34: 2058–2065.
-
9
Piza J, Salles-Gomes F, Salles-Gomes L, Meyer J, Fleury JP, Castro O, Rodrigues C, Rocha Lima H, 1931. Le typhus exanthématique a Sao Paulo. Comp Rend Séances Soc Biol Fil 106 :1020–1022.
-
10
Dyer RE, 1933. Relationship between Rocky Mountain spotted fever and exanthematic typhus of Sao Paulo. Public Health Rep 48 :521–522.
-
11
Patino L, Afanador A, Paul JH, 1937. A spotted fever in Tobia, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :639–653.
-
12
Dumler JS, 1991. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Maryland, 1901. JAMA 265 :718.
-
13
Milam DF, 1934. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in North Carolina. South Med J 27 :788–793.
-
14
Cicuttin GL, Rodríguez Vargas M, Jado I, Anda P, 2004. Primera detección de Rickettsia massiliae en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Resultados preliminaries. Rev Argentina Zoonosis 1 :8–10.
-
15
Labruna MB, Pacheco RC, Nava S, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Guglielmone AA, 2007. Infection by Rickettsia bellii and Candidatus “ Rickettsia amblyommii” in Amblyomma neumanni ticks from Argentina. Microb Ecol 54 :126–133.
-
16
Pacheco RC, Moraes-Filho J, Nava S, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Labruna MB, 2007. Detection of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia in Amblyomma parvum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol 43 :63–71.
-
17
Bustamente ME, Varela G, 1946. III. Estudios de fiebre manchada en Mexico. Hallazgo del Amblyomma cajennense naturalmente infectado, en Veracruz. Rev Inst Salub Enferm Trop 7 :75–78.
-
18
de Rodaniche EC, 1953. Natural infection of the tick, Amblyomma cajenennse, with Rickettsia rickettsii in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2 :696–699.
-
19
Guedes E, Leite RC, Prata MCA, Pacheco RC, Walker DH, Labruna MB, 2005. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the tick Amblyomma cajennense in a new Brazilian spotted fever-endemic area in the state of Minas Gerais. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 :841–845.
-
20
Estrada-Peña A, Guglielmone AA, Mangold AJ, 2004. The distribution and ecological ‘preferences’ of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae), an ectoparasite of humans and other mammals in the Americas. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :283–292.
-
21
Guglielmone AA, Mangold AJ, Viñbal AE, 1991. Ticks (Ixodidae) parasitizing humans in four provinces of north-western Argentina. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 :539–542.
-
22
Guglielmone AA, Beati L, Barros-Battesti DM, Labruna MB, Nava S, Venzal JM, Mangold AJ, Szabó MP, Martins JR, González-Acuña D, Estrada-Peña A, 2006. Ticks (Ixodidae) on humans in South America. Exp Appl Acarol 40 :83–100.
-
23
Montiero JL, Da Fonseca F, Prado A, 1932. Typho exanthematico de S. Paulo, VI. Pesquisas sobre a possibiliadade da transmissao experimental do virus por Ixodidae. Bras Med 46 :49–52.
-
24
Brumpt E, 1933. Tranmission de la fièvre pouprée des Montanges Rocheusse par la tique américaine Amblyomma cayennense. Comp Rend Séances Soc Biol Fil 144 :416–419.
-
25
Parker RR, Philip CB, Jellison WL, 1933. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: potentialities of tick transmission in relation to geographical occurrence in the United States. Am J Trop Med 13 :341–379.
-
26
Moreira JA, de Magalhães O, 1936. Typho exanthematico de Minas Gerais. Bras Med 51 :881–882.
-
27
Dias E, Martins AV, 1937. Aspectos do typho exanthematico em Minas Gerais. Bras Med 51 :431–441.
-
28
Jones TF, Craig AS, Paddock CD, McKechnie DB, Childs JE, Zaki SR, Schaffner W, 1999. Family cluster of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Infect Dis 28 :853–859.
-
29
Sexton DJ, Muniz M, Corey R, Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty B, Dumler S, Walker DH, Pecanha PM, Dietze R, 1993. Brazilian spotted fever in Esprito Santo, Brazil: description of a focus of infection in a new endemic region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :222–226.
