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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Sintasath DM, Ghebremeskel T, Lynch M, Kleinau E, Bretas G, Shililu J, Brantly E, Graves PM, Beier JC, 2005. Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Eritrea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :682–687.
-
2
Nyarango PM, Gebremeskel T, Mebrahtu G, Mufunda J, Abdulmumini U, Ogbamariam A, Kosia A, Gebremichael A, Gunawardena D, Ghebrat Y, and Okbaldet Y, 2006. A steep decline in malaria morbidity and mortality trends in Eritrea between 2000 and 2004: the effect of a combination of control methods. Malaria J 5 :33.
-
3
Macintyre K, Keating J, Okbaldt YB, Zerom M, Sosler S, Ghebremeskel T, Eisele TP, 2006. Rolling out insecticide treated nets in Eritrea: examining the determinants of possession and use in malarious zones during the rainy season. Trop Med Int Health 11 :824–833.
-
4
Shililu JI, Tewolde GM, Brantly E, Githure JI, Mbogo CM, Beier JC, Fusco R, Novak JL, 2003. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 19 :251–258.
-
5
WHO, 2001. Malaria Early Warning Systems, Concepts, Indicators and Partners. A Framework for Field Research in Africa. Geneva: WHO.
-
6
WHO, 2004. Field Guide for Malaria Epidemic Assessment and Reporting. Draft for Field Testing. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/HTM/MAL/2004.1097.
-
7
Craig MH, Snow RW, le Sueur D, 1999. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Today 15 :105–111.
-
8
Bretas G, 2001. Malaria Risk Stratification in Eritrea. Report to the Environmental Health Project, Washington, DC: USAID.
-
9
Thomson M, Graves PM, Barnston AG, Bell M, Ceccato P, Connor S, del Corral J, Giannini A, Obsomer V, Wolde-Georgis T, Jaiteh M, Levy M, Lukang L, 2005. Towards a Malaria Early Warning System for Eritrea. Final Report to Environmental Health Project, Washington, DC: USAID.
-
10
Dinku T, Ceccato P, Grover-Kopec E, Lemma M, Connor SJ, Ropelewski CF, 2007. Validation and inter-comparison of satellite rainfall products over East Africa’s complex topography. Int J Remote Sens 28 :1503–1526.
-
11
Davenport ML, Nicholson SE, 1993. On the relation between rainfall and the normalized difference vegetation index for diverse vegetation types in east Africa. Int J Remote Sens 14 :2369–2389.
-
12
Nicholson SE, Farrar TJ, 1994. The influence of soil type on the relationships between NDVI, rainfall, and soil moisture in semiarid Botswana. 1. NDVI response to rainfall. Remote Sens Environ 50 :107–120.
-
13
Anyamba A, Eastman JR, 1996. Interannual variability of NDVI over Africa and its relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Int J Remote Sens 17 :2533–2548.
-
14
Goddard L, Mason SJ, Zebiak SE, Ropelewski CF, Basher R, Cane MA, 2001. Current approaches to seasonal-to-inter-annual climate predictions. Int J Climatol 21 :1111–1152.
-
15
Seleshi Y, Demaree GR, 1995. Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its links with the Southern Oscillation Index. J Biogeogr 22 :945–952.
-
16
Kovats RS, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrall E, Haines A, 2003. El Niño and health. Lancet 362 :1481–1489.
-
17
Thomson MC, Connor SJ, Phindela T, Mason SJ, 2005. Rainfall and sea-surface temperature monitoring for malaria early warning in Botswana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :214–221.
-
18
Thomson MC, Doblas-Reyes FJ, Mason SJ, Hagedorn R, Connor SJ, Phindela T, Morse AP, Palmer TN, 2006. Malaria early warnings based on seasonal climate forecasts from multi-model ensembles. Nature 439 :576–579.
-
19
DaSilva J, Garanganga B, Teveredzi V, Marx S, Mason SJ, Connor SJ, 2004. Improving epidemic malaria planning, preparedness and response in southern Africa. Malaria J 3 :37.
-
20
Allard R, 1998. Use of time-series analysis in infectious disease surveillance. Bull World Health Organ 76 :327–333.
