ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Snow RW, Korenromp EL, Schellenberg JR, Stein C, Nahlen BL, Bryce J, Black RE, Steketee RW, 2006. The burden of malaria mortality among African children in the year 2000. Int J Epidemiol 14 :691–704.
-
2
Breman JG, Mills AM, Snow RW, Mulligan J, Lengeler C, Mendis K, Sharp B, Morel C, Marchesini P, White N, Steketee RW, Doumbo O, 2006. Conquering malaria. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Second edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 413–432.
-
3
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
4
Breman JG, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1–2):1–11.
-
5
Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, 2004. Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: II. What’s new, what’s needed: a summary. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl):1–15.
-
6
Kiszewski A, Johns B, Schapira A, Delacollette C, Crowell V, Tan-Torres T, Ameneshewa B, Teklehaimