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1
ProMED-mail, 2001. West Nile virus, humans; Cayman Islands. Archive no. 20011016.2538. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org.
-
2
Dupuis AP, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :860–863.
-
3
Dupuis AP, Marra PP, Reitsma R, Jones MJ, Louie KL, Kramer LD, 2005. Serologic evidence for West Nile Virus transmission in Puerto Rico and Cuba. Am J Trop Med 73 :474–476.
-
4
ProMED-mail, 2005. West Nile virus, humans, equines; Cuba. Archive no. 20050202.0355. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org.
-
5
Komar N, Clark GG, 2006. West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Pan Am J Public Health 19 :112–117.
-
6
Bosch I, Herrera F, Navarro JC, Lentino M, Dupuis A, Maffei J, Jones M, Fernández E, Pérez N, Pérez-Emán J, Guimarães AÉ, Barrera R, Valero N, Ruiz J, Velásquez G, Martinez J, Comach G, Komar N, Spielman A, Kramer L, 2007. West Nile Virus, Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :651–653.
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7
Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, 2006. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Dirección de Epidemiologia, Ministerio de Salud, Republica Argentina. Accessed August 31, 2007. Available at: http:// epi.minsal.cl/epi/html/Actualidad/internacional/VNO_casos_ en_humanos.pdf.
-
8
Lord RD, Calisher CH, 1970. Further evidence of southward transport of arboviruses by migratory birds. Am J Epidemiol 92 :73–78.
-
9
Beasley DWC, Davis CT, Estrada-Franco J, Navarro-Lopez R, Campomanes-Cortes A, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Barrett ADT, 2004. Genome sequence and attenuating mutations in West Nile Virus isolate from Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2221–2224.
-
10
Morales MA, Barrandeguy M, Fabbri C, Garcia JB, Vissani A, Trono K, Gutierrez G, Pigretti S, Menchaca H, Garrido N, Taylor N, Fernandez F, Levis S, Enría D, 2006. West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1559–1561.
-
11
ProMED-mail, 2004. West Nile virus, equine; Puerto Rico (Fa-jardo). Archive no. 20040620.1644. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org.
-
12
Johnson AJ, Langevin S, Wolff KL, Komar N, 2003. Detection of anti-West Nile virus immunoglobulin M in chicken serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2002–2007.
-
13
Russell PK, Nisalak A, Sukhavachana P, Vivona S, 1967. A plaque reduction test for dengue virus neutralizing antibodies. J Immunol 99 :291–296.
-
14
Langevin SA, Bunning M, Davis B, Komar N, 2001. Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :726–729.
-
15
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, 2001. Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays for rapid detection of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 39 :4506–4513.
-
16
Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Sather GE, Velez M, Oliver A, 1984. Use of mosquito cell cultures and specific monoclonal antibodies in surveillance for dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :158–165.
-
17
Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DW, Novak RJ, Eli-zondo-Quiroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett ADT, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology 342 :252–265.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2358 | 2227 | 478 |
| Full Text Views | 319 | 16 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 56 | 9 | 0 |
First Isolation of West Nile Virus in the Caribbean
Roberto Barrera
Roberto Barrera
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Elizabeth Hunsperger
Elizabeth Hunsperger
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Manuel Amador
Manuel Amador
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Annette Diaz
Annette Diaz
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Joshua Smith
Joshua Smith
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Kovi Bessoff
Kovi Bessoff
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Manuela Beltran
Manuela Beltran
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Edgardo Vergne
Edgardo Vergne
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Mark Verduin
Mark Verduin
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Amy Lambert
Amy Lambert
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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Wellington Sun
Wellington Sun
Dengue Branch, DVBID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920
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A sentinel chicken program for West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance was initiated in July 2006 in eastern Puerto Rico, yielding the first seroconversions on June 4, 2007. WNV was isolated from sentinel chicken serum and mosquito pools (Culex nigripalpus, Culex bahamensis) for the first time in Tropical America. Preliminary sequence analysis of the prM and E genes revealed a 1-amino acid difference (V159A) between the Puerto Rican 2007 and the NY99. This mutation has been observed in the current dominant clade circulating in the United States. Sentinel chicken surveillance was a useful tool for the detection of West Nile virus in the tropics.
