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-
1
World Health Organization Study Group, 1982. Chemotherapy of leprosy for control programs. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. no. 675. World Health Organization, Geneva.
-
2
Bleharski JR, Li H, Meinken C, Graeber TG, Ochoa M-T, Yamamura M, Burdick A, Sarno EN, Wagner M, Rollinghoff M, Rea TH, Colonna M, Stenger S, Bloom B, Eisenberg D, Modlin RL, 2003. Use of genetic profiling in leprosy to discriminate clinical forms of the disease. Science 301 :1527–1530.
-
3
Ridley DS, Jopling WH, 1966. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34 :255–273.
-
4
Kaplan G, 1993. Recent advances in cytokine therapy in leprosy. J Infect Dis 167 (Suppl 1):18–22.
-
5
Norman G, Joseph G, Richard J, 2004. Validity of the WHO operational classification and value of other clinical signs in the classification of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 72 :278–283.
-
6
Naafs B, 2000. Current views on reactions in leprosy. Ind J Leprosy 72 :97–122.
-
7
Chakrabarty AR, Maire M, Saha K, Lambert PH, 1983. Identification of components of IC purified from human sera. II. Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in immunecomplexes isolated from sera of lepromatous patients. Clin Exp Immunol 51 :225–231.
-
8
Ramanathan VD, Parkash O, Ramu G, Parker D, Curtis J, Sengupta U, Turk JL, 1984. Isolation and analysis of circulating immune complexes isolated of circulating immune complexes in leprosy. Clin Immunol Immunopath 32 :261–268.
-
9
Schifferly JA, Bartolutti SR, Peters DK, 1980. Inhibition of immune precipitation by complement. Clin Exp Immunol 42 :387–394.
-
10
Miller GW, Nussenzweig VA, 1975. A new complement function: solubilization of antibody-antibody aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 :418–422.
-
11
Walport M, 2001. Complement: first of two parts. N Engl J Med 344 :1058–1066.
-
12
Walport M, 2001. Complement: second of two parts. N Engl J Med 344 :1140–1144.
-
13
Fugita T, Matsushita M, Endo Y, 2004. The lectin-complement pathway: its role in inate immunity and evolution. Immunol Rev 198 :185–202.
-
14
Tyagi P, Ramanathan VD, Girdhar BK, Katoch K, Bhatia AS, Sengupta U, 1990. Activation of complement by circulating immune complexes isolated from leprosy patients. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 58 :31–38.
-
15
Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA, 1990. Phagocytosis of leprosy bacilli is mediated by complement receptors CR1 and CR3 on human monocytes and complement component C3 in serum. J Clin Invest 85 :1304–1314.
-
16
Rapp HJ, Borsos T, 1970. Molecular Basis of Complement Action. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
-
17
Zwirner J, Wittig A, Kremmer E, Götze O, 1998. A novel ELISA for the evaluation of the classical pathway of complement. J Immunol Methods 211 :183–190.
-
18
Bjorvatan B, Barnetson RS, Kronvall G, Zubler RH, Lambert PH, 1976. Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. Clin Exp Immunol 26 :388–396.
-
19
Jack DL, Klein N, Turner MW, 2001. Mannose-binding lectin: targeting the microbial world for complement attack and opsonophagocytosis. Immunol Rev 180 :86–99.
-
20
Turner MW, 2003. The role of mannose binding lectin in health and disease. Mol Immunol 40 :423–429.
-
21
Chattergee D, Khoo KH, 1998. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan: an extraorduinary lipoheroglycan with profound physiological effects. Glycobiology 8 :113–120.
-
22
Dornelles LN, Pereira-Ferrari L, Messias-Reason I, 2006. Mannan-binding lectin plasma levels in leprosy: deficiency confers protection against the lepromatous but not the tuberculoid forms. Clin Exp Immunol 145 :463–468.
-
23
Kilpatrick DC, 2002. Mannan-binding lectin: clinical significance and applications. Biochim Biophys Acta 1572 :104–113.
-
24
Saha K, Chakraborty AK, 1977. Serum complement profile in leprosy and its comparison with immune complexe diseases. Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis 45 :327–337.
-
25
Saha K, Sharma V, Chakrabarty AK, Sehgal VN, 1983. Breakdown product of factor B as an index of complement activation in lepromatous leprosy and its relation with bacillary load. Scand J Immunol 17 :37–43.
-
26
Thurman JM, Holers VM, 2006. The central role of the alternative complement pathway in human disese. J Immunol 176 :1305–1310.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 220 | 144 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 371 | 11 | 0 |
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The Functional State of the Complement System in Leprosy
Gabriela I. Gomes
Gabriela I. Gomes
Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Municipal Ferreira Machado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Edilbert P. Nahn Jr.
Edilbert P. Nahn Jr.
Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Municipal Ferreira Machado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Rose K. R. G. Santos
Rose K. R. G. Santos
Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Municipal Ferreira Machado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wilmar D. Da Silva
Wilmar D. Da Silva
Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Municipal Ferreira Machado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Thereza L. Kipnis
Thereza L. Kipnis
Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense–Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hospital Municipal Ferreira Machado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ninety-one patients with different clinical forms of leprosy, 36 lepromatous (LL), 33 tuberculoid (TL), and 22 dimorphic (DL), and 31 healthy volunteer donors were included in this study. Total complement system (CS) activity was assessed by hemolytic methods, whereas individual components were quantified by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Under conditions allowing initiation of cascade by the classic pathway (CP) but not alternative pathway (AP) activation, significant CS consumption was detected only in sera from patients with LL. In this group of patients, C4 but not factor B (fB) or C3 was significantly reduced, whereas mannose-binding lectin (MBL) serum levels were significantly higher. These results indicate that the CP is involved in CS activation in patients infected with Mycobacterium leprae manifesting LL clinical form of leprosy. An association is likely between circulating immune complexes and MBL high serum levels for initiation of CS activation in patients with LL form of leprosy.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
World Health Organization Study Group, 1982. Chemotherapy of leprosy for control programs. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. no. 675. World Health Organization, Geneva.
-
2
Bleharski JR, Li H, Meinken C, Graeber TG, Ochoa M-T, Yamamura M, Burdick A, Sarno EN, Wagner M, Rollinghoff M, Rea TH, Colonna M, Stenger S, Bloom B, Eisenberg D, Modlin RL, 2003. Use of genetic profiling in leprosy to discriminate clinical forms of the disease. Science 301 :1527–1530.
-
3
Ridley DS, Jopling WH, 1966. Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 34 :255–273.
-
4
Kaplan G, 1993. Recent advances in cytokine therapy in leprosy. J Infect Dis 167 (Suppl 1):18–22.
-
5
Norman G, Joseph G, Richard J, 2004. Validity of the WHO operational classification and value of other clinical signs in the classification of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 72 :278–283.
-
6
Naafs B, 2000. Current views on reactions in leprosy. Ind J Leprosy 72 :97–122.
-
7
Chakrabarty AR, Maire M, Saha K, Lambert PH, 1983. Identification of components of IC purified from human sera. II. Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in immunecomplexes isolated from sera of lepromatous patients. Clin Exp Immunol 51 :225–231.
-
8
Ramanathan VD, Parkash O, Ramu G, Parker D, Curtis J, Sengupta U, Turk JL, 1984. Isolation and analysis of circulating immune complexes isolated of circulating immune complexes in leprosy. Clin Immunol Immunopath 32 :261–268.
-
9
Schifferly JA, Bartolutti SR, Peters DK, 1980. Inhibition of immune precipitation by complement. Clin Exp Immunol 42 :387–394.
-
10
Miller GW, Nussenzweig VA, 1975. A new complement function: solubilization of antibody-antibody aggregates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72 :418–422.
-
11
Walport M, 2001. Complement: first of two parts. N Engl J Med 344 :1058–1066.
-
12
Walport M, 2001. Complement: second of two parts. N Engl J Med 344 :1140–1144.
-
13
Fugita T, Matsushita M, Endo Y, 2004. The lectin-complement pathway: its role in inate immunity and evolution. Immunol Rev 198 :185–202.
-
14
Tyagi P, Ramanathan VD, Girdhar BK, Katoch K, Bhatia AS, Sengupta U, 1990. Activation of complement by circulating immune complexes isolated from leprosy patients. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 58 :31–38.
-
15
Schlesinger LS, Horwitz MA, 1990. Phagocytosis of leprosy bacilli is mediated by complement receptors CR1 and CR3 on human monocytes and complement component C3 in serum. J Clin Invest 85 :1304–1314.
-
16
Rapp HJ, Borsos T, 1970. Molecular Basis of Complement Action. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
-
17
Zwirner J, Wittig A, Kremmer E, Götze O, 1998. A novel ELISA for the evaluation of the classical pathway of complement. J Immunol Methods 211 :183–190.
-
18
Bjorvatan B, Barnetson RS, Kronvall G, Zubler RH, Lambert PH, 1976. Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. Clin Exp Immunol 26 :388–396.
-
19
Jack DL, Klein N, Turner MW, 2001. Mannose-binding lectin: targeting the microbial world for complement attack and opsonophagocytosis. Immunol Rev 180 :86–99.
-
20
Turner MW, 2003. The role of mannose binding lectin in health and disease. Mol Immunol 40 :423–429.
-
21
Chattergee D, Khoo KH, 1998. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan: an extraorduinary lipoheroglycan with profound physiological effects. Glycobiology 8 :113–120.
-
22
Dornelles LN, Pereira-Ferrari L, Messias-Reason I, 2006. Mannan-binding lectin plasma levels in leprosy: deficiency confers protection against the lepromatous but not the tuberculoid forms. Clin Exp Immunol 145 :463–468.
-
23
Kilpatrick DC, 2002. Mannan-binding lectin: clinical significance and applications. Biochim Biophys Acta 1572 :104–113.
-
24
Saha K, Chakraborty AK, 1977. Serum complement profile in leprosy and its comparison with immune complexe diseases. Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis 45 :327–337.
-
25
Saha K, Sharma V, Chakrabarty AK, Sehgal VN, 1983. Breakdown product of factor B as an index of complement activation in lepromatous leprosy and its relation with bacillary load. Scand J Immunol 17 :37–43.
-
26
Thurman JM, Holers VM, 2006. The central role of the alternative complement pathway in human disese. J Immunol 176 :1305–1310.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 220 | 144 | 3 |
| Full Text Views | 371 | 11 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 74 | 9 | 0 |