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-
1
Savioli L, Smith H, Thompson A, 2006. Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the “Neglected Diseases Initiative”. Trends Parasitol 22 :203–208.
-
2
Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopes SL, Black MM, 2002. Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet 359 :564–571.
-
3
Hunter PR, Thompson RCA, 2005. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Int J Parasitol 35 :1181–1190.
-
4
Traub RJ, Monis PT, Robertson I, Irwin P, Mencke N, Thompson RC, 2004. Epidemiological and molecular evidence supports the zoonotic transmission of Giardia among humans and dogs living in the same community. Parasitology 128 :253–262.
-
5
Waikagul J, Krudsood S, Radomyos P, Radomyos B, Chalemrut K, Jonsuksuntigul P, Kojima S, Looareesuwan S, Thaineau W, 2002. A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Nan Province, Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :218–223.
-
6
Janoff EN, Mead PS, Mead JR, Echeverria P, Bodhidatta L, Bhaibulaya M, Sterling CR, Taylor DN, 1990. Endemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia infections in a Thai orphanage. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :248–256.
-
7
Saksirisampant W, Nuchprayoon S, Wiwanitkit V, Yenthakam S, Ampavasiri A, 2003. Intestinal parasitic infestations among children in an orphanage in Pathum Thani province. J Med Assoc Thai 86 (Suppl 2):263–270.
-
8
Jones WR, 1946. The experimental infection of rats with Ent-amoeba histolytica. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 40 :130–140.
-
9
Leelayoova S, Taamasri P, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Thathaisong U, Mungthin M, 2002. In-vitro cultivation: a sensitive method for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :803–807.
-
10
Nantavisai K, Mungthin M, Tan-ariya P, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Leelayoova S, 2007. Evaluation of the sensitivities of DNA extraction and PCR methods for detection of Giardia duodenalis in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 45 :581–583.
-
11
Read CM, Monis PT, Thompson RC, 2004. Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP. Infect Genet Evol 4 :125–130.
-
12
Saksirisampant W, Prownebon J, Kanmarnee P, Thaisom S, Yenthakam S, Nuchprayoon, S, 2004. Prevalence of parasitism among students of the Karen hill-tribe in Mae Chame district, Chiang Mai province, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 87 (Suppl 2):S278–S283.
-
13
Pengsaa K, Limkittikul K, Pojjaroen-anant C, Lapphra K, Siri-vichayakul C, Wisetsing P, Nantha-aree P, Chanthavanich P, 2002. Single-dose therapy for giardiasis in school-age children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :711–717.
-
14
Kasuya S, Khamboonruang C, Amano K, Murase T, Araki H, Kato Y, Kumada Y, Koyama A, Higuchi M, Nakamura J, Tomida K, Makino S, 1989. Intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand: an analysis of the present situation. J Trop Med Hyg 92 :360–364.
-
15
Isaac-Renton JL, Philion JJ, 1992. Factors associated with acquiring giardiasis in British Columbia residents. Can J Public Health 83 :155–158.
-
16
Dennis DT, Smith RP, Welch JJ, Chute CG, Anderson B, Herndon JL, von Reyn CF, 1993. Endemic giardiasis in New Hampshire: a case-control study of environmental risks. J Infect Dis 167 :1391–1395.
-
17
Gray SF, Gunnell DJ, Peters TJ, 1994. Risk factors for giardiasis: a case-control study in Avon and Somerset. Epidemiol Infect 113 :95–102.
-
18
Hoque ME, Hope VT, Kjellstrom T, Scragg R, Lay-Yee R, 2002. Risk of giardiasis in Aucklanders: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis 6 :191–197.
-
19
Hoque ME, Hope VT, Scragg R, Kjellstrom T, 2003. Children at risk of giardiasis in Auckland: a case-control analysis. Epidemiol Infect 131 :655–662.
-
20
Stuart JM, Orr HJ, Warburton FG, Jeyakanth S, Pugh C, Morris I, Sarangi J, Nichols G, 2003. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :229–233.
-
21
Inpankaew T, Traub R, Thompson RCA, Sukthana Y, 2007. Canine parasitic zoonoses in Bangkok temples. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38 :247–255.
-
22
Joongsuksuntigul P, Thongthien P, Sirichotiratana N, Okabayashi H, Jimba M, 2005. The Asian Center of International Parasite Control (ACIPAC): five years of achievement. III. School health for parasite control in Thailand: a review and current model activities. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36 (Suppl 3):17–27.
-
23
Cacció SM, Thompson RCA, McLauchlin J, Smith HV, 2005. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol 21 :430–437.
