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-
1
de-The G, Geser A, Day NE, Tukei PM, Williams EH, Beri DP, Smith PG, Dean AG, Bronkamm GW, Feorino P, Henle W, 1978. Epidemiological evidence for causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt’s lymphoma from Ugandan prospective study. Nature 274 :756–761.
-
2
Evans AS, 1985. Epidemiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma: other risk factors. IARC Sci Publ 60 :197–204.
-
3
Morrow RH Jr, 1985. Epidemiological evidence for the role of falciparum malaria in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. IARC Sci Publ 60 :177–186.
-
4
Henle W, Henle G, 1980. Epidemiologic aspects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 354 :326–331.
-
5
Moormann AM, Chelimo K, Sumba OP, Lutzke ML, Ploutz-Snyder R, Newton D, Kazura J, Rochford R, 2005. Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in elevated Epstein-Barr virus loads in children. J Infect Dis 191 :1233–1238.
-
6
Day NE, Smith PG, Lachet B, 1985. The latent period of Burkitts ’ lymphoma: the evidence from epidemiological clustering. IARC Sci Publ 60 :187–195.
-
7
Mwanda OW, Rochford R, Moormann AM, Macneil A, Whalen C, Wilson ML, 2004. Burkitt’s lymphoma in Kenya: geographical, age, gender and ethnic distribution. East Afr Med J 8 Suppl:S68–S77.
-
8
Rainey JJ, Omenah D, Sumba PO, Moormann AM, Rochford R, Wilson ML, 2007. Spatial clustering of endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma in high-risk regions of Kenya. Int J Cancer 120 :121–127.
-
9
Williams CK, 1988. Clustering of Burkitt’s lymphoma and other high-grade malignant lymphoproliferative diseases, but not acute lymphoblastic leukaemia among socio-economically deprived Nigerians. East Afr Med J 65 :253–263.
-
10
Griffin BE, 2000. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human disease: facts, opinions and problems. Mutat Res 462 :395–405.
-
11
Morrow RH, Pike MC, Smith PG, Ziegler JL, Kisuule A, 1971. Burkitt’s lymphoma: a time-space cluster of cases in Bwamba County of Uganda. BMJ 2 :491–492.
-
12
Pike MC, Williams EH, Wright B, 1967. Burkitt’s tumour in the West Nile District Uganda, 1961–5. BMJ 2 :395–399.
-
13
Rochford R, Cannon MJ, Moormann AM, 2005. Endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma: a polymicrobial disease? Nat Rev Microbiol 3 :182–187.
-
14
van den Bosch C, Griffiin BE, Kazembe P, Dziweni C, Kadzamira L, 1993. Are plant factors a missing link in the evolution of endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma? Br J Cancer 68 :1232–1235.
-
15
Westergaard T, Andersen PK, Pedersen JB, Olsen JH, Frisch M, Sorensen HT, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M, 1997. Birth characteristics, sibling patterns, and acute leukemia risk in childhood: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89 :939–947.
-
16
Kenya Ministry of Planning and National Development, Census Bureau of Statistics, The 1999 Census. Republic of Kenya (2002).
-
17
Omumbo J, Ouma J, Rapuoda B, Craig MH, le Sueur D, Snow RW, 1998. Mapping malaria transmission intensity using geographical information systems (GIS): an example from Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :7–21.
-
18
United States Census Bureau, International Programs Center. Population Division, HIV/AID Profile: Kenya 2000.
-
19
Mwanda OW, 2004. Clinical characteristics of Burkitt’s lymphoma seen in Kenyan patients. East Afr Med J 8 Suppl:S78–S89.
-
20
Crampin AC, Mwinuka V, Malema SS, Glynn JR, Fine PE, 2001. Field-based random sampling without a sampling frame: control selection for a case-control study in rural Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :481–483.
-
21
Moormann AM, Chelimo K, Sumba PO, Tisch DJ, Rochford R, Kazura JW, 2007. Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in suppression of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell immunosurveillance in Kenyan children. J Infect Dis 195 :799–808.
