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Reference Manager
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-
1
Barmes DE, Enwonwu CO, Leclercq MH, Bourgeois D, Falkler WA, 1997. The need for action against orofacial gangrene (noma). Trop Med Int Health 2 :1111–1114.
-
2
Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA, Phillips RS, 2006. Noma (cancrum oris). Lancet 368 :147–156.
-
3
Enwonwu CO, 2006. Noma—the ulcer of extreme poverty. N Engl J Med 354 :221–224.
-
4
Damme PA, 2006. Essay: noma. Lancet 368 (Suppl 1):S61–S62.
-
5
Marck KW, 2003. A history of noma, the “face of poverty”. Plast Reconstr Surg 111 :1702–1707.
-
7
Donald J, 1892. Noma as a complication of enteric fever. Lancet 1892 :417.
-
8
Baratti-Mayer D, Pittet B, Montandon D, Bolivar I, Bornand JE, Hugonnet S, Jaquinet A, Schrenzel J, Pittet D, Geneva Study Group on Noma, 2003. Noma: an “infectious” disease of unknown aetiology. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :419–431.
-
9
Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA Jr, Idigbe EO, Afolabi BM, Ibrahim M, Onwujekwe D, Savage O, Meeks VI, 1999. Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :223–232.
-
10
World Health Organization, 2000. Management of the Child With Serious Infection or Severe Malnutrition. Geneva: WHO.
-
12
Tuan PD, 1962. Noma in Viet-Nam. Indian J Pediatr 29 :367–374.
-
13
Fackler ML, 1971. Reconstruction surgery in Vietnam. US Navy Med 58 :12–17.
-
14
Black FO, 1973. Experiences of an otolaryngologist in Vietnam. South Med J 66 :308–312.
-
15
Reynaud J, 1950. Noma and penicillin therapy in Afghanistan. Rev Odontostomatol (Paris) 6 :125–138.
-
16
Mehrotra MC, 1966. Cancrum oris. A clinical survey of 20 cases. J Indian Med Assoc 47 :555–557.
-
17
Pindborg JJ, Bhat M, Devanath KR, Narayana HR, Ramachandra S, 1966. Occurrence of acute necrotizing gingivitis in South Indian children. J Periodontol 37 :14–19.
-
18
Pindborg JJ, Bhat M, Roed-Petersen B, 1967. Oral changes in South Indian children with severe protein deficiency. J Periodontol 38 :218–221.
-
19
Biswal N, Mahadevan S, Srinivasan S, 1992. Gangrenous stomatitis following measles. Indian Pediatr 29 :509–511.
-
20
Malden N, 1985. An interesting case of adult facial gangrene (from Papua, New Guinea). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 59 :279–281.
-
21
Dooley T, 1960. The Night They Burned the Mountain. Kingswood, UK: The World’s Work.
-
22
UNDP, 2005. Human Development Report. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_complete.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2007.
-
23
Enwonwu CO, Phillips RS, Ferrell CD, 2005. Temporal relationship between the occurrence of fresh noma and the timing of linear growth retardation in Nigerian children. Trop Med Int Health 10 :65–73.
-
24
Phimmasone K, Douangpoutha I, Fauveau V, Pholsena P, 1996. Nutritional status of children in the Lao PDR. J Trop Pediatr 42 :5–11.
-
25
Ministry of Health, Government of Lao PDR, 2001. Health Status of the People in the Lao PDR. Report of the National Health Survey. Vientiane, Lao PDR: State Planning Committee.
-
26
Miyoshi M, Phommasack B, Nakamura S, Kuroiwa C, 2005. Nutritional status of children in rural Lao PDR: who are the most vulnerable? Eur J Clin Nutr 59 :887–890.
-
27
Mayxay M, Khomthilat T, Souvannasing P, Phounesavath K, Vorasane B, Keomany S, Douangdala P, Philavong K, Srour L, Newton PN, 2007. Factors associated with a measles outbreak in children admitted at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos. BMC Public Health 7 :193.
-
28
Kuroiwa C, Vongphrachanh P, Xayyavong P, Southalack K, Hashizume M, Nakamura S, 2001. Measles epidemiology and outbreak investigation using IgM test in Laos. J Epidemiol 11 :255–262.
