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-
1
Twum-Danso NAY, 2003. Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S7.
-
2
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga-Ngangue, Kamgno J, Chippaux JP, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350 :18–22.
-
3
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux JP, 2003. Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S4.
-
4
Haselow NJ, Akame J, Evini C, Akongo S, 2003. Programmatic and communication issues in relation to serious adverse events following ivermectin treatment in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and loiasis. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S10.
-
5
Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Gerlach JA, 2003. Possible pathogenic pathways in the adverse clinical events seen following ivermectin administration to onchocerciasis patients. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S5.
-
6
Fobi G, Gardon J, Santiago M, Ngangue D, Gardon-Wendel N, Boussinesq M, 2000. Ocular findings after ivermectin treatment of patients with high Loa loa microfilaremia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 7 :27–39.
-
7
Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, 2001. Hyperendémicité de la loase dans la plaine Tikar, région de savane arbustive du Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94 :342–346.
-
8
Thomson MC, Obsomer V, Kamgno J, Gardon J, Wanji S, Takougang I, Enyong P, Remme JH, Molyneux DH, Boussinesq M, 2004. Mapping the distribution of Loa loa in Cameroon in support of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Filaria J 3 :7.
-
9
Twum-Danso NAY, Meredith SEO, 2003. Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis. Trop Med Int Health 8 :820–831.
-
10
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Kamgno J, Ngoumou P, Chippaux JP, 1998. Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :461–469.
-
11
Chambon M, 1933. Présence de microfilaires dans le liquide céphalorachidien d’un trypanosomé avancé. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 26 :613–614.
-
12
Bonnet M, 1943. Réflexions sur un cas de méningite aiguë à Microfilaria loa. Med Trop (Mars) 3 :273–277.
-
13
Kivits M, 1952. Quatre cas d’encéphalite mortelle avec invasion du liquide cé phalorachidien par Microfilaria loa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 32 :235–242.
-
14
Cattan R, Frumusan P, Levy C, 1960. Encéphalopathie filarienne. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 76 :808–810.
-
15
Cauchie C, Rutsaert J, Thys O, Bonnyns M, Perrier O, 1965. Encéphalite à Loa-loa, traitée par l’association de cortisone et de carbamazine. Rev Belg Pathol Med Exp 31 :232–244.
-
16
Same-Ekobo A, Same-Voisin C, Eben-Moussi E, Ongmagne MJ, 1981. A propos d’un cas de méningo-encéphalite filarienne à Loa loa. Rappels des critères de diagnostic de certitude. Afr Med 20 :359–361.
-
17
Lukiana T, Mandina M, Situakibanza NH, Mbula MM, Lepira BF, Odio WT, Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, 2006. A possible case of spontaneous Loa loa encephalopathy associated with a glomerulopathy. Filaria J 5 :6.
-
18
Didier A, Loor F, 1996. The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Anticancer Drugs 7 :745–751.
-
19
Lovell RA, 1990. Ivermectin and piperazine toxicoses in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Prac 20 :453–468.
-
20
Chung K, Yang CC, Wu ML, Deng JF, Tsai WJ, 1999. Agricultural avermectins: an uncommon but potentially fatal cause of pesticide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 34 :51–57.
-
21
Van Bogaert L, Dubois A, Janssens PG, Radermecker J, Tverdy G, Wanson M, 1955. Encephalitis in Loa-loa filariasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 18 :103–119.
-
22
Negesse Y, Lanoie LO, Neafie RC, Connor DH, 1985. Loiasis: “Calabar” swellings and involvement of deep organs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :537–546.
-
23
Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Pritchard R, Boussinesq M, 2007. Where next with Loa loa encephalopathy? Data are badly needed. Trends Parasitol 23 :237–238.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1545 | 1312 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 588 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 299 | 12 | 0 |
Encephalopathy after Ivermectin Treatment in a Patient Infected with Loa Loa and Plasmodium spp.
Joseph Kamgno
Joseph Kamgno
National Onchocerciasis Task Force, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité de Recherche 24, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France; Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mectizan Donation Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Michel Boussinesq
Michel Boussinesq
National Onchocerciasis Task Force, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité de Recherche 24, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France; Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mectizan Donation Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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François Labrousse
François Labrousse
National Onchocerciasis Task Force, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité de Recherche 24, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France; Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mectizan Donation Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Blaise Nkegoum
Blaise Nkegoum
National Onchocerciasis Task Force, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité de Recherche 24, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France; Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mectizan Donation Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Björn I. Thylefors
Björn I. Thylefors
National Onchocerciasis Task Force, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité de Recherche 24, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France; Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mectizan Donation Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Charles D. Mackenzie
Charles D. Mackenzie
National Onchocerciasis Task Force, Yaounde, Cameroon; Unité de Recherche 24, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France; Service d’Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Yaounde, Cameroon; Mectizan Donation Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Filarial Diseases Unit, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Despite over 350 million people being safely treated with ivermectin, there have been rare cases of death post-treatment; these events are most often associated with high Loa loa microfilaremia. This first autopsy description of an encephalopathy case following the administration of ivermectin involves a 45-year-old male who became comatose 3 days after treatment. He slowly deteriorated over 5 weeks and died at 54 days after the anthelminthic treatment, probably as a result of a secondary skin or pulmonary infection exacerbated by malnutrition. The major pre- and post-autopsy findings included the presence of high loads of Loa loa, positivity for Plasmodium, the presence of a longstanding respiratory condition, and vascular pathology in the brain. The central nervous system lesions have similarities with those described in previously reported cases of Loa loa-associated death following diethylcarbamazine treatment.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Twum-Danso NAY, 2003. Loa loa encephalopathy temporally related to ivermectin administration reported from onchocerciasis mass treatment programs from 1989 to 2001: implications for the future. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S7.