-
30
de Lemos ERS, Alvarenga FBF, Cintra ML, Ramos MC, Paddock CD, Ferebee TL, Zaki SR, Ferreira FCC, Ravagnani RC, Machado RD, Guimarães MAAM, Coura JR, 2001. Spotted fever in Brazil: a seroepidemiologic study and description of clinical cases in an endemic area in the state of São Paulo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :329–334.
-
31
Galvão MAM, Dumler JS, Mafra CL, Calic SB, Chamone CB, Filho GC, Olano JP, Walker DH, 2003. Fatal spotted fever rickettsiosis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1402–1405.
-
32
Hildago M, Orejuela L, Fuya P, Carrillo P, Hernandez J, Parra E, Keng C, Small M, Olano JP, Bouyer D, Castaneda E, Walker D, Valbuena G, 2007. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1058–1060.
-
33
Philip RN, 2000. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Western Montana: Anatomy of a Pestilence. Hamilton, MT: Bitter Root Valley Historical Society.
-
34
Calero C, Núñez JM, Silva Goytia R, 1952. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama. Report of two cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1 :631–636.
-
35
Zavala-Velazquez JE, Yu X-J, Walker DH, 1996. Unrecognized spotted fever group rickettsiosis masquerading as dengue fever in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :157–159.
-
36
Estripeaut D, Aramburú MG, Sáez-Llorens X, Thompson HA, Dasch GA, Paddock CD, Zaki S, Eremeeva ME, 2007. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Panama. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1763–1765.
-
37
Lillie RD, 1941. Pathology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Natl Inst Health Bull 177 :1–59.
-
38
Valbuena G, Bradford W, Walker DH, 2003. Expression analysis of the T-cell-targeting chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in mice and humans with endothelial infections caused by rick-ettsiae of the spotted fever group. Am J Pathol 163 :1357–1369.
-
39
Paddock CD, Greer PW, Ferebee TL, Singleton J, McKechnie DB, Treadwell TA, Krebs JW, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, Olson JG, Childs JE, Zaki SR, 1999. Hidden mortality attributable to Rocky Mountain spotted fever: immunohistochemical detection of fatal, serologically unconfirmed disease. J Infect Dis 179 :1469–1476.
-
40
Parker RR, 1948. Symptomatology and certain other aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Moulton FR, ed. Rickettsial Diseases of Man. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 139–146.
-
41
Walker DH, Hawkins HK, Hudson P, 1983. Fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever: its pathologic characteristics associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107 :121–125.
-
42
Wolbach SB, 1917. The etiology and pathogenesis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The occurrence of the parasite and the pathology of the disease in man. Additional notes on the parasite. J Med Res 37 :499–508.
-
43
Woods ME, Olano JP, 2007. Host defenses to Rickettsia rickettsii infection contribute to increased microvascular permeability in human cerebral endothelial cells. J Clin Immunol 28: 174–185.
-
44
de Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A, 1950. Spotted fever in Panama: isolation of the etiologic agent from a fatal case. Am J Trop Med 30 :511–517.
-
45
Rozental T, Eremeeva ME, Paddock CD, Zaki SR, Dasch GA, Lemos ERS, 2006. Fatal case of Brazilian spotted fever confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and sequencing methods on fixed tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 1078 :257–259.
-
46
Zavala-Castro JE, Zavala-Velázquez JE, Walker DH, Ruiz Arcila EE, Laviada-Molina H, Olano JP, Ruiz-Sosa JA, Small MA, Dzul-Rosado KR, 2006. Fatal human infection with Rickettsia rickettsii, Yucatán, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :672–674.
-
47
Karpathy SE, Dasch GA, Eremeeva ME, 2007. Molecular typing of isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii using DNA sequencing of variable intergenic regions. J Clin Microbiol 45 :2545–2553.
-
48
Labruna MB, Whitworth T, Bouyer DH, McBride J, Camargo LMA, Camargo EP, Popov V, Walker DH, 2004. Rickettsia bellii and Rickettsia amblyommii in Amblyomma ticks from the state of Rôndonia, Western Amazon, Brazil. J Med Entomol 41 :1073–1081.