-
29
Mayxay M, Nair S, Sudimack D, Imwong M, Tanomsing N, Pongvongsa T, Phompida S, Phetsouvanh R, White NJ, Newton PN, 2007. Combined molecular and clinical assessment of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in the Lao P.D.R (Laos). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :36–43.
-
30
CLE, 2007. Weekly Epidemiological Surveillance Report. Lao PDR: Division of Epidemiology, National Centre for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao PDR.
-
31
Phimphachanh C, Sayabounthavong K, 2004. The HIV/AIDS/STI situation in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. AIDS Educ Prev 16 (Suppl A):91–99.
-
32
Adelekan DA, 2003. Childhood nutrition and malnutrition in Nigeria. Nutrition 19 :179–181.
-
33
Barennes H, Simmala C, Odermatt P, Thaybouavone T, Vallee J, Martinez-Aussel B, Newton PN, Strobel M, 2007. Postpartum traditions and nutrition among urban Lao women and their infants in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Eur J Clin Nutr. Epub ahead of print November 14, 2007.
-
34
Sisouphanthong B, Taillard C, 2000. Atlas of Laos. Chiang Mai, Thailand: NIAS/Silkworm Books.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1734 | 1571 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 613 | 20 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 315 | 19 | 0 |
Noma in Laos: Stigma of Severe Poverty in Rural Asia
M. Leila Srour
M. Leila Srour
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Bryan Watt
Bryan Watt
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Bounthom Phengdy
Bounthom Phengdy
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Keutmy Khansoulivong
Keutmy Khansoulivong
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Jim Harris
Jim Harris
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Christopher Bennett
Christopher Bennett
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Michel Strobel
Michel Strobel
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Christian Dupuis
Christian Dupuis
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Paul N. Newton
Paul N. Newton
Health Frontiers, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ministry of Health, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; UXO Awareness, Phoenix Clearance Ltd., Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Interplast, Melbourne, Australia; Francophone Institute of Tropical Medicine, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Amade Foundation, Brussels, Belgium; Wellcome Trust–Mahosot Hospital–Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Noma, or cancrum oris, is a debilitating necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis that destroys the mouth and face. It usually starts in early childhood and is associated with severe poverty, malnutrition, and infections. It is most frequently described from sub-Saharan Africa but is under-reported. There have been very few reports from Asia. We describe the clinical and social features of a series of 12 patients with noma from remote poor villages in rural Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos). Noma is an ominous stigma of severe poverty and the description of this disease emphasizes the importance of poverty reduction and nutritional improvement in Lao development. In the meantime, more awareness of the problem and the importance of early therapy in acute noma by primary health care workers may reduce mortality and prevent progression to severe disfigurement.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Barmes DE, Enwonwu CO, Leclercq MH, Bourgeois D, Falkler WA, 1997. The need for action against orofacial gangrene (noma). Trop Med Int Health 2 :1111–1114.
-
2
Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA, Phillips RS, 2006. Noma (cancrum oris). Lancet 368 :147–156.
-
3
Enwonwu CO, 2006. Noma—the ulcer of extreme poverty. N Engl J Med 354 :221–224.
-
4
Damme PA, 2006. Essay: noma. Lancet 368 (Suppl 1):S61–S62.
-
5
Marck KW, 2003. A history of noma, the “face of poverty”. Plast Reconstr Surg 111 :1702–1707.
-
7
Donald J, 1892. Noma as a complication of enteric fever. Lancet 1892 :417.
-
8
Baratti-Mayer D, Pittet B, Montandon D, Bolivar I, Bornand JE, Hugonnet S, Jaquinet A, Schrenzel J, Pittet D, Geneva Study Group on Noma, 2003. Noma: an “infectious” disease of unknown aetiology. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :419–431.
-
9
Enwonwu CO, Falkler WA Jr, Idigbe EO, Afolabi BM, Ibrahim M, Onwujekwe D, Savage O, Meeks VI, 1999. Pathogenesis of cancrum oris (noma): confounding interactions of malnutrition with infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :223–232.
-
10
World Health Organization, 2000. Management of the Child With Serious Infection or Severe Malnutrition. Geneva: WHO.