-
2
Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Demanga-Ngangue, Kamgno J, Chippaux JP, Boussinesq M, 1997. Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection. Lancet 350 :18–22.
-
3
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Chippaux JP, 2003. Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Cameroon. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S4.
-
4
Haselow NJ, Akame J, Evini C, Akongo S, 2003. Programmatic and communication issues in relation to serious adverse events following ivermectin treatment in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and loiasis. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S10.
-
5
Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Gerlach JA, 2003. Possible pathogenic pathways in the adverse clinical events seen following ivermectin administration to onchocerciasis patients. Filaria J 2 (Suppl 1):S5.
-
6
Fobi G, Gardon J, Santiago M, Ngangue D, Gardon-Wendel N, Boussinesq M, 2000. Ocular findings after ivermectin treatment of patients with high Loa loa microfilaremia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 7 :27–39.
-
7
Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, 2001. Hyperendémicité de la loase dans la plaine Tikar, région de savane arbustive du Cameroun. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94 :342–346.
-
8
Thomson MC, Obsomer V, Kamgno J, Gardon J, Wanji S, Takougang I, Enyong P, Remme JH, Molyneux DH, Boussinesq M, 2004. Mapping the distribution of Loa loa in Cameroon in support of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Filaria J 3 :7.
-
9
Twum-Danso NAY, Meredith SEO, 2003. Variation in incidence of serious adverse events after onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in areas of Cameroon co-endemic for loiasis. Trop Med Int Health 8 :820–831.
-
10
Boussinesq M, Gardon J, Gardon-Wendel N, Kamgno J, Ngoumou P, Chippaux JP, 1998. Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :461–469.
-
11
Chambon M, 1933. Présence de microfilaires dans le liquide céphalorachidien d’un trypanosomé avancé. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 26 :613–614.
-
12
Bonnet M, 1943. Réflexions sur un cas de méningite aiguë à Microfilaria loa. Med Trop (Mars) 3 :273–277.
-
13
Kivits M, 1952. Quatre cas d’encéphalite mortelle avec invasion du liquide cé phalorachidien par Microfilaria loa. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 32 :235–242.
-
14
Cattan R, Frumusan P, Levy C, 1960. Encéphalopathie filarienne. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 76 :808–810.
-
15
Cauchie C, Rutsaert J, Thys O, Bonnyns M, Perrier O, 1965. Encéphalite à Loa-loa, traitée par l’association de cortisone et de carbamazine. Rev Belg Pathol Med Exp 31 :232–244.
-
16
Same-Ekobo A, Same-Voisin C, Eben-Moussi E, Ongmagne MJ, 1981. A propos d’un cas de méningo-encéphalite filarienne à Loa loa. Rappels des critères de diagnostic de certitude. Afr Med 20 :359–361.
-
17
Lukiana T, Mandina M, Situakibanza NH, Mbula MM, Lepira BF, Odio WT, Kamgno J, Boussinesq M, 2006. A possible case of spontaneous Loa loa encephalopathy associated with a glomerulopathy. Filaria J 5 :6.
-
18
Didier A, Loor F, 1996. The abamectin derivative ivermectin is a potent P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Anticancer Drugs 7 :745–751.
-
19
Lovell RA, 1990. Ivermectin and piperazine toxicoses in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Prac 20 :453–468.
-
20
Chung K, Yang CC, Wu ML, Deng JF, Tsai WJ, 1999. Agricultural avermectins: an uncommon but potentially fatal cause of pesticide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 34 :51–57.
-
21
Van Bogaert L, Dubois A, Janssens PG, Radermecker J, Tverdy G, Wanson M, 1955. Encephalitis in Loa-loa filariasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 18 :103–119.
-
22
Negesse Y, Lanoie LO, Neafie RC, Connor DH, 1985. Loiasis: “Calabar” swellings and involvement of deep organs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :537–546.
-
23
Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Pritchard R, Boussinesq M, 2007. Where next with Loa loa encephalopathy? Data are badly needed. Trends Parasitol 23 :237–238.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1545 | 1312 | 36 |
| Full Text Views | 588 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 299 | 12 | 0 |