ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Hayes EB, 2005. Tularemia. Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE, eds. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 207–217.
-
2
Jellison WL, 1974. Tularemia in North America, 1930–1974. Missoula, MT: University of Montana.
-
3
Ellis J, Oyston PCF, Green M, Titball RW, 2002. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :631–646.
-
4
Hopla CE, 1974. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 18 :25–53.
-
5
Choi E, 2002. Tularemia and Q fever. Med Clin North Am 85 :393–416.
-
6
Centers for Disease Control, 2005. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1–85.
-
7
Centers for Disease Control, 2002. Tularemia: United States, 1990–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :181–184.
-
8
Centers for Disease Control, 2006. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :1–84.
-
9
Feldman KA, 2003. Tularemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222 :725–730.
-
10
Eisen L, 2007. A call for renewed research on tick-borne Francisella tularensis in the Arkansas-Missouri primary national focus of tularemia in humans. J Med Entomol 44 :389–397.
-
11
Goddard J, McHugh CP, 1990. Impact of a severe tick infestation at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, on Volant Scorpion military training. Mil Med 155 :277–280.
-
12
Hair JA, Howell DE, 1970. Lone Star Ticks. Their Biology and Control in Ozark Recreation Areas. Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 8679.
-
13
Assal N, Blenden DC, Price ER, 1967. Epidemiologic study of human tularemia reported in Missouri, 1949–65. Public Health Rep 82 :627–632.
-
14
Assal NR, Lindeman RD, Carpenter RL, 1968. Epidemiologic study on reported human tularemia in Oklahoma, 1944–65. J Okla State Med Assoc 61 :120–124.
-
15
Bost RB, Percefull SC, Leming HE, 1948. Tularemia in the Ozarks region. JAMA 137 :352–354.
-
16
Callaway GD, Peterson SS, Good JT, 1954. Tularemia in Southwest Missouri; a report and discussion of seventy-eight cases. Mo Med 51 :906–909.
-
17
Corwin WC, Stubbs SP, 1952. Further studies on tularemia in the Ozarks. Review of forty-four cases during a three-year period. JAMA 149 :343–345.
-
18
Cox SK, Everett ED, 1981. Tularemia, an analysis of 25 cases. Mo Med 78 :70–74.
-
19
Evans ME, Gregory DW, Schaffner W, McGee ZA, 1985. Tularemia: a 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine 64 :251–269.
-
20
Lopez CE, Kornblatt AN, Sikes RK, Hanes OE, 1982. Tularemia: review of eight cases of tick-borne infection and the epidemiology of the disease in Georgia. South Med J 75 :404–407.
-
21
McChesney TC, Narain J, 1983. A five-year evaluation of tularemia in Arkansas. J Ark Med Soc 80 :257–262.
-
22
Pullen RL, Stuart BM, 1945. Tularemia. Analysis of 225 cases. JAMA 129 :495–500.
-
23
Taylor JP, Istre GR, McChesney TC, Satalowich FT, Parker RL, McFarland LM, 1991. Epidemiologic characteristics of human tularemia in the southwest-central states, 1981–1987. Am J Epidemiol 133 :1032–1038.
-
24
Washburn AM, Tuohy JM, 1949. The changing picture of tularemia transmission in Arkansas. A study of 704 case histories. South Med J 42 :60–62.
-
25
Rohrbach BW, Westerman E, Istre GR, 1991. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in Oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. South Med J 84 :1091–1096.
-
26
Centers for Disease Control. 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 46 :1–55.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control. 2002. Tularemia—United States, 1990–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :182–184.
-
28
Sonenshine DE, Atwood EL, Lamb JT Jr, 1966. The ecology of ticks transmitting Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a study area in Virginia. Ann Entomol Soc Am 59 :1234–1262.
-
29
Sonenshine DE, Levy GF, 1972. Ecology of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, in a study area in Virginia. 2. Distribution in relation to vegetative types. Ann Entomol Soc Am 65 :1175–1182.