-
22
Moss DJ, Burrows SR, Castelino DJ, Kane RG, Pope JH, Rickinson AB, Alpers MP, Heywood PF, 1983. A comparison of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T-cell immunity in malaria-endemic and -nonendemic regions of Papua New Guinea. Int J Cancer 31 :727–732.
-
23
Whittle HC, Brown J, Marsh K, Greenwood BM, Seidelin P, Tighe H, Wedderburn L, 1984. T-cell control of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells is lost during P. falciparum malaria. Nature 312 :449–450.
-
24
Clifford P, Singh S, Stjernsward J, Klein G, 1967. Long-term survival of patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma: an assessment of treatment and other factors which may relate to survival. Cancer Res 27 :2578–2615.
-
25
Morrow RH, Kisuule A, Mafigiri J, 1974. Socioeconomic factors in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Cancer Res 34 :1212.
-
26
Altieri A, Castro F, Bermejo JL, Hemminki K, 2006. Number of siblings and the risk of lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma by histopathology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 :1281–1286.
-
27
Makata AM, Toriyama K, Kamidigo NO, Eto H, Itakura H, 1996. The pattern of pediatric solid malignant tumors in western Kenya, east Africa, 1979–1994: an analysis based on histopathologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :343–347.
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| Abstract Views | 378 | 343 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 12 | 0 |
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Family Environment Is Associated with Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: A Population-based Case-control Study
Jeanette J. Rainey
Jeanette J. Rainey
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Rosemary Rochford
Rosemary Rochford
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Peter O. Sumba
Peter O. Sumba
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Dickens Kowuor
Dickens Kowuor
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Mark L. Wilson
Mark L. Wilson
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Ann M. Moormann
Ann M. Moormann
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Center for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma (eBL) has been linked to Epstein-Barr virus and holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum malaria. These co-infections, however, are insufficient to explain the non-random occurrence of Endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma within Equatorial Africa. To explore whether this distribution could be explained by household characteristics and family environment, we conducted a case-control study using 41 hospitalized incident endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma cases and 91 healthy controls identified through a population-based multistage cluster-sampling scheme in Nyanza Province, Kenya. In a multivariate analysis, odds ratios associated with having one, two, and three or more younger siblings compared with none were 0.28 (90% CI: 0.09, 0.83), 0.59 (90% CI: 0.16, 2.23) and 0.15 (90% CI: 0.03, 0.67) respectively, suggesting that children with endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma were more likely than controls to be last-born. Children with endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma were also more likely to live in non-monogamous families (OR=3.12, 90% CI:1.19, 8.17) and to have at least one deceased parent (OR=3.38, 90% CI: 1.18, 9.64). Household characteristics, especially sibship relationships, may contribute to endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma and therefore warrant further study.
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-
1
de-The G, Geser A, Day NE, Tukei PM, Williams EH, Beri DP, Smith PG, Dean AG, Bronkamm GW, Feorino P, Henle W, 1978. Epidemiological evidence for causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt’s lymphoma from Ugandan prospective study. Nature 274 :756–761.
-
2
Evans AS, 1985. Epidemiology of Burkitt’s lymphoma: other risk factors. IARC Sci Publ 60 :197–204.
-
3
Morrow RH Jr, 1985. Epidemiological evidence for the role of falciparum malaria in the pathogenesis of Burkitt’s lymphoma. IARC Sci Publ 60 :177–186.
-
4
Henle W, Henle G, 1980. Epidemiologic aspects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 354 :326–331.
-
5
Moormann AM, Chelimo K, Sumba OP, Lutzke ML, Ploutz-Snyder R, Newton D, Kazura J, Rochford R, 2005. Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in elevated Epstein-Barr virus loads in children. J Infect Dis 191 :1233–1238.
-
6
Day NE, Smith PG, Lachet B, 1985. The latent period of Burkitts ’ lymphoma: the evidence from epidemiological clustering. IARC Sci Publ 60 :187–195.
-
7
Mwanda OW, Rochford R, Moormann AM, Macneil A, Whalen C, Wilson ML, 2004. Burkitt’s lymphoma in Kenya: geographical, age, gender and ethnic distribution. East Afr Med J 8 Suppl:S68–S77.
