Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Network INDEPTH, 2002. Population, Health and Survival at INDEPTH Sites. Ottawa: IDRC; 2002.
-
2
Reeves BC, Quigley M, 1997. A review of data-derived methods for assigning causes of death from verbal autopsy data. Int J Epidemiol 26 :1080–1089.
-
3
Ronsmans C, Vanneste AM, Chakraborty J, Van Ginneken J, 1998. A comparison of three verbal autopsy methods to ascertain levels and causes of maternal deaths in Matlab, Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 27 :660–666.
-
4
Chandramohan D, Maude GH, Rodrigues LC, Hayes RJ, 1994. Verbal autopsies for adult deaths: issues in their development and validation. Int J Epidemiol 23 :213–222.
-
5
Lulu K, Berhane Y, 2005. The use of simplified verbal autopsy in identifying causes of adult death in a predominantly rural population in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 5 :58.
-
6
Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Mwankusye S, Billingsley P, Meuwissen J, Lyimo E, Takken W, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1993. Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission. Acta Trop 54 :55–72.
-
7
Cuzin-Ouattara N, Van den Broek AH, Habluetzel A, Diabaté A, Sanogo-Ilboudo E, Diallo DA, Cousens SN, Esposito F, 1999. Wide-scale installation of insecticide-treated curtains confers high levels of protection against malaria transmission in a hyperendemic area of Burkina Faso. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :473–479.
-
8
Appawu M, Owusu-Agyei S, Dadzie S, Asoala V, Anto F, Koram K, Rogers W, Nkrumah F, Hoffman SL, Fryauff DJ, 2004. Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. Trop Med Int Health 9 :164–170.
-
9
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard P, ter Kuile F, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of Permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):121–127.
-
10
Alonso PL, Saute F, Aponte J, Gomez-Olivé FX, Nhacalo A, Thompson R, Macete E, Abacassamo F, Ventura PJ, Menendez C, Dgedge M, Manhiça DSS, Mozambique. In: INDEPTH Network, editor. Population, Health and Survival at IN-DEPTH Sites. Ottawa: IDRC; 2002.
-
11
Adjuik M, Smith T, Clark S, Todd J, Garrib A, Kinfu Y, Kahn K, Mola M, Ashraf A, Masanja H, Adazu K, Sacarlal J, Alam N, Marra A, Gbangou A, Mwageni E, Binka F, 2006. Cause-specific mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 84 :181–188.
-
12
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, 2004. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
13
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa [see comments]. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
-
14
Ruzicka LT, Lopez AD, 1990. The use of cause-of-death statistics for health situation assessment: national and international experiences. World Health Stat Q 43 :249–258.
-
15
Lopez AD, 1990. Causes of death: an assessment of global patterns of mortality around 1985. World Health Stat Q 43 :91–104.
-
16
Korenromp EL, Williams BG, Gouws E, Dye C, Snow R, 2003. Measurement of trends in childhood malaria mortality in Africa: an assessment of progress toward targets based on verbal autopsy. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :349–358.
-
17
Binka F, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude G, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah GH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1 :147–154.
-
18
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):23–29.
-
19
Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Abdulla S, Minja H, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, Mponda H, Kikumbih N, Lyimo E, Manchester T, Tanner M, Lengeler C, 1999. KINET: a social marketing programme of treated nets and net treatment for malaria control in Tanzania, with evaluation of child health and long-term survival. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :225–231.
-
20
Habluetzel A, Diallo DA, Esposito F, Lamizana L, Pagnoni F, Lengeler C, Traoré C, Cousens SN, 1997. Do insecticide-treated curtains reduce all-cause child mortality in Burkina Faso? Trop Med Int Health 2 :855–862.
-
21
Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Adam T, Mshinda H, Masanja H, Kabadi G, Mukasa O, John T, Charles S, Nathan R, Wilczynska K, Mgalula L, Mbuya C, Mswia R, Manzi F, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Victora C, 2004. Effectiveness and cost of facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Tanzania. Lancet 364 :1583–1594.
-
22
Todd J, de Francisco A, O’Dempsey TJ, Greenwood BM, 1994. The limitations of verbal autopsy in a malaria-endemic region. Ann Trop Paediatr 14 :31–36.
-
23
Quigley MA, Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Snow R, 1996. Algorithms for verbal autopsies: a validation study in Kenyan children. Bull WHO 74 :147–154.
-
24
Anker M, 1997. The effect of misclassification error on reported cause-specific mortality fractions from verbal autopsy. Int J Epidemiol 26 :1090–1096.
-
25
Chandramohan D, Setel P, Quigley M, 2001. Effect of misclassification of causes of death in verbal autopsy: can it be adjusted? Int J Epidemiol 30 :509–514.
-
26
Trape JF, Rogier C, 1996. Combating malaria morbidity and mortality by reducing transmission. Parasitol Today 12 :236–240.
-
27
Marsh K, Snow R, 1999. Malaria transmission and morbidity. Parassitologia 41 :241–246.