-
30
Sonenshine DE, 1993. Biology of Ticks. Volume 2. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
31
Yabsley MJ, Wimberly MC, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR, 2005. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, across a multi-state region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :840–850.
-
32
Sall J, Creighton L, Lehman A, 2005. JMP Start Statistics. Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
-
33
Hopla CE, 1962. Ixodes scapularis as a vector of tularemia organisms in the southern United States. Verh. 11 Int. Kongr. Ent. Vienna, August 17–25, 1960.
-
34
Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, Mead PS, Petersen JM, 2006. Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1113–1118.
-
35
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, 2007. Need for improved methods to collect and present spatial epidemiologic data for vectorborne diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1816–1820.
-
36
Eisen RJ, Enscore RE, Biggerstaff BJ, Reynolds PJ, Ettestad P, Brown T, Pape J, Tanda D, Levy CE, Engelthaler DM, Cheek J, Bueno R Jr, Targhetta J, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2007. Human plague in the southwestern United States, 1957–2004: spatial models of elevated risk of human exposure to Yersinia pestis. J Med Entomol 44 :530–537.
-
37
Eisen RJ, Glass GE, Eisen L, Cheek J, Enscore RE, Ettestad P, Gage KL, 2007. A spatial model of shared risk for plague and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :999–1004.
-
38
Eisen RJ, Reynolds PJ, Ettestad P, Brown T, Enscore RE, Biggerstaff BJ, Cheek J, Bueno R, Targhetta J, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2007. Residence-linked human plague in New Mexico: a habitat-suitability model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :121–125.
-
39
Eisen RJ, Lane RS, Fritz CL, Eisen L, 2006. Spatial patterns of Lyme disease risk in California based on disease incidence data and modeling of vector-tick exposure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :669–676.
-
40
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2006. Predicting density of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :632–640.
-
41
Eisen L, Meyer AM, Eisen RJ, 2007. Climate-based model predicting acarological risk of encountering the human-biting adult life stage of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) in a key habitat type in Colorado. J Med Entomol 44 :694–704.
-
42
Barbour AG, Maupin GO, Teltow GJ, Carter CJ, Piesman J, 1996. Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness. J Infect Dis 173 :403–409.
-
43
Chapman AS, Murphy SM, Demma LJ, Holman RC, Curns AT, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL, 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997–2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6 :170–178.
-
44
Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, Krebs JW, Fishbein DB, Olson JG, Childs JE, 1995. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981–1992: epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :405–413.
-
45
Demma LJ, Holman RC, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL, 2005. Epidemiology of human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States, 2001–2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :400–409.
-
46
James AM, Liveris D, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Montecalvo MA, Johnson BJB, 2001. Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick. J Infect Dis 183 :1810–1814.
-
47
McQuiston JH, Paddock CD, Holman RC, Childs JE, 1999. The human ehrlichioses in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :635–642.
-
48
Paddock CD, Childs JE, 2003. Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 :37–64.
-
49
Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Moore VA, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, 2004. First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestati, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1163–1169.
-
50
Farlow J, Wagner DM, Dukerich M, Stanley M, Chu M, Kubota K, Petersen J, Keim P, 2005. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1835–1841.
-
51
Kugeler KJ, Gurfield N, Creek JG, Mahoney KS, Versage JL, Petersen JM, 2005. Discrimination between Francisella tula-rensis and Francisella-like endosymbionts when screening ticks by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 :7594–7597.
-
52
Johansson A, Farlow J, Larsson P, Dukerich M, Chambers E, Byström M, Fox J, Chu M, Forsman M, Sjöstedt A, Keim P, 2004. Worldwide genetic relationships among Francisella tula-rensis isolates determined by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Bacteriol 186 :5808–5818.