Author Notes
ProCite
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-
1
ProMED-mail, 2001. West Nile virus, humans; Cayman Islands. Archive no. 20011016.2538. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org.
-
2
Dupuis AP, Marra PP, Kramer LD, 2003. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus transmission, Jamaica, West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :860–863.
-
3
Dupuis AP, Marra PP, Reitsma R, Jones MJ, Louie KL, Kramer LD, 2005. Serologic evidence for West Nile Virus transmission in Puerto Rico and Cuba. Am J Trop Med 73 :474–476.
-
4
ProMED-mail, 2005. West Nile virus, humans, equines; Cuba. Archive no. 20050202.0355. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org.
-
5
Komar N, Clark GG, 2006. West Nile virus activity in Latin America and the Caribbean. Pan Am J Public Health 19 :112–117.
-
6
Bosch I, Herrera F, Navarro JC, Lentino M, Dupuis A, Maffei J, Jones M, Fernández E, Pérez N, Pérez-Emán J, Guimarães AÉ, Barrera R, Valero N, Ruiz J, Velásquez G, Martinez J, Comach G, Komar N, Spielman A, Kramer L, 2007. West Nile Virus, Venezuela. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :651–653.
-
7
Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, 2006. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Dirección de Epidemiologia, Ministerio de Salud, Republica Argentina. Accessed August 31, 2007. Available at: http:// epi.minsal.cl/epi/html/Actualidad/internacional/VNO_casos_ en_humanos.pdf.
-
8
Lord RD, Calisher CH, 1970. Further evidence of southward transport of arboviruses by migratory birds. Am J Epidemiol 92 :73–78.
-
9
Beasley DWC, Davis CT, Estrada-Franco J, Navarro-Lopez R, Campomanes-Cortes A, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, Barrett ADT, 2004. Genome sequence and attenuating mutations in West Nile Virus isolate from Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :2221–2224.
-
10
Morales MA, Barrandeguy M, Fabbri C, Garcia JB, Vissani A, Trono K, Gutierrez G, Pigretti S, Menchaca H, Garrido N, Taylor N, Fernandez F, Levis S, Enría D, 2006. West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1559–1561.
-
11
ProMED-mail, 2004. West Nile virus, equine; Puerto Rico (Fa-jardo). Archive no. 20040620.1644. Available at: http://www.promedmail.org.
-
12
Johnson AJ, Langevin S, Wolff KL, Komar N, 2003. Detection of anti-West Nile virus immunoglobulin M in chicken serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 41 :2002–2007.
-
13
Russell PK, Nisalak A, Sukhavachana P, Vivona S, 1967. A plaque reduction test for dengue virus neutralizing antibodies. J Immunol 99 :291–296.
-
14
Langevin SA, Bunning M, Davis B, Komar N, 2001. Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7 :726–729.
-
15
Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, 2001. Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays for rapid detection of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. J Clin Microbiol 39 :4506–4513.
-
16
Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Sather GE, Velez M, Oliver A, 1984. Use of mosquito cell cultures and specific monoclonal antibodies in surveillance for dengue viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 :158–165.
-
17
Davis CT, Ebel GD, Lanciotti RS, Brault AC, Guzman H, Siirin M, Lambert A, Parsons RE, Beasley DW, Novak RJ, Eli-zondo-Quiroga D, Green EN, Young DS, Stark LM, Drebot MA, Artsob H, Tesh RB, Kramer LD, Barrett ADT, 2005. Phylogenetic analysis of North American West Nile virus isolates, 2001–2004: evidence for the emergence of a dominant genotype. Virology 342 :252–265.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2358 | 2227 | 478 |
| Full Text Views | 319 | 16 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 56 | 9 | 0 |