-
21
Chaulagai CN, Moyo CM, Koot J, Moyo HB, Sambakunsi TC, Khunga FM, Naphini PD, 2005. Design and implementation of a health management information system in Malawi: issues, innovations and results. Health Policy Plan 20 :375–384.
-
22
Chilundo B, Sundby J, Aanestad M, 2004. Analysing the quality of routine malaria data in Mozambique. Malaria J 3 :3.
-
23
Chandramohan D, Jaffar S, Greenwood B, 2002. Use of clinical algorithms for diagnosing malaria. Trop Med Int Health 7 :45–52.
-
24
Mabaso MLH, Craig M, Vounatsou P, Smith T, 2005. Towards empirical description of malaria seasonality in southern Africa: the example of Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health 10 :909–918.
-
25
Gething PM, Noor AM, Gikandi PW, Ogara EAA, Hay SI, Nixon MS, Snow RW, Atkinson PM, 2006. Improving imperfect data from health management information systems in Africa using space–time geostatistics. PLoS Med 3 :6.
-
26
Raghunathan TE, Lepkowski JE, Solenberger PW, Van Hoewyk JH, 2001. A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Surv Methodol 27 :85.
-
27
Rubin DB, 1996. Multiple imputation after 18+ years. J Am Stat Assoc 91 :473–489.
-
28
Schafer JL, 1997. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London: Chapman & Hall.
-
29
Griguolo S, Mazzanti M, 1998. ADDATI: Un Package per l’Analisi Esplorativa dei Dati. V.4.0. Guida all’Uso. Padova: Editrice Libreria Progretto, 202 pp.
-
30
Diday E, 1971. Une nouvelle méthode en classification automatique et reconnaissance des formes la méthode des nuées dynamiques. Rev Statist Appl 19 :19–33.
-
32
Di Gregorio A, Mansen LJM, 2000. Land Cover Classification System, Classification Concepts and User Manual. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 179 pp.
-
33
Booman M, Durrheim DN, La Grange K, Martin C, Mabuza AM, Zitha A, Mbokazi FM, Fraser C, Sharp BL, 2000. Using a geographical information system to plan a malaria control program in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1438–1444.
-
34
Wickramasinghe AR, Gunawardena DM, Mahawithanage ST, 2002. Use of routinely collected past surveillance data in identifying and mapping high risk areas in a malaria endemic area of Sri Lanka. SE Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 33 :678–684.
-
35
Goddard L, Graham NE, 1999. The importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating precipitation anomalies over eastern and southern Africa. J Geophys Res 104 :19099–19116.
-
36
Korecha D, Barnston AG. 2007. Predictability of June to September rainfall in Ethiopia. Monthly Weather Rev 135 :628–650.
-
37
New M, Hulme M, Jones P, 2000. Representing twentieth-century space–time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901–96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. J Clim 13 :2217–2238.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1771 | 1638 | 507 |
| Full Text Views | 175 | 17 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 71 | 15 | 2 |
Malaria Stratification, Climate, and Epidemic Early Warning in Eritrea
Pietro Ceccato
Pietro Ceccato
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Tewolde Ghebremeskel
Tewolde Ghebremeskel
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Malanding Jaiteh
Malanding Jaiteh
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Patricia M. Graves
Patricia M. Graves
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Marc Levy
Marc Levy
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Shashu Ghebreselassie
Shashu Ghebreselassie
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Andom Ogbamariam
Andom Ogbamariam
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Anthony G. Barnston
Anthony G. Barnston
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Michael Bell
Michael Bell
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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John del Corral
John del Corral
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Stephen J. Connor
Stephen J. Connor
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Issac Fesseha
Issac Fesseha
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Eugene P. Brantly
Eugene P. Brantly
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Madeleine C. Thomson
Madeleine C. Thomson
International Research Institute for Climate & Society, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Lamont Campus, Palisades, New York; National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York; EpiVec Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Research and Human Resource Development, Ministry of Health, Asmara, Eritrea; Civil Aviation Authority, Meteorological Services, Asmara, Eritrea; RTI International, Washington, D.C.