-
53
Farlow J, Smith KL, Wong J, Abrams M, Lytle M, Keim P, 2001. Francisella tularensis strain typing using multiple-locus, variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Clin Microbiol 39 :3186–3192.
-
54
Goethert HK, Shani I, Telford SR III, 2004. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. J Clin Microbiol 42 :4968–4973.
-
55
Markowitz LE, Hynes NA, de la Cruz P, Campos E, Barbaree JM, Plikaytis BD, Mosier D, Kaufmann AF, 1985. Tick-borne tularemia. An outbreak of lymphadenopathy in children. JAMA 254 :2922–2925.
-
56
Schmid GP, Kornblatt AN, Connors CA, Patton C, Carney J, Hobbs J, Kaufmann AF, 1983. Clinically mild tularemia associated with tick-borne Francisella tularensis. J Infect Dis 148 :63–67.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 775 | 572 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 289 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 12 | 0 |
Ecoepidemiology of Tularemia in the Southcentral United States
Rebecca J. Eisen
Rebecca J. Eisen
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Office of the State Epidemiologist, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Paul S. Mead
Paul S. Mead
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Office of the State Epidemiologist, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Andrew M. Meyer
Andrew M. Meyer
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Office of the State Epidemiologist, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Liza E. Pfaff
Liza E. Pfaff
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Office of the State Epidemiologist, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Kristy K. Bradley
Kristy K. Bradley
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Office of the State Epidemiologist, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Lars Eisen
Lars Eisen
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Office of the State Epidemiologist, Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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We combined county-based data for tularemia incidence from 1990 to 2003 for a nine-state region (Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Tennessee) in the southcentral United States with Geographic Information System (GIS)-based environmental data to determine associations between coverage by different habitats (especially dry forest representing suitable tick habitat) and tularemia incidence. High-risk counties (> 1 case per 100,000 person-years) clustered in Arkansas-Missouri and far eastern Oklahoma and Kansas. County tularemia incidence was positively associated with coverage by dry forested habitat suitable for vector ticks for Oklahoma-Kansas-Nebraska and Arkansas-Missouri but not for Illinois-Indiana-Kentucky-Tennessee. A multivariate logistic regression model predicting presence of areas with risk of tularemia based on GIS-derived environmental data was developed for the Arkansas-Missouri tularemia focus. The study shows the potential for research on tularemia ecoepidemiology and highlights the need for further modeling efforts based on acarologic data and more fine-scale point or zip code/census tract epidemiologic data.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Hayes EB, 2005. Tularemia. Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE, eds. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 207–217.
-
2
Jellison WL, 1974. Tularemia in North America, 1930–1974. Missoula, MT: University of Montana.
-
3
Ellis J, Oyston PCF, Green M, Titball RW, 2002. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 15 :631–646.
-
4
Hopla CE, 1974. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 18 :25–53.
-
5
Choi E, 2002. Tularemia and Q fever. Med Clin North Am 85 :393–416.
-
6
Centers for Disease Control, 2005. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52 :1–85.
-
7
Centers for Disease Control, 2002. Tularemia: United States, 1990–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :181–184.
-
8
Centers for Disease Control, 2006. Summary of notifiable diseases—United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 53 :1–84.
-
9
Feldman KA, 2003. Tularemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222 :725–730.
-
10
Eisen L, 2007. A call for renewed research on tick-borne Francisella tularensis in the Arkansas-Missouri primary national focus of tularemia in humans. J Med Entomol 44 :389–397.
-
11
Goddard J, McHugh CP, 1990. Impact of a severe tick infestation at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, on Volant Scorpion military training. Mil Med 155 :277–280.
-
12
Hair JA, Howell DE, 1970. Lone Star Ticks. Their Biology and Control in Ozark Recreation Areas. Oklahoma Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 8679.
-
13
Assal N, Blenden DC, Price ER, 1967. Epidemiologic study of human tularemia reported in Missouri, 1949–65. Public Health Rep 82 :627–632.
