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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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Historical Analysis of a Near Disaster: Anopheles gambiae in Brazil

Aristeidis ParmakelisDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Michael A. RusselloDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Adalgisa CacconeDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Carlos Brisola MarcondesDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Jane CostaDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Oswaldo P. ForattiniDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Maria Anice Mureb SallumDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Richard C. WilkersonDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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Jeffrey R. PowellDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil; Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Entomology Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC

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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.176
Volume/Issue:
Volume 78: Issue 1
Page(s):
176–178
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Attributed to human-mediated dispersal, a species of the Anopheles gambiae complex invaded northeastern Brazil in 1930. This event is considered unique among the intercontinental introductions of disease vectors and the most serious one: “Few threats to the future health of the Americas have equalled that inherent in the invasion of Brazil, in 1930, by Anopheles gambiae.” Because it was only in the 1960s that An. gambiae was recognized as a species complex now including seven species, the precise species identity of the Brazilian invader remains a mystery. Here we used historical DNA analysis of museum specimens, collected at the time of invasion from Brazil, and aimed at the identification of the Brazilian invader. Our results identify the arid-adapted Anopheles arabiensis as being the actual invading species. Establishing the identity of the species, in addition to being of intrinsic historical interest, can inform future threats of this sort especially in a changing environment. Furthermore, these results highlight the potential danger of human-mediated range expansions of insect disease vectors and the importance of museum collections in retrieving historical information.

Copyright:
Copyright 2008 The American Society of Tropical Medicine 2008
Received:
04 May 2007
|
Accepted:
18 Aug 2007
|
Published Online:
Jan 2008
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