-
24
Homan WL, Mank TG, 2001. Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int J Parasitol 31 :822–826.
-
25
Haque R, Roy S, Kabir M, Stroup SE, Monal D, Houpt ER, 2005. Giardia assemblage A infection and diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 192 :2171–2173.
-
26
Cedillo-Rivera R, Darby JM, Enciso-Moreno JA, Ortega-Pierres G, Ey PL, 2003. Genetic homogeneity of axenic isolates of Giardia intestinalis derived from acute and chronically infected individuals in Mexico. Parasitol Res 90 :119–123.
-
27
Thompson SC, 1994. Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health 30 :202–209.
-
28
Prado MS, Strina A, Barreto ML, Oliveira-Assis AM, Paz LM, Cairncross S, 2003. Risk factors for infection with Giardia duodenalis in pre-school children in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 131 :899–906.
-
29
White KE, Hedberg CW, Edmonson LM, Jones DBW, Osterholm MT, MacDonald KL, 1989. An outbreak of giardiasis in a nursing home with evidence for multiple modes of transmission. J Infect Dis 160 :298–304.
-
30
Katz DE, Heisey-Grove D, Beach M, Dicker RC, Matyas BT, 2006. Prolonged outbreak of giardiasis with two modes of transmission. Epidemiol Infect 134 :935–941.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 270 | 90 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 79 | 20 | 0 |
Multiple Modes of Transmission of Giardiasis in Primary Schoolchildren of a Rural Community, Thailand
Supawat Ratanapo
Supawat Ratanapo
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Mathirut Mungthin
Mathirut Mungthin
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Suthipong Soontrapa
Suthipong Soontrapa
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Chakri Faithed
Chakri Faithed
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Suradej Siripattanapipong
Suradej Siripattanapipong
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ram Rangsin
Ram Rangsin
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Tawee Naaglor
Tawee Naaglor
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Phunlerd Piyaraj
Phunlerd Piyaraj
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Paanjit Taamasri
Paanjit Taamasri
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Saovanee Leelayoova
Saovanee Leelayoova
Department of Military and Community Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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In February 2005, we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and the risk factors of giardiasis in 531 primary schoolchildren of a rural community, Chacheongsao province, Thailand. Using both sedimentation and flotation techniques to detect Giardia duodenalis, the prevalence of giardiasis was 6.2%. Assemblage A, subgenotype II and assemblage B, subgenotype IV were identified by PCR-RFLP of glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Our data might indicate that, in this population, only assemblage A, subgenotype II of G. duodenalis was transmitted via water. Using multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for giardiasis were children of age 5–9 years, households with ≥ 3 children under the age of 12 years, low parental educational level, drinking bottled water, and living in close contact with dogs. Washing hands before meals had a protective effect. From these significant risk factors, multiple modes of transmission of G. duodenalis were suggested in this population.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Savioli L, Smith H, Thompson A, 2006. Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the “Neglected Diseases Initiative”. Trends Parasitol 22 :203–208.
-
2
Berkman DS, Lescano AG, Gilman RH, Lopes SL, Black MM, 2002. Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up study. Lancet 359 :564–571.
-
3
Hunter PR, Thompson RCA, 2005. The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Int J Parasitol 35 :1181–1190.
-
4
Traub RJ, Monis PT, Robertson I, Irwin P, Mencke N, Thompson RC, 2004. Epidemiological and molecular evidence supports the zoonotic transmission of Giardia among humans and dogs living in the same community. Parasitology 128 :253–262.
-
5
Waikagul J, Krudsood S, Radomyos P, Radomyos B, Chalemrut K, Jonsuksuntigul P, Kojima S, Looareesuwan S, Thaineau W, 2002. A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Nan Province, Northern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :218–223.
-
6
Janoff EN, Mead PS, Mead JR, Echeverria P, Bodhidatta L, Bhaibulaya M, Sterling CR, Taylor DN, 1990. Endemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia infections in a Thai orphanage. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43 :248–256.
-
7
Saksirisampant W, Nuchprayoon S, Wiwanitkit V, Yenthakam S, Ampavasiri A, 2003. Intestinal parasitic infestations among children in an orphanage in Pathum Thani province. J Med Assoc Thai 86 (Suppl 2):263–270.
-
8
Jones WR, 1946. The experimental infection of rats with Ent-amoeba histolytica. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 40 :130–140.
-
9
Leelayoova S, Taamasri P, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Thathaisong U, Mungthin M, 2002. In-vitro cultivation: a sensitive method for detecting Blastocystis hominis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :803–807.