-
14
Assal NR, Lindeman RD, Carpenter RL, 1968. Epidemiologic study on reported human tularemia in Oklahoma, 1944–65. J Okla State Med Assoc 61 :120–124.
-
15
Bost RB, Percefull SC, Leming HE, 1948. Tularemia in the Ozarks region. JAMA 137 :352–354.
-
16
Callaway GD, Peterson SS, Good JT, 1954. Tularemia in Southwest Missouri; a report and discussion of seventy-eight cases. Mo Med 51 :906–909.
-
17
Corwin WC, Stubbs SP, 1952. Further studies on tularemia in the Ozarks. Review of forty-four cases during a three-year period. JAMA 149 :343–345.
-
18
Cox SK, Everett ED, 1981. Tularemia, an analysis of 25 cases. Mo Med 78 :70–74.
-
19
Evans ME, Gregory DW, Schaffner W, McGee ZA, 1985. Tularemia: a 30-year experience with 88 cases. Medicine 64 :251–269.
-
20
Lopez CE, Kornblatt AN, Sikes RK, Hanes OE, 1982. Tularemia: review of eight cases of tick-borne infection and the epidemiology of the disease in Georgia. South Med J 75 :404–407.
-
21
McChesney TC, Narain J, 1983. A five-year evaluation of tularemia in Arkansas. J Ark Med Soc 80 :257–262.
-
22
Pullen RL, Stuart BM, 1945. Tularemia. Analysis of 225 cases. JAMA 129 :495–500.
-
23
Taylor JP, Istre GR, McChesney TC, Satalowich FT, Parker RL, McFarland LM, 1991. Epidemiologic characteristics of human tularemia in the southwest-central states, 1981–1987. Am J Epidemiol 133 :1032–1038.
-
24
Washburn AM, Tuohy JM, 1949. The changing picture of tularemia transmission in Arkansas. A study of 704 case histories. South Med J 42 :60–62.
-
25
Rohrbach BW, Westerman E, Istre GR, 1991. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in Oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. South Med J 84 :1091–1096.
-
26
Centers for Disease Control. 1997. Case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 46 :1–55.
-
27
Centers for Disease Control. 2002. Tularemia—United States, 1990–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 :182–184.
-
28
Sonenshine DE, Atwood EL, Lamb JT Jr, 1966. The ecology of ticks transmitting Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a study area in Virginia. Ann Entomol Soc Am 59 :1234–1262.
-
29
Sonenshine DE, Levy GF, 1972. Ecology of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, in a study area in Virginia. 2. Distribution in relation to vegetative types. Ann Entomol Soc Am 65 :1175–1182.
-
30
Sonenshine DE, 1993. Biology of Ticks. Volume 2. New York: Oxford University Press.
-
31
Yabsley MJ, Wimberly MC, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR, 2005. Spatial analysis of the distribution of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, across a multi-state region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :840–850.
-
32
Sall J, Creighton L, Lehman A, 2005. JMP Start Statistics. Third Edition. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
-
33
Hopla CE, 1962. Ixodes scapularis as a vector of tularemia organisms in the southern United States. Verh. 11 Int. Kongr. Ent. Vienna, August 17–25, 1960.
-
34
Staples JE, Kubota KA, Chalcraft LG, Mead PS, Petersen JM, 2006. Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :1113–1118.
-
35
Eisen L, Eisen RJ, 2007. Need for improved methods to collect and present spatial epidemiologic data for vectorborne diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 13 :1816–1820.
-
36
Eisen RJ, Enscore RE, Biggerstaff BJ, Reynolds PJ, Ettestad P, Brown T, Pape J, Tanda D, Levy CE, Engelthaler DM, Cheek J, Bueno R Jr, Targhetta J, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2007. Human plague in the southwestern United States, 1957–2004: spatial models of elevated risk of human exposure to Yersinia pestis. J Med Entomol 44 :530–537.
