Robinson MC, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952ā53. Trans Roy S Trop Med Hyg 49 :28.
Diallo M, Thonnon J, Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D, 1999. Vectors of chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :281ā286.
McCrae AW, Henderson BE, Kirya BG, Sempala SDK, 1971. Chikungunya virus in the Entebbe area of Uganda: isolations and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65 :152ā168.
Mourya DT, Thakare JR, Gokhale MD, Powers AM, Hundekar SL, Jayakumar PC, Bondre VP, Shouche YS, Padbidri VS, 2001. Isolation of chikungunya virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in the town of Yawat, Pune District, Maharashtra State, India. Acta Virol 45 :305ā309.
Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S, 1969. Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in man in Thailand, 1962ā1964. IV. Epidemiologic studies in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18 :997ā1021.
Lam SK, Chua KB, Hooi PS, Rahimah MA, Kumari S, Tharmaratnam M, Chuah SK, Smith DW, Sampson IA, 2001. Chikungunya infectionāan emerging disease in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32 :447ā451.
Laras K, Sukri NC, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Kosim R, Djauzi, Wandra T, Master J, Kosasih H, Hartati S, Beckett C, Sedyaningsih ER, Beecham HJ 3rd, Corwin AL, 2005. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :128ā141.
Pastorino B, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bessaud M, Tock F, Tolou H, Durand JP, Peyrefitte CN, 2004. Epidemic resurgence of Chikungunya virus in democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain. J Med Virol 74 :277ā282.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, Njenga MK, Sang R, Breiman RF, 2008. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) Infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg (in press).
Sergon K, Yahaya AA, Brown J, Bedja SA, Mlindasse M, Agata N, Allaranger Y, Ball MD, Powers AM, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Sang R, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, 2007. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus Infection on Grande Comore Island, Union of the Comoros, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1189ā1193.
Schoeler GB, Schleich SS, Manweiler SA, Sifuentes VL, 2004. Evaluation of surveillance devices for monitoring Aedes aegypti in an urban area of northeastern Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20 :6ā11.
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. Second edition. London: Elsevier Science Publishers LTD.
Edwards FW, 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. Culicine Adults and Pupae. London: British Museum (Natural History).
Gillies MT, de Meillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Region). Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research.
Gillett JD, 1972. Common African Mosquitoes and Their Medical Importance. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.
Haddow AJ, 1946. The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. IV- Studies on the genus Eretmapodites. Theobald Bull Ent Res 37 :57ā82.
Theobald FV, 1901. Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Liverp Sch Trop Med Mem 4 (Append): iāxiv.
Nasci RS, Gottfried KL, Burkhalter KL, Kulasekera VL, Lambert AJ, Lanciotti RS, Hunt AR, Ryan JR, 2002. Comparison of vero cell plaque assay, TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RNA assay, and VecTest antigen assay for detection of West Nile virus in field-collected mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 18 :294ā300.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Kinney RM, Weaver SC, 2000. The use of chimeric Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses as an approach for the molecular identification of natural virulence determinants. J Virol 74 :4258ā4263.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and oānyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81 :471ā479.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Aedes aegypti indices. ProMED-mail 2006 20060406.1032.
Sanchez L, Vanlerberghe V, Alfonso L, Marquetti Mdel C, Guzman MG, Bisset J, van der Stuyft P, 2006. Aedes aegypti larval indices and risk for dengue epidemics. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :800ā806.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, 1990. Aedes furcifer and other mosquitoes as vectors of chikungunya virus at Mica, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6 :415ā420.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arbovirus: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137ā157.
Jupp PG, Kemp A, 1996. What is the potential for future outbreaks of chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever in southern Africa? S Afr Med J 86 :35ā37.
Myers RM, Carey DE, Reuben R, Jesudass ES, de Ranitz CD, Jadhav M, 1965. The 1964 epidemic of dengue-like fever in South India: isolation of chikungunya virus from human sera and from mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 53 :694ā701.
Sarkar JK, 1966. Virological studies of haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta. Bull WHO 35 :59.
Lumsden WHR, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952ā53. II. General description and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :33ā57.
Focks DA, Chadee DD, 1997. Pupal survey: an epidemiologically significant surveillance method for Aedes aegypti: an example using data from Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :159ā167.
Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, Forsyth S, 1996. Critical examination of Aedes aegypti indices: correlations with abundance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :543ā547.
Knox TB, Yen NT, Nam VS, Gatton ML, Kay BH, Ryan PA, 2007. Critical evaluation of quantitative sampling methods for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) immatures in water storage containers in Vietnam. J Med Entomol 44 :192ā204.