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Eritrea has a successful malaria control program, but it is still susceptible to devastating malaria epidemics. Monthly data on clinical malaria cases from 242 health facilities in 58 subzobas (districts) of Eritrea from 1996 to 2003 were used in a novel stratification process using principal component analysis and nonhierarchical clustering to define five areas with distinct malaria intensity and seasonality patterns, to guide future interventions and development of an epidemic early warning system. Relationships between monthly clinical malaria incidence by subzoba and monthly climate data from several sources, and with seasonal climate forecasts, were investigated. Remotely sensed climate data were averaged over the same subzoba geographic administrative units as the malaria cases. Although correlation was good between malaria anomalies and actual rainfall from ground stations (lagged by 2 months), the stations did not have sufficiently even coverage to be widely useful. Satellite derived rainfall from the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation was correlated with malaria incidence anomalies, with a lead time of 2–3 months. NDVI anomalies were highly correlated with malaria incidence anomalies, particularly in the semi-arid north of the country and along the northern Red Sea coast, which is a highly epidemic-prone area. Eritrea has 2 distinct rainy seasons in different parts of the country. The seasonal forecasting skill from Global Circulation Models for the June/July/August season was low except for the Eastern border. For the coastal October/November/December season, forecasting skill was good only during the 1997–1998 El Niño event. For epidemic control, shorter-range warning based on remotely sensed rainfall estimates and an enhanced epidemic early-detection system based on data derived for this study are needed.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Sintasath DM, Ghebremeskel T, Lynch M, Kleinau E, Bretas G, Shililu J, Brantly E, Graves PM, Beier JC, 2005. Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Eritrea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72 :682–687.
-
2
Nyarango PM, Gebremeskel T, Mebrahtu G, Mufunda J, Abdulmumini U, Ogbamariam A, Kosia A, Gebremichael A, Gunawardena D, Ghebrat Y, and Okbaldet Y, 2006. A steep decline in malaria morbidity and mortality trends in Eritrea between 2000 and 2004: the effect of a combination of control methods. Malaria J 5 :33.
-
3
Macintyre K, Keating J, Okbaldt YB, Zerom M, Sosler S, Ghebremeskel T, Eisele TP, 2006. Rolling out insecticide treated nets in Eritrea: examining the determinants of possession and use in malarious zones during the rainy season. Trop Med Int Health 11 :824–833.
-
4
Shililu JI, Tewolde GM, Brantly E, Githure JI, Mbogo CM, Beier JC, Fusco R, Novak JL, 2003. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus and temephos for managing Anopheles larvae in Eritrea. J Am Mosq Cont Assoc 19 :251–258.
-
5
WHO, 2001. Malaria Early Warning Systems, Concepts, Indicators and Partners. A Framework for Field Research in Africa. Geneva: WHO.
-
6
WHO, 2004. Field Guide for Malaria Epidemic Assessment and Reporting. Draft for Field Testing. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/HTM/MAL/2004.1097.
-
7
Craig MH, Snow RW, le Sueur D, 1999. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Today 15 :105–111.
-
8
Bretas G, 2001. Malaria Risk Stratification in Eritrea. Report to the Environmental Health Project, Washington, DC: USAID.
-
9
Thomson M, Graves PM, Barnston AG, Bell M, Ceccato P, Connor S, del Corral J, Giannini A, Obsomer V, Wolde-Georgis T, Jaiteh M, Levy M, Lukang L, 2005. Towards a Malaria Early Warning System for Eritrea. Final Report to Environmental Health Project, Washington, DC: USAID.
-
10
Dinku T, Ceccato P, Grover-Kopec E, Lemma M, Connor SJ, Ropelewski CF, 2007. Validation and inter-comparison of satellite rainfall products over East Africa’s complex topography. Int J Remote Sens 28 :1503–1526.
-
11
Davenport ML, Nicholson SE, 1993. On the relation between rainfall and the normalized difference vegetation index for diverse vegetation types in east Africa. Int J Remote Sens 14 :2369–2389.
-
12
Nicholson SE, Farrar TJ, 1994. The influence of soil type on the relationships between NDVI, rainfall, and soil moisture in semiarid Botswana. 1. NDVI response to rainfall. Remote Sens Environ 50 :107–120.
-
13
Anyamba A, Eastman JR, 1996. Interannual variability of NDVI over Africa and its relation to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Int J Remote Sens 17 :2533–2548.
-
14
Goddard L, Mason SJ, Zebiak SE, Ropelewski CF, Basher R, Cane MA, 2001. Current approaches to seasonal-to-inter-annual climate predictions. Int J Climatol 21 :1111–1152.