-
10
Nantavisai K, Mungthin M, Tan-ariya P, Rangsin R, Naaglor T, Leelayoova S, 2007. Evaluation of the sensitivities of DNA extraction and PCR methods for detection of Giardia duodenalis in stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 45 :581–583.
-
11
Read CM, Monis PT, Thompson RC, 2004. Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP. Infect Genet Evol 4 :125–130.
-
12
Saksirisampant W, Prownebon J, Kanmarnee P, Thaisom S, Yenthakam S, Nuchprayoon, S, 2004. Prevalence of parasitism among students of the Karen hill-tribe in Mae Chame district, Chiang Mai province, Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai 87 (Suppl 2):S278–S283.
-
13
Pengsaa K, Limkittikul K, Pojjaroen-anant C, Lapphra K, Siri-vichayakul C, Wisetsing P, Nantha-aree P, Chanthavanich P, 2002. Single-dose therapy for giardiasis in school-age children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 33 :711–717.
-
14
Kasuya S, Khamboonruang C, Amano K, Murase T, Araki H, Kato Y, Kumada Y, Koyama A, Higuchi M, Nakamura J, Tomida K, Makino S, 1989. Intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand: an analysis of the present situation. J Trop Med Hyg 92 :360–364.
-
15
Isaac-Renton JL, Philion JJ, 1992. Factors associated with acquiring giardiasis in British Columbia residents. Can J Public Health 83 :155–158.
-
16
Dennis DT, Smith RP, Welch JJ, Chute CG, Anderson B, Herndon JL, von Reyn CF, 1993. Endemic giardiasis in New Hampshire: a case-control study of environmental risks. J Infect Dis 167 :1391–1395.
-
17
Gray SF, Gunnell DJ, Peters TJ, 1994. Risk factors for giardiasis: a case-control study in Avon and Somerset. Epidemiol Infect 113 :95–102.
-
18
Hoque ME, Hope VT, Kjellstrom T, Scragg R, Lay-Yee R, 2002. Risk of giardiasis in Aucklanders: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis 6 :191–197.
-
19
Hoque ME, Hope VT, Scragg R, Kjellstrom T, 2003. Children at risk of giardiasis in Auckland: a case-control analysis. Epidemiol Infect 131 :655–662.
-
20
Stuart JM, Orr HJ, Warburton FG, Jeyakanth S, Pugh C, Morris I, Sarangi J, Nichols G, 2003. Risk factors for sporadic giardiasis: a case-control study in southwestern England. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :229–233.
-
21
Inpankaew T, Traub R, Thompson RCA, Sukthana Y, 2007. Canine parasitic zoonoses in Bangkok temples. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38 :247–255.
-
22
Joongsuksuntigul P, Thongthien P, Sirichotiratana N, Okabayashi H, Jimba M, 2005. The Asian Center of International Parasite Control (ACIPAC): five years of achievement. III. School health for parasite control in Thailand: a review and current model activities. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36 (Suppl 3):17–27.
-
23
Cacció SM, Thompson RCA, McLauchlin J, Smith HV, 2005. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol 21 :430–437.
-
24
Homan WL, Mank TG, 2001. Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int J Parasitol 31 :822–826.
-
25
Haque R, Roy S, Kabir M, Stroup SE, Monal D, Houpt ER, 2005. Giardia assemblage A infection and diarrhea in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 192 :2171–2173.
-
26
Cedillo-Rivera R, Darby JM, Enciso-Moreno JA, Ortega-Pierres G, Ey PL, 2003. Genetic homogeneity of axenic isolates of Giardia intestinalis derived from acute and chronically infected individuals in Mexico. Parasitol Res 90 :119–123.
-
27
Thompson SC, 1994. Giardia lamblia in children and the child care setting: a review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health 30 :202–209.
-
28
Prado MS, Strina A, Barreto ML, Oliveira-Assis AM, Paz LM, Cairncross S, 2003. Risk factors for infection with Giardia duodenalis in pre-school children in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 131 :899–906.
-
29
White KE, Hedberg CW, Edmonson LM, Jones DBW, Osterholm MT, MacDonald KL, 1989. An outbreak of giardiasis in a nursing home with evidence for multiple modes of transmission. J Infect Dis 160 :298–304.
-
30
Katz DE, Heisey-Grove D, Beach M, Dicker RC, Matyas BT, 2006. Prolonged outbreak of giardiasis with two modes of transmission. Epidemiol Infect 134 :935–941.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 20 | 20 | 4 |
| Full Text Views | 270 | 90 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 79 | 20 | 0 |