Midega JT, Nzovu J, Kahindi S, Sang RC, Mbogo C, 2006. Application of the pupal/demographic-survey methodology to identify the key container habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Malindi district, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100 (Suppl 1):S61āS72.
Focks DA, Brenner RJ, Hayes J, Daniels E, 2000. Transmission thresholds for dengue in terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :11ā18.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, Dos Santos I, DeMoor P, 1981. Laboratory vector studies on six mosquito and one tick species with chikungunya virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :15ā19.
Gilotra SK, Shah KV, 1967. Laboratory studies on transmission of Chikungunya virus by mosquitoes. Am J Epidemiol 86 :379ā385.
Mangiafico JA, 1971. Chikungunya virus infection and transmission in five species of mosquito. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :642ā645.
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From January to April 2005, an epidemic of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) illness occurred in the Union of Comoros. Entomological studies were undertaken during the peak of the outbreak, from March 11 to March 31, aimed at identifying the primary vector(s) involved in transmission so that appropriate public health measures could be implemented. Adult mosquitoes were collected by backpack aspiration and human landing collection in homes and neighborhoods of clinically ill patients. Water-holding containers were inspected for presence of mosquito larvae. Adult mosquitoes were analyzed by RT-PCR and cultivation in cells for the presence of CHIK virus and/or nucleic acid. A total of 2,326 mosquitoes were collected and processed in 199 pools. The collection consisted of 62.8% Aedes aegypti, 25.5% Culex species, and 10.7% Aedes simpsoni complex, Eretmapodites spp and Anopheles spp. Seven mosquito pools were found to be positive for CHIKV RNA and 1 isolate was obtained. The single CHIKV mosquito isolate was from a pool of Aedes aegypti and the minimum infection rate (MIR) for this species was 4.0, suggesting that Ae. aegypti was the principal vector responsible for the outbreak. This was supported by high container (31.1%), household (68%), and Breteau (126) indices, with discarded tires (58.8%) and small cooking and water storage vessels (31.1%) registering the highest container indices.
Robinson MC, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952ā53. Trans Roy S Trop Med Hyg 49 :28.
Diallo M, Thonnon J, Traore-Lamizana M, Fontenille D, 1999. Vectors of chikungunya virus in Senegal: current data and transmission cycles. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :281ā286.
McCrae AW, Henderson BE, Kirya BG, Sempala SDK, 1971. Chikungunya virus in the Entebbe area of Uganda: isolations and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 65 :152ā168.
Mourya DT, Thakare JR, Gokhale MD, Powers AM, Hundekar SL, Jayakumar PC, Bondre VP, Shouche YS, Padbidri VS, 2001. Isolation of chikungunya virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in the town of Yawat, Pune District, Maharashtra State, India. Acta Virol 45 :305ā309.
Halstead SB, Scanlon JE, Umpaivit P, Udomsakdi S, 1969. Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in man in Thailand, 1962ā1964. IV. Epidemiologic studies in the Bangkok metropolitan area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 18 :997ā1021.
Lam SK, Chua KB, Hooi PS, Rahimah MA, Kumari S, Tharmaratnam M, Chuah SK, Smith DW, Sampson IA, 2001. Chikungunya infectionāan emerging disease in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 32 :447ā451.
Laras K, Sukri NC, Larasati RP, Bangs MJ, Kosim R, Djauzi, Wandra T, Master J, Kosasih H, Hartati S, Beckett C, Sedyaningsih ER, Beecham HJ 3rd, Corwin AL, 2005. Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :128ā141.
Pastorino B, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Bessaud M, Tock F, Tolou H, Durand JP, Peyrefitte CN, 2004. Epidemic resurgence of Chikungunya virus in democratic Republic of the Congo: identification of a new central African strain. J Med Virol 74 :277ā282.
Sergon K, Njuguna C, Kalani R, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Bedno S, Burke H, Dumilla AM, Konde J, Njenga MK, Sang R, Breiman RF, 2008. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) Infection on Lamu Island, Kenya, October 2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg (in press).
Sergon K, Yahaya AA, Brown J, Bedja SA, Mlindasse M, Agata N, Allaranger Y, Ball MD, Powers AM, Ofula V, Onyango C, Konongoi LS, Sang R, Njenga MK, Breiman RF, 2007. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus Infection on Grande Comore Island, Union of the Comoros, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :1189ā1193.