-
28
Reyburn H, Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Jones C, Cox J, Bruce J, Riley E, Greenwood B, Whitty C, 2004. The epidemiology of severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum at different transmission intensities in NE Tanzania. LSHTM Malaria Centre Report 2002–2003: 6–7.
-
29
Ross A, Maire N, Molineaux L, Smith T, 2006. An epidemiological model of severe morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7 (Suppl 2):63–73.
-
30
Newman P, 1977. Malaria and mortality. J Am Stat Assoc 72 :257–263.
-
31
Giglioli G, 1972. Changes in the pattern of mortality following the eradication of hyperendemic malaria from a highly susceptible community. Bull WHO 46 :181–202.
-
32
Bradley DJ, 1991. Morbidity and mortality at Pare-Taveta, Kenya and Tanzania, 1954– 66: The effects of a period of malaria control. In: Feachem RG, Jamison DT, editors. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank.
-
33
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000363.
-
34
Ezzati M, Hoorn SV, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Murray CJ, Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group, 2003. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet 362 :271–280.
-
35
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ, 2006. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367 :1747–1757.
-
36
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 27 | 27 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 371 | 212 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 40 | 13 | 0 |
Patterns of Age-Specific Mortality in Children in Endemic Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa
Salim Abdullah
Salim Abdullah
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Kubaje Adazu
Kubaje Adazu
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Honorati Masanja
Honorati Masanja
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Diadier Diallo
Diadier Diallo
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Abraham Hodgson
Abraham Hodgson
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Edith Ilboudo-Sanogo
Edith Ilboudo-Sanogo
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Ariel Nhacolo
Ariel Nhacolo
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Seth Owusu-Agyei
Seth Owusu-Agyei
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Ricardo Thompson
Ricardo Thompson
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Thomas Smith
Thomas Smith
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Fred N. Binka
Fred N. Binka
Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania; Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya; Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Mozambique; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana; Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; INDEPTH Network Secretariat, Ghana
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Understanding of the age- and season- dependence of malaria mortality is an important prerequisite for epidemiologic models of malaria immunity. However, most studies of malaria mortality have aggregated their results into broad age groups and across seasons, making it hard to predict the likely impact of interventions targeted at specific age groups of children. We present age-specific mortality rates for children aged < 15 years for the period of 2001–2005 in 7 demographic surveillance sites in areas of sub-Saharan Africa with stable endemic Plasmodium falciparum malaria. We use verbal autopsies (VAs) to estimate the proportion of deaths by age group due to malaria, and thus calculate malaria-specific mortality rates for each site, age-group, and month of the year. In all sites a substantial proportion of deaths (ranging from 20.1% in a Mozambican site to 46.2% in a site in Burkina Faso) were attributed to malaria. The overall age patterns of malaria mortality were similar in the different sites. Deaths in the youngest children (< 3 months old) were only rarely attributed to malaria, but in children over 1 year of age the proportion of deaths attributed to malaria was only weakly age-dependent. In most of the sites all-cause mortality rates peaked during the rainy season, but the strong seasonality in malaria transmission in these sites was not reflected in strong seasonality in the proportion of deaths attributed to malaria, except in the two sites in Burkina Faso. Improvement in the specificity of malaria verbal autopsies would make it easier to interpret the age and season patterns in such data.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Network INDEPTH, 2002. Population, Health and Survival at INDEPTH Sites. Ottawa: IDRC; 2002.
-
2
Reeves BC, Quigley M, 1997. A review of data-derived methods for assigning causes of death from verbal autopsy data. Int J Epidemiol 26 :1080–1089.
-
3
Ronsmans C, Vanneste AM, Chakraborty J, Van Ginneken J, 1998. A comparison of three verbal autopsy methods to ascertain levels and causes of maternal deaths in Matlab, Bangladesh. Int J Epidemiol 27 :660–666.
-
4
Chandramohan D, Maude GH, Rodrigues LC, Hayes RJ, 1994. Verbal autopsies for adult deaths: issues in their development and validation. Int J Epidemiol 23 :213–222.
-
5
Lulu K, Berhane Y, 2005. The use of simplified verbal autopsy in identifying causes of adult death in a predominantly rural population in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 5 :58.
-
6
Smith T, Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Mwankusye S, Billingsley P, Meuwissen J, Lyimo E, Takken W, Teuscher T, Tanner M, 1993. Absence of seasonal variation in malaria parasitaemia in an area of intense seasonal transmission. Acta Trop 54 :55–72.
-
7
Cuzin-Ouattara N, Van den Broek AH, Habluetzel A, Diabaté A, Sanogo-Ilboudo E, Diallo DA, Cousens SN, Esposito F, 1999. Wide-scale installation of insecticide-treated curtains confers high levels of protection against malaria transmission in a hyperendemic area of Burkina Faso. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :473–479.
-
8
Appawu M, Owusu-Agyei S, Dadzie S, Asoala V, Anto F, Koram K, Rogers W, Nkrumah F, Hoffman SL, Fryauff DJ, 2004. Malaria transmission dynamics at a site in northern Ghana proposed for testing malaria vaccines. Trop Med Int Health 9 :164–170.