-
15
Seleshi Y, Demaree GR, 1995. Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its links with the Southern Oscillation Index. J Biogeogr 22 :945–952.
-
16
Kovats RS, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrall E, Haines A, 2003. El Niño and health. Lancet 362 :1481–1489.
-
17
Thomson MC, Connor SJ, Phindela T, Mason SJ, 2005. Rainfall and sea-surface temperature monitoring for malaria early warning in Botswana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :214–221.
-
18
Thomson MC, Doblas-Reyes FJ, Mason SJ, Hagedorn R, Connor SJ, Phindela T, Morse AP, Palmer TN, 2006. Malaria early warnings based on seasonal climate forecasts from multi-model ensembles. Nature 439 :576–579.
-
19
DaSilva J, Garanganga B, Teveredzi V, Marx S, Mason SJ, Connor SJ, 2004. Improving epidemic malaria planning, preparedness and response in southern Africa. Malaria J 3 :37.
-
20
Allard R, 1998. Use of time-series analysis in infectious disease surveillance. Bull World Health Organ 76 :327–333.
-
21
Chaulagai CN, Moyo CM, Koot J, Moyo HB, Sambakunsi TC, Khunga FM, Naphini PD, 2005. Design and implementation of a health management information system in Malawi: issues, innovations and results. Health Policy Plan 20 :375–384.
-
22
Chilundo B, Sundby J, Aanestad M, 2004. Analysing the quality of routine malaria data in Mozambique. Malaria J 3 :3.
-
23
Chandramohan D, Jaffar S, Greenwood B, 2002. Use of clinical algorithms for diagnosing malaria. Trop Med Int Health 7 :45–52.
-
24
Mabaso MLH, Craig M, Vounatsou P, Smith T, 2005. Towards empirical description of malaria seasonality in southern Africa: the example of Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health 10 :909–918.
-
25
Gething PM, Noor AM, Gikandi PW, Ogara EAA, Hay SI, Nixon MS, Snow RW, Atkinson PM, 2006. Improving imperfect data from health management information systems in Africa using space–time geostatistics. PLoS Med 3 :6.
-
26
Raghunathan TE, Lepkowski JE, Solenberger PW, Van Hoewyk JH, 2001. A multivariate technique for multiply imputing missing values using a sequence of regression models. Surv Methodol 27 :85.
-
27
Rubin DB, 1996. Multiple imputation after 18+ years. J Am Stat Assoc 91 :473–489.
-
28
Schafer JL, 1997. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London: Chapman & Hall.
-
29
Griguolo S, Mazzanti M, 1998. ADDATI: Un Package per l’Analisi Esplorativa dei Dati. V.4.0. Guida all’Uso. Padova: Editrice Libreria Progretto, 202 pp.
-
30
Diday E, 1971. Une nouvelle méthode en classification automatique et reconnaissance des formes la méthode des nuées dynamiques. Rev Statist Appl 19 :19–33.
-
32
Di Gregorio A, Mansen LJM, 2000. Land Cover Classification System, Classification Concepts and User Manual. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 179 pp.
-
33
Booman M, Durrheim DN, La Grange K, Martin C, Mabuza AM, Zitha A, Mbokazi FM, Fraser C, Sharp BL, 2000. Using a geographical information system to plan a malaria control program in South Africa. Bull World Health Organ 78 :1438–1444.
-
34
Wickramasinghe AR, Gunawardena DM, Mahawithanage ST, 2002. Use of routinely collected past surveillance data in identifying and mapping high risk areas in a malaria endemic area of Sri Lanka. SE Asian J Trop Med Publ Health 33 :678–684.
-
35
Goddard L, Graham NE, 1999. The importance of the Indian Ocean for simulating precipitation anomalies over eastern and southern Africa. J Geophys Res 104 :19099–19116.
-
36
Korecha D, Barnston AG. 2007. Predictability of June to September rainfall in Ethiopia. Monthly Weather Rev 135 :628–650.
-
37
New M, Hulme M, Jones P, 2000. Representing twentieth-century space–time climate variability. Part II: Development of 1901–96 monthly grids of terrestrial surface climate. J Clim 13 :2217–2238.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1771 | 1638 | 507 |
| Full Text Views | 175 | 17 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 71 | 15 | 2 |