-
8
Rainey JJ, Omenah D, Sumba PO, Moormann AM, Rochford R, Wilson ML, 2007. Spatial clustering of endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma in high-risk regions of Kenya. Int J Cancer 120 :121–127.
-
9
Williams CK, 1988. Clustering of Burkitt’s lymphoma and other high-grade malignant lymphoproliferative diseases, but not acute lymphoblastic leukaemia among socio-economically deprived Nigerians. East Afr Med J 65 :253–263.
-
10
Griffin BE, 2000. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human disease: facts, opinions and problems. Mutat Res 462 :395–405.
-
11
Morrow RH, Pike MC, Smith PG, Ziegler JL, Kisuule A, 1971. Burkitt’s lymphoma: a time-space cluster of cases in Bwamba County of Uganda. BMJ 2 :491–492.
-
12
Pike MC, Williams EH, Wright B, 1967. Burkitt’s tumour in the West Nile District Uganda, 1961–5. BMJ 2 :395–399.
-
13
Rochford R, Cannon MJ, Moormann AM, 2005. Endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma: a polymicrobial disease? Nat Rev Microbiol 3 :182–187.
-
14
van den Bosch C, Griffiin BE, Kazembe P, Dziweni C, Kadzamira L, 1993. Are plant factors a missing link in the evolution of endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma? Br J Cancer 68 :1232–1235.
-
15
Westergaard T, Andersen PK, Pedersen JB, Olsen JH, Frisch M, Sorensen HT, Wohlfahrt J, Melbye M, 1997. Birth characteristics, sibling patterns, and acute leukemia risk in childhood: a population-based cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89 :939–947.
-
16
Kenya Ministry of Planning and National Development, Census Bureau of Statistics, The 1999 Census. Republic of Kenya (2002).
-
17
Omumbo J, Ouma J, Rapuoda B, Craig MH, le Sueur D, Snow RW, 1998. Mapping malaria transmission intensity using geographical information systems (GIS): an example from Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 92 :7–21.
-
18
United States Census Bureau, International Programs Center. Population Division, HIV/AID Profile: Kenya 2000.
-
19
Mwanda OW, 2004. Clinical characteristics of Burkitt’s lymphoma seen in Kenyan patients. East Afr Med J 8 Suppl:S78–S89.
-
20
Crampin AC, Mwinuka V, Malema SS, Glynn JR, Fine PE, 2001. Field-based random sampling without a sampling frame: control selection for a case-control study in rural Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :481–483.
-
21
Moormann AM, Chelimo K, Sumba PO, Tisch DJ, Rochford R, Kazura JW, 2007. Exposure to holoendemic malaria results in suppression of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cell immunosurveillance in Kenyan children. J Infect Dis 195 :799–808.
-
22
Moss DJ, Burrows SR, Castelino DJ, Kane RG, Pope JH, Rickinson AB, Alpers MP, Heywood PF, 1983. A comparison of Epstein-Barr virus-specific T-cell immunity in malaria-endemic and -nonendemic regions of Papua New Guinea. Int J Cancer 31 :727–732.
-
23
Whittle HC, Brown J, Marsh K, Greenwood BM, Seidelin P, Tighe H, Wedderburn L, 1984. T-cell control of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells is lost during P. falciparum malaria. Nature 312 :449–450.
-
24
Clifford P, Singh S, Stjernsward J, Klein G, 1967. Long-term survival of patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma: an assessment of treatment and other factors which may relate to survival. Cancer Res 27 :2578–2615.
-
25
Morrow RH, Kisuule A, Mafigiri J, 1974. Socioeconomic factors in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Cancer Res 34 :1212.
-
26
Altieri A, Castro F, Bermejo JL, Hemminki K, 2006. Number of siblings and the risk of lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma by histopathology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 :1281–1286.
-
27
Makata AM, Toriyama K, Kamidigo NO, Eto H, Itakura H, 1996. The pattern of pediatric solid malignant tumors in western Kenya, east Africa, 1979–1994: an analysis based on histopathologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :343–347.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 378 | 343 | 19 |
| Full Text Views | 256 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 70 | 9 | 0 |