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-
1
Melrose WD, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Int J Parasitol 32 :947–960.
-
2
Coggeshall LT, 1946. Filariasis in the serviceman: retrospect and prospect. JAMA 131 :8–12.
-
3
Wartman WB, 1947. Filariasis in American armed forces in World War II. Medicine 26 :333–394.
-
4
Walker AS, 1952. Clinical Problems of War. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, pp. 208–210.
-
5
Colwell EJ, Armstrong DR, Brown JD, Duxbury RE, Sadun EH, Legters LJ, 1970. Epidemiologic and serologic investigations of filariasis in indigenous populations and American soldiers in South Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :227–231.
-
6
Hembree SC, 1974. Distribution and prevalence of Bancroftian Filariasis in the US Army Special Forces camps in the Republic of Vietnam. Mil Med 139 :309–312.
-
7
Melrose W, Usurup J, Selve B, Pisters P, Turner P, 2000. Development of anti-filarial antibodies in a group of expatriate mine-site workers with varying exposure to the disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :706–707.
-
8
Terhell AJ, Haarbrink M, Abadi K, Syafruddin, Maizels RM, Yazdanbanksh M, Sartono E, 2001. Adults acquire filarial infection more rapidly than children: a study in Indonesian transmigrants. Parasitol 122 :633–640.
-
9
Ottesen EA, 1989. Filariasis now. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 (Suppl):9–17.
-
10
David L, Edeson JFB, 1965. Filariasis in Portuguese Timor, with observations on a new microfilaria found in man. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 13 :193–204.
-
11
Partono F, Dennis DT, Atmosoedjono S, Oemijati S, Cross JH, 1977. Brugia timori sp. n. (Nemotoda: Filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia. J Parasitol 63 :540–546.
-
12
Melrose WD, Rahmah N, 2006. Use of Brugia rapid dipstick and ICT test to map distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 37 :22–25.
-
13
Lal RB, Ottesen EA, 1988. Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment. J Infect Dis 158 :1034–1037.
-
14
Wongkamchai S, Rochjanawatsiriroj C, Mongkong N, Nochot H, Loymek S, Jiraamornnimit C, Hunnangkul S, Choochote W, 2006. Diagnostic value of IgG isotype responses against Brugia malayi antifilarial antibodies in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis. J Helminthol 80 :363–367.
-
15
Kwan-Lim GE, Forsyth KP, Maizels RM, 1990. Filarial-specific IgG4 response correlates with active Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Immunol 145 :4298–4305.
-
16
Coolidge C, Weller PF, Ramsey PG, Ottesen EA, Beaver PC, von Lichtenberg FC, 1979. Zoonotic Brugia filariasis in New England. Ann Intern Med 90 :341–343.
-
17
Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A, 2005. Macrofilacidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365 :2116–2121.
-
18
Dennis DT, Partono F, Atmosoedjono S, Saroso JS, 1976. Timor filariasis: epidemiologic and clinical features in a defined community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :797–802.
-
19
Kitchener SJ, Auliff AM, Rieckmann KH, 2000. Malaria in the Australian Defence Force during and after participation in the International Force in East Timor (INTERFET). Med J Aust 173 :583–585.
-
20
Fischer P, Wibowo H, Pischke S, Ruckert P, Liebau E, Ismid IS, Supali T, 2002. PCR-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite Brugia timori from Alor Island, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :809–821.
-
21
Supali T, Rahmah N, Djuardi Y, Sartono E, Ruckert P, Fischer P, 2004. Detection of filaria-specific IgG4 antibodies using Brugia rapid tests in individuals from an area highly endemic for Brugia timori. Acta Trop 90 :255–261.
-
22
Melrose WD, Durrheim DN, Burgess GW, 2004. Update on immunological tests for lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 6 :255–257.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 752 | 687 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 208 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 11 | 0 |
Seroconversion to Filarial Antigens in Australian Defence Force Personnel in Timor-Leste
Stephen P. Frances
Stephen P. Frances
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Lisa M. Baade
Lisa M. Baade
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Joseph Kubofcik
Joseph Kubofcik
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Thomas B. Nutman
Thomas B. Nutman
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Wayne D. Melrose
Wayne D. Melrose
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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James S. McCarthy
James S. McCarthy
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Michael D. Nissen
Michael D. Nissen
Australian Army Malaria Institute, Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, Australia; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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To investigate whether Australian soldiers were exposed to filarial parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis during a 6-month deployment to Timor-Leste, antifilarial antibody levels were measured in 907 soldiers using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Initial testing using Dirofilaria immitis antigen demonstrated that 49 of 907 (5.4%) soldiers developed antifilarial antibodies of the IgG1 subclass after deployment, whereas 1 of 944 (0.1%) seroconverted to the IgG4 subclass. When a sub sample of 88 D. immitis-reactive sera was subject to testing with an antifilarial antibody test using Brugia malayi antigen, 46 had elevated IgG antibodies, whereas 5 had elevated antibodies of the IgG4 subclass. A total of 24 soldiers seroconverted to B. malayi, as measured by parasite-specific IgG, whereas 1 seroconverted to IgG4. The relatively low number of seroconversions indicates a low but measurable risk of exposure to human filarial parasites among Australian soldiers deployed to Timor-Leste. However, to reduce the risk of exposure to these parasites, soldiers deploying to endemic areas should practice strict adherence to personal protective measures against mosquito bites.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Melrose WD, 2002. Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. Int J Parasitol 32 :947–960.