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49
Estrada-Peã A, Venzal JM, Mangold AJ, Cafrune MM, Guglielmone AA, 2005. The Amblyomma maculatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae: Amblyomminae) tick group: diagnostic characters, description of the larva of A. parvitsarum Neumann, 1901, 16S rDNA sequences, distribution, and hosts. Syst Parasitol 60 :99–112.
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50
Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Goldsmith CS, Goddard J, McLellan SLF, Tamminga CL, Ohl CA, 2004. Rickettsia parkeri: a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38 :805–811.
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51
Sumner JW, Durden LA, Goddard J, Stromdahl EY, Clark KL, Reeves WK, Paddock CD, 2007. Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) and Rickettsia parkeri, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 751–753.
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52
Venzal JM, Portillo A, Estrada-Peã A, Castro O, Cabrera PA, Oteo JA, 2004. Rickettsia parkeri in Amblyomma triste from Uruguay. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1493–1495.
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53
Silveira I, Pacheco RC, Szabó MPJ, Ramos HGC, Labruna MB, 2007. Rickettsia parkeri in Brazil. Emerg Infec Dis 13 :1111–1113.
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54
Conti Dáz IA, 2001. Rickettsiosis por Rickettsia conorii (fiebre botonosa del Mediterráeo fiebre de Marsella). Estado actual á en Uruguay. Rev Med Uruguay 17 :119–124.
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Madeira A, 2004. Surto de febre maculosa no estado de Santa Catarina. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 13 (Suppl):364.
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56
Seijo A, Picollo M, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, 2007. Fiebre manchada por rickettsias en el Delta Bonaerense. Medicina (B Aires)67: 723–726.
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57
Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D, 2005. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 18 :719–756.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Argentina
Christopher D. Paddock
Christopher D. Paddock
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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Susana Fernandez
Susana Fernandez
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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Gustavo A. Echenique
Gustavo A. Echenique
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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John W. Sumner
John W. Sumner
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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Will K. Reeves
Will K. Reeves
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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Sherif R. Zaki
Sherif R. Zaki
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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Carlos E. Remondegui
Carlos E. Remondegui
Infectious Disease Pathology Branch and Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Hospital Pablo Soria, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina; Servicio Infectologia and Tropical Medicine, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
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We describe the first molecular confirmation of Rickettsia rickettsii, the cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), from a tick vector, Amblyomma cajennense, and from a cluster of fatal spotted fever cases in Argentina. Questing A. cajennense ticks were collected at or near sites of presumed or confirmed cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Jujuy Province and evaluated by polymerase chain reaction assays for spotted fever group rickettsiae. DNA of R. rickettsii was amplified from a pool of A. cajennense ticks and from tissues of one of four patients who died during 2003–2004 after illnesses characterized by high fever, severe headache, myalgias, and petechial rash. The diagnosis of spotted fever rickettsiosis was confirmed in the other patients by indirect immunofluorescence antibody and immunohistochemical staining techniques. These findings show the existence of RMSF in Argentina and emphasize the need for clinicians throughout the Americas to consider RMSF in patients with febrile rash illnesses.
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-
1
Veintemillas F, 1944. Sobre las Rickettsiasis y las Fiebres Exantematicas el Tifus Altiplanico. La Paz, Bolivia: Escuela Tip Salesiana.
-
2
Ripoll CM, Remondegui CE, Ordonez G, Arazamendi R, Fusaro H, Hyman MJ, Paddock CD, Zaki SR, Olson JG, Santos-Buch CA, 1999. Evidence of rickettsial spotted fever and ehrlichial infections in a subtropical territory of Jujuy, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61: 350–354.
-
3
Webb L, Carl M, Malloy DC, Dasch GA, Azad AF, 1990. Detection of murine typhus infection in fleas by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 28: 530–534.
-
4
Ishikura M, Ando S, Shinagawa Y, Matsuura K, Hasegawa S, Nakayama T, Fujita H, Eatanabe M, 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of spotted fever group rickettsiae based in gltA, 17 kDa, and rOmpA genes amplified by nested PCR from ticks in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 47: 823–832.
-
5
Drancourt M, Raoult D, 1999. Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene in naturally rifampin-resistant Rickettsia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :2400–2403.