Schoeler GB, Schleich SS, Manweiler SA, Sifuentes VL, 2004. Evaluation of surveillance devices for monitoring Aedes aegypti in an urban area of northeastern Peru. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20 :6ā11.
Service MW, 1993. Mosquito Ecology: Field Sampling Methods. Second edition. London: Elsevier Science Publishers LTD.
Edwards FW, 1941. Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region III. Culicine Adults and Pupae. London: British Museum (Natural History).
Gillies MT, de Meillon B, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Ethiopian Region). Johannesburg: South African Institute for Medical Research.
Gillett JD, 1972. Common African Mosquitoes and Their Medical Importance. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.
Haddow AJ, 1946. The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. IV- Studies on the genus Eretmapodites. Theobald Bull Ent Res 37 :57ā82.
Theobald FV, 1901. Notes on a collection of mosquitoes from West Africa, and descriptions of new species. Liverp Sch Trop Med Mem 4 (Append): iāxiv.
Nasci RS, Gottfried KL, Burkhalter KL, Kulasekera VL, Lambert AJ, Lanciotti RS, Hunt AR, Ryan JR, 2002. Comparison of vero cell plaque assay, TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RNA assay, and VecTest antigen assay for detection of West Nile virus in field-collected mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 18 :294ā300.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Kinney RM, Weaver SC, 2000. The use of chimeric Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses as an approach for the molecular identification of natural virulence determinants. J Virol 74 :4258ā4263.
Powers AM, Brault AC, Tesh RB, Weaver SC, 2000. Re-emergence of chikungunya and oānyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships. J Gen Virol 81 :471ā479.
ProMED-mail, 2006. Aedes aegypti indices. ProMED-mail 2006 20060406.1032.
Sanchez L, Vanlerberghe V, Alfonso L, Marquetti Mdel C, Guzman MG, Bisset J, van der Stuyft P, 2006. Aedes aegypti larval indices and risk for dengue epidemics. Emerg Infect Dis 12 :800ā806.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, 1990. Aedes furcifer and other mosquitoes as vectors of chikungunya virus at Mica, northeastern Transvaal, South Africa. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6 :415ā420.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, 1988. Chikungunya virus disease. Monath TP, ed. The Arbovirus: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol. II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 137ā157.
Jupp PG, Kemp A, 1996. What is the potential for future outbreaks of chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever in southern Africa? S Afr Med J 86 :35ā37.
Myers RM, Carey DE, Reuben R, Jesudass ES, de Ranitz CD, Jadhav M, 1965. The 1964 epidemic of dengue-like fever in South India: isolation of chikungunya virus from human sera and from mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 53 :694ā701.
Sarkar JK, 1966. Virological studies of haemorrhagic fever in Calcutta. Bull WHO 35 :59.
Lumsden WHR, 1955. An epidemic of virus disease in Southern Province, Tanganyika Territory, in 1952ā53. II. General description and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49 :33ā57.
Focks DA, Chadee DD, 1997. Pupal survey: an epidemiologically significant surveillance method for Aedes aegypti: an example using data from Trinidad. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :159ā167.
Tun-Lin W, Kay BH, Barnes A, Forsyth S, 1996. Critical examination of Aedes aegypti indices: correlations with abundance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :543ā547.
Knox TB, Yen NT, Nam VS, Gatton ML, Kay BH, Ryan PA, 2007. Critical evaluation of quantitative sampling methods for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) immatures in water storage containers in Vietnam. J Med Entomol 44 :192ā204.
Midega JT, Nzovu J, Kahindi S, Sang RC, Mbogo C, 2006. Application of the pupal/demographic-survey methodology to identify the key container habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Malindi district, Kenya. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 100 (Suppl 1):S61āS72.
Focks DA, Brenner RJ, Hayes J, Daniels E, 2000. Transmission thresholds for dengue in terms of Aedes aegypti pupae per person with discussion of their utility in source reduction efforts. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :11ā18.
Jupp PG, McIntosh BM, Dos Santos I, DeMoor P, 1981. Laboratory vector studies on six mosquito and one tick species with chikungunya virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75 :15ā19.
Gilotra SK, Shah KV, 1967. Laboratory studies on transmission of Chikungunya virus by mosquitoes. Am J Epidemiol 86 :379ā385.
Mangiafico JA, 1971. Chikungunya virus infection and transmission in five species of mosquito. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20 :642ā645.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 19 | 19 | 7 |
Full Text Views | 343 | 166 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 81 | 14 | 0 |