-
12
Tuan PD, 1962. Noma in Viet-Nam. Indian J Pediatr 29 :367–374.
-
13
Fackler ML, 1971. Reconstruction surgery in Vietnam. US Navy Med 58 :12–17.
-
14
Black FO, 1973. Experiences of an otolaryngologist in Vietnam. South Med J 66 :308–312.
-
15
Reynaud J, 1950. Noma and penicillin therapy in Afghanistan. Rev Odontostomatol (Paris) 6 :125–138.
-
16
Mehrotra MC, 1966. Cancrum oris. A clinical survey of 20 cases. J Indian Med Assoc 47 :555–557.
-
17
Pindborg JJ, Bhat M, Devanath KR, Narayana HR, Ramachandra S, 1966. Occurrence of acute necrotizing gingivitis in South Indian children. J Periodontol 37 :14–19.
-
18
Pindborg JJ, Bhat M, Roed-Petersen B, 1967. Oral changes in South Indian children with severe protein deficiency. J Periodontol 38 :218–221.
-
19
Biswal N, Mahadevan S, Srinivasan S, 1992. Gangrenous stomatitis following measles. Indian Pediatr 29 :509–511.
-
20
Malden N, 1985. An interesting case of adult facial gangrene (from Papua, New Guinea). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 59 :279–281.
-
21
Dooley T, 1960. The Night They Burned the Mountain. Kingswood, UK: The World’s Work.
-
22
UNDP, 2005. Human Development Report. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_complete.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2007.
-
23
Enwonwu CO, Phillips RS, Ferrell CD, 2005. Temporal relationship between the occurrence of fresh noma and the timing of linear growth retardation in Nigerian children. Trop Med Int Health 10 :65–73.
-
24
Phimmasone K, Douangpoutha I, Fauveau V, Pholsena P, 1996. Nutritional status of children in the Lao PDR. J Trop Pediatr 42 :5–11.
-
25
Ministry of Health, Government of Lao PDR, 2001. Health Status of the People in the Lao PDR. Report of the National Health Survey. Vientiane, Lao PDR: State Planning Committee.
-
26
Miyoshi M, Phommasack B, Nakamura S, Kuroiwa C, 2005. Nutritional status of children in rural Lao PDR: who are the most vulnerable? Eur J Clin Nutr 59 :887–890.
-
27
Mayxay M, Khomthilat T, Souvannasing P, Phounesavath K, Vorasane B, Keomany S, Douangdala P, Philavong K, Srour L, Newton PN, 2007. Factors associated with a measles outbreak in children admitted at Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos. BMC Public Health 7 :193.
-
28
Kuroiwa C, Vongphrachanh P, Xayyavong P, Southalack K, Hashizume M, Nakamura S, 2001. Measles epidemiology and outbreak investigation using IgM test in Laos. J Epidemiol 11 :255–262.
-
29
Mayxay M, Nair S, Sudimack D, Imwong M, Tanomsing N, Pongvongsa T, Phompida S, Phetsouvanh R, White NJ, Newton PN, 2007. Combined molecular and clinical assessment of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in the Lao P.D.R (Laos). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 :36–43.
-
30
CLE, 2007. Weekly Epidemiological Surveillance Report. Lao PDR: Division of Epidemiology, National Centre for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao PDR.
-
31
Phimphachanh C, Sayabounthavong K, 2004. The HIV/AIDS/STI situation in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. AIDS Educ Prev 16 (Suppl A):91–99.
-
32
Adelekan DA, 2003. Childhood nutrition and malnutrition in Nigeria. Nutrition 19 :179–181.
-
33
Barennes H, Simmala C, Odermatt P, Thaybouavone T, Vallee J, Martinez-Aussel B, Newton PN, Strobel M, 2007. Postpartum traditions and nutrition among urban Lao women and their infants in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Eur J Clin Nutr. Epub ahead of print November 14, 2007.
-
34
Sisouphanthong B, Taillard C, 2000. Atlas of Laos. Chiang Mai, Thailand: NIAS/Silkworm Books.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1734 | 1571 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 613 | 20 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 315 | 19 | 0 |