-
6
Tzianabos T, Anderson BE, McDade JE, 1989. Detection of Rickettsia ricketsii in clinical specimens by using polymerase chain reaction technology. J Clin Microbiol 27: 2866–2868.
-
7
Regnery RL, Spruill CL, Plikaytis BD, 1991. Genotypic identification of rickettsiae and estimation of intraspecies sequence divergence for portions of two rickettsial genes. J Bacteriol 173 :1576–1589.
-
8
Roux V, Fournier PE, Raoult D, 1996. Differentiation of spotted fever group rickettsiae by sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA of the gene encoding the protein rOmpA. J Clin Microbiol 34: 2058–2065.
-
9
Piza J, Salles-Gomes F, Salles-Gomes L, Meyer J, Fleury JP, Castro O, Rodrigues C, Rocha Lima H, 1931. Le typhus exanthématique a Sao Paulo. Comp Rend Séances Soc Biol Fil 106 :1020–1022.
-
10
Dyer RE, 1933. Relationship between Rocky Mountain spotted fever and exanthematic typhus of Sao Paulo. Public Health Rep 48 :521–522.
-
11
Patino L, Afanador A, Paul JH, 1937. A spotted fever in Tobia, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17 :639–653.
-
12
Dumler JS, 1991. Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Maryland, 1901. JAMA 265 :718.
-
13
Milam DF, 1934. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in North Carolina. South Med J 27 :788–793.
-
14
Cicuttin GL, Rodríguez Vargas M, Jado I, Anda P, 2004. Primera detección de Rickettsia massiliae en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Resultados preliminaries. Rev Argentina Zoonosis 1 :8–10.
-
15
Labruna MB, Pacheco RC, Nava S, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Guglielmone AA, 2007. Infection by Rickettsia bellii and Candidatus “ Rickettsia amblyommii” in Amblyomma neumanni ticks from Argentina. Microb Ecol 54 :126–133.
-
16
Pacheco RC, Moraes-Filho J, Nava S, Brandão PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Labruna MB, 2007. Detection of a novel spotted fever group rickettsia in Amblyomma parvum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Argentina. Exp Appl Acarol 43 :63–71.
-
17
Bustamente ME, Varela G, 1946. III. Estudios de fiebre manchada en Mexico. Hallazgo del Amblyomma cajennense naturalmente infectado, en Veracruz. Rev Inst Salub Enferm Trop 7 :75–78.
-
18
de Rodaniche EC, 1953. Natural infection of the tick, Amblyomma cajenennse, with Rickettsia rickettsii in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2 :696–699.
-
19
Guedes E, Leite RC, Prata MCA, Pacheco RC, Walker DH, Labruna MB, 2005. Detection of Rickettsia rickettsii in the tick Amblyomma cajennense in a new Brazilian spotted fever-endemic area in the state of Minas Gerais. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 :841–845.
-
20
Estrada-Peña A, Guglielmone AA, Mangold AJ, 2004. The distribution and ecological ‘preferences’ of the tick Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae), an ectoparasite of humans and other mammals in the Americas. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :283–292.
-
21
Guglielmone AA, Mangold AJ, Viñbal AE, 1991. Ticks (Ixodidae) parasitizing humans in four provinces of north-western Argentina. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85 :539–542.
-
22
Guglielmone AA, Beati L, Barros-Battesti DM, Labruna MB, Nava S, Venzal JM, Mangold AJ, Szabó MP, Martins JR, González-Acuña D, Estrada-Peña A, 2006. Ticks (Ixodidae) on humans in South America. Exp Appl Acarol 40 :83–100.
-
23
Montiero JL, Da Fonseca F, Prado A, 1932. Typho exanthematico de S. Paulo, VI. Pesquisas sobre a possibiliadade da transmissao experimental do virus por Ixodidae. Bras Med 46 :49–52.
-
24
Brumpt E, 1933. Tranmission de la fièvre pouprée des Montanges Rocheusse par la tique américaine Amblyomma cayennense. Comp Rend Séances Soc Biol Fil 144 :416–419.
-
25
Parker RR, Philip CB, Jellison WL, 1933. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: potentialities of tick transmission in relation to geographical occurrence in the United States. Am J Trop Med 13 :341–379.