-
37
Eisen RJ, Glass GE, Eisen L, Cheek J, Enscore RE, Ettestad P, Gage KL, 2007. A spatial model of shared risk for plague and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :999–1004.
-
38
Eisen RJ, Reynolds PJ, Ettestad P, Brown T, Enscore RE, Biggerstaff BJ, Cheek J, Bueno R, Targhetta J, Montenieri JA, Gage KL, 2007. Residence-linked human plague in New Mexico: a habitat-suitability model. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :121–125.
-
39
Eisen RJ, Lane RS, Fritz CL, Eisen L, 2006. Spatial patterns of Lyme disease risk in California based on disease incidence data and modeling of vector-tick exposure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 :669–676.
-
40
Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Lane RS, 2006. Predicting density of Ixodes pacificus nymphs in dense woodlands in Mendocino County, California, based on geographic information systems and remote sensing versus field-derived data. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :632–640.
-
41
Eisen L, Meyer AM, Eisen RJ, 2007. Climate-based model predicting acarological risk of encountering the human-biting adult life stage of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) in a key habitat type in Colorado. J Med Entomol 44 :694–704.
-
42
Barbour AG, Maupin GO, Teltow GJ, Carter CJ, Piesman J, 1996. Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness. J Infect Dis 173 :403–409.
-
43
Chapman AS, Murphy SM, Demma LJ, Holman RC, Curns AT, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL, 2006. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the United States, 1997–2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6 :170–178.
-
44
Dalton MJ, Clarke MJ, Holman RC, Krebs JW, Fishbein DB, Olson JG, Childs JE, 1995. National surveillance for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 1981–1992: epidemiologic summary and evaluation of risk factors for fatal outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52 :405–413.
-
45
Demma LJ, Holman RC, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL, 2005. Epidemiology of human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States, 2001–2002. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :400–409.
-
46
James AM, Liveris D, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Montecalvo MA, Johnson BJB, 2001. Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick. J Infect Dis 183 :1810–1814.
-
47
McQuiston JH, Paddock CD, Holman RC, Childs JE, 1999. The human ehrlichioses in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :635–642.
-
48
Paddock CD, Childs JE, 2003. Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 :37–64.
-
49
Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Moore VA, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, 2004. First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestati, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1163–1169.
-
50
Farlow J, Wagner DM, Dukerich M, Stanley M, Chu M, Kubota K, Petersen J, Keim P, 2005. Francisella tularensis in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1835–1841.
-
51
Kugeler KJ, Gurfield N, Creek JG, Mahoney KS, Versage JL, Petersen JM, 2005. Discrimination between Francisella tula-rensis and Francisella-like endosymbionts when screening ticks by PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 :7594–7597.
-
52
Johansson A, Farlow J, Larsson P, Dukerich M, Chambers E, Byström M, Fox J, Chu M, Forsman M, Sjöstedt A, Keim P, 2004. Worldwide genetic relationships among Francisella tula-rensis isolates determined by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Bacteriol 186 :5808–5818.
-
53
Farlow J, Smith KL, Wong J, Abrams M, Lytle M, Keim P, 2001. Francisella tularensis strain typing using multiple-locus, variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Clin Microbiol 39 :3186–3192.
-
54
Goethert HK, Shani I, Telford SR III, 2004. Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. J Clin Microbiol 42 :4968–4973.
-
55
Markowitz LE, Hynes NA, de la Cruz P, Campos E, Barbaree JM, Plikaytis BD, Mosier D, Kaufmann AF, 1985. Tick-borne tularemia. An outbreak of lymphadenopathy in children. JAMA 254 :2922–2925.
-
56
Schmid GP, Kornblatt AN, Connors CA, Patton C, Carney J, Hobbs J, Kaufmann AF, 1983. Clinically mild tularemia associated with tick-borne Francisella tularensis. J Infect Dis 148 :63–67.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 775 | 572 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 289 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 101 | 12 | 0 |