-
2
Coggeshall LT, 1946. Filariasis in the serviceman: retrospect and prospect. JAMA 131 :8–12.
-
3
Wartman WB, 1947. Filariasis in American armed forces in World War II. Medicine 26 :333–394.
-
4
Walker AS, 1952. Clinical Problems of War. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, pp. 208–210.
-
5
Colwell EJ, Armstrong DR, Brown JD, Duxbury RE, Sadun EH, Legters LJ, 1970. Epidemiologic and serologic investigations of filariasis in indigenous populations and American soldiers in South Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19 :227–231.
-
6
Hembree SC, 1974. Distribution and prevalence of Bancroftian Filariasis in the US Army Special Forces camps in the Republic of Vietnam. Mil Med 139 :309–312.
-
7
Melrose W, Usurup J, Selve B, Pisters P, Turner P, 2000. Development of anti-filarial antibodies in a group of expatriate mine-site workers with varying exposure to the disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :706–707.
-
8
Terhell AJ, Haarbrink M, Abadi K, Syafruddin, Maizels RM, Yazdanbanksh M, Sartono E, 2001. Adults acquire filarial infection more rapidly than children: a study in Indonesian transmigrants. Parasitol 122 :633–640.
-
9
Ottesen EA, 1989. Filariasis now. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41 (Suppl):9–17.
-
10
David L, Edeson JFB, 1965. Filariasis in Portuguese Timor, with observations on a new microfilaria found in man. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 13 :193–204.
-
11
Partono F, Dennis DT, Atmosoedjono S, Oemijati S, Cross JH, 1977. Brugia timori sp. n. (Nemotoda: Filarioidea) from Flores Island, Indonesia. J Parasitol 63 :540–546.
-
12
Melrose WD, Rahmah N, 2006. Use of Brugia rapid dipstick and ICT test to map distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 37 :22–25.
-
13
Lal RB, Ottesen EA, 1988. Enhanced diagnostic specificity in human filariasis by IgG4 antibody assessment. J Infect Dis 158 :1034–1037.
-
14
Wongkamchai S, Rochjanawatsiriroj C, Mongkong N, Nochot H, Loymek S, Jiraamornnimit C, Hunnangkul S, Choochote W, 2006. Diagnostic value of IgG isotype responses against Brugia malayi antifilarial antibodies in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis. J Helminthol 80 :363–367.
-
15
Kwan-Lim GE, Forsyth KP, Maizels RM, 1990. Filarial-specific IgG4 response correlates with active Wuchereria bancrofti infection. J Immunol 145 :4298–4305.
-
16
Coolidge C, Weller PF, Ramsey PG, Ottesen EA, Beaver PC, von Lichtenberg FC, 1979. Zoonotic Brugia filariasis in New England. Ann Intern Med 90 :341–343.
-
17
Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A, 2005. Macrofilacidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 365 :2116–2121.
-
18
Dennis DT, Partono F, Atmosoedjono S, Saroso JS, 1976. Timor filariasis: epidemiologic and clinical features in a defined community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25 :797–802.
-
19
Kitchener SJ, Auliff AM, Rieckmann KH, 2000. Malaria in the Australian Defence Force during and after participation in the International Force in East Timor (INTERFET). Med J Aust 173 :583–585.
-
20
Fischer P, Wibowo H, Pischke S, Ruckert P, Liebau E, Ismid IS, Supali T, 2002. PCR-based detection and identification of the filarial parasite Brugia timori from Alor Island, Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :809–821.
-
21
Supali T, Rahmah N, Djuardi Y, Sartono E, Ruckert P, Fischer P, 2004. Detection of filaria-specific IgG4 antibodies using Brugia rapid tests in individuals from an area highly endemic for Brugia timori. Acta Trop 90 :255–261.
-
22
Melrose WD, Durrheim DN, Burgess GW, 2004. Update on immunological tests for lymphatic filariasis. Trends Parasitol 6 :255–257.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 752 | 687 | 16 |
| Full Text Views | 208 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 44 | 11 | 0 |