-
26
Moreira JA, de Magalhães O, 1936. Typho exanthematico de Minas Gerais. Bras Med 51 :881–882.
-
27
Dias E, Martins AV, 1937. Aspectos do typho exanthematico em Minas Gerais. Bras Med 51 :431–441.
-
28
Jones TF, Craig AS, Paddock CD, McKechnie DB, Childs JE, Zaki SR, Schaffner W, 1999. Family cluster of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clin Infect Dis 28 :853–859.
-
29
Sexton DJ, Muniz M, Corey R, Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty B, Dumler S, Walker DH, Pecanha PM, Dietze R, 1993. Brazilian spotted fever in Esprito Santo, Brazil: description of a focus of infection in a new endemic region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 :222–226.
-
30
de Lemos ERS, Alvarenga FBF, Cintra ML, Ramos MC, Paddock CD, Ferebee TL, Zaki SR, Ferreira FCC, Ravagnani RC, Machado RD, Guimarães MAAM, Coura JR, 2001. Spotted fever in Brazil: a seroepidemiologic study and description of clinical cases in an endemic area in the state of São Paulo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :329–334.
-
31
Galvão MAM, Dumler JS, Mafra CL, Calic SB, Chamone CB, Filho GC, Olano JP, Walker DH, 2003. Fatal spotted fever rickettsiosis, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :1402–1405.
-
32
Hildago M, Orejuela L, Fuya P, Carrillo P, Hernandez J, Parra E, Keng C, Small M, Olano JP, Bouyer D, Castaneda E, Walker D, Valbuena G, 2007. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1058–1060.
-
33
Philip RN, 2000. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Western Montana: Anatomy of a Pestilence. Hamilton, MT: Bitter Root Valley Historical Society.
-
34
Calero C, Núñez JM, Silva Goytia R, 1952. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Panama. Report of two cases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1 :631–636.
-
35
Zavala-Velazquez JE, Yu X-J, Walker DH, 1996. Unrecognized spotted fever group rickettsiosis masquerading as dengue fever in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :157–159.
-
36
Estripeaut D, Aramburú MG, Sáez-Llorens X, Thompson HA, Dasch GA, Paddock CD, Zaki S, Eremeeva ME, 2007. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Panama. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1763–1765.
-
37
Lillie RD, 1941. Pathology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Natl Inst Health Bull 177 :1–59.
-
38
Valbuena G, Bradford W, Walker DH, 2003. Expression analysis of the T-cell-targeting chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in mice and humans with endothelial infections caused by rick-ettsiae of the spotted fever group. Am J Pathol 163 :1357–1369.
-
39
Paddock CD, Greer PW, Ferebee TL, Singleton J, McKechnie DB, Treadwell TA, Krebs JW, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, Olson JG, Childs JE, Zaki SR, 1999. Hidden mortality attributable to Rocky Mountain spotted fever: immunohistochemical detection of fatal, serologically unconfirmed disease. J Infect Dis 179 :1469–1476.
-
40
Parker RR, 1948. Symptomatology and certain other aspects of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Moulton FR, ed. Rickettsial Diseases of Man. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 139–146.
-
41
Walker DH, Hawkins HK, Hudson P, 1983. Fulminant Rocky Mountain spotted fever: its pathologic characteristics associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107 :121–125.
-
42
Wolbach SB, 1917. The etiology and pathogenesis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The occurrence of the parasite and the pathology of the disease in man. Additional notes on the parasite. J Med Res 37 :499–508.
-
43
Woods ME, Olano JP, 2007. Host defenses to Rickettsia rickettsii infection contribute to increased microvascular permeability in human cerebral endothelial cells. J Clin Immunol 28: 174–185.
-
44
de Rodaniche EC, Rodaniche A, 1950. Spotted fever in Panama: isolation of the etiologic agent from a fatal case. Am J Trop Med 30 :511–517.
-
45
Rozental T, Eremeeva ME, Paddock CD, Zaki SR, Dasch GA, Lemos ERS, 2006. Fatal case of Brazilian spotted fever confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and sequencing methods on fixed tissues. Ann NY Acad Sci 1078 :257–259.
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46
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