-
9
Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard P, ter Kuile F, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, Ombok M, Nahlen BL, Gimnig JE, Kariuki SK, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, 2003. Community-wide effects of Permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):121–127.
-
10
Alonso PL, Saute F, Aponte J, Gomez-Olivé FX, Nhacalo A, Thompson R, Macete E, Abacassamo F, Ventura PJ, Menendez C, Dgedge M, Manhiça DSS, Mozambique. In: INDEPTH Network, editor. Population, Health and Survival at IN-DEPTH Sites. Ottawa: IDRC; 2002.
-
11
Adjuik M, Smith T, Clark S, Todd J, Garrib A, Kinfu Y, Kahn K, Mola M, Ashraf A, Masanja H, Adazu K, Sacarlal J, Alam N, Marra A, Gbangou A, Mwageni E, Binka F, 2006. Cause-specific mortality rates in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ 84 :181–188.
-
12
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, 2004. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
13
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, Newbold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa [see comments]. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
-
14
Ruzicka LT, Lopez AD, 1990. The use of cause-of-death statistics for health situation assessment: national and international experiences. World Health Stat Q 43 :249–258.
-
15
Lopez AD, 1990. Causes of death: an assessment of global patterns of mortality around 1985. World Health Stat Q 43 :91–104.
-
16
Korenromp EL, Williams BG, Gouws E, Dye C, Snow R, 2003. Measurement of trends in childhood malaria mortality in Africa: an assessment of progress toward targets based on verbal autopsy. Lancet Infect Dis 3 :349–358.
-
17
Binka F, Kubaje A, Adjuik M, Williams LA, Lengeler C, Maude G, Armah GE, Kajihara B, Adiamah GH, Smith PG, 1996. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1 :147–154.
-
18
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 (Suppl 4):23–29.
-
19
Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Abdulla S, Minja H, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, Mponda H, Kikumbih N, Lyimo E, Manchester T, Tanner M, Lengeler C, 1999. KINET: a social marketing programme of treated nets and net treatment for malaria control in Tanzania, with evaluation of child health and long-term survival. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :225–231.
-
20
Habluetzel A, Diallo DA, Esposito F, Lamizana L, Pagnoni F, Lengeler C, Traoré C, Cousens SN, 1997. Do insecticide-treated curtains reduce all-cause child mortality in Burkina Faso? Trop Med Int Health 2 :855–862.
-
21
Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Adam T, Mshinda H, Masanja H, Kabadi G, Mukasa O, John T, Charles S, Nathan R, Wilczynska K, Mgalula L, Mbuya C, Mswia R, Manzi F, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Victora C, 2004. Effectiveness and cost of facility-based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in Tanzania. Lancet 364 :1583–1594.
-
22
Todd J, de Francisco A, O’Dempsey TJ, Greenwood BM, 1994. The limitations of verbal autopsy in a malaria-endemic region. Ann Trop Paediatr 14 :31–36.
-
23
Quigley MA, Armstrong-Schellenberg JR, Snow R, 1996. Algorithms for verbal autopsies: a validation study in Kenyan children. Bull WHO 74 :147–154.
-
24
Anker M, 1997. The effect of misclassification error on reported cause-specific mortality fractions from verbal autopsy. Int J Epidemiol 26 :1090–1096.
-
25
Chandramohan D, Setel P, Quigley M, 2001. Effect of misclassification of causes of death in verbal autopsy: can it be adjusted? Int J Epidemiol 30 :509–514.
-
26
Trape JF, Rogier C, 1996. Combating malaria morbidity and mortality by reducing transmission. Parasitol Today 12 :236–240.
-
27
Marsh K, Snow R, 1999. Malaria transmission and morbidity. Parassitologia 41 :241–246.
-
28
Reyburn H, Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Jones C, Cox J, Bruce J, Riley E, Greenwood B, Whitty C, 2004. The epidemiology of severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum at different transmission intensities in NE Tanzania. LSHTM Malaria Centre Report 2002–2003: 6–7.
-
29
Ross A, Maire N, Molineaux L, Smith T, 2006. An epidemiological model of severe morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 7 (Suppl 2):63–73.
-
30
Newman P, 1977. Malaria and mortality. J Am Stat Assoc 72 :257–263.
-
31
Giglioli G, 1972. Changes in the pattern of mortality following the eradication of hyperendemic malaria from a highly susceptible community. Bull WHO 46 :181–202.
-
32
Bradley DJ, 1991. Morbidity and mortality at Pare-Taveta, Kenya and Tanzania, 1954– 66: The effects of a period of malaria control. In: Feachem RG, Jamison DT, editors. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank.
-
33
Lengeler C, 2004. Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000363.
-
34
Ezzati M, Hoorn SV, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Murray CJ, Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating Group, 2003. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet 362 :271–280.
-
35
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ, 2006. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367 :1747–1757.
-
36
Nevill CG, Some ES, Mung’ala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW, 1996. Insecticide-treated bednets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Trop Med Int Health 1 :139–146.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 27 | 27 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 371 | 212 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 40 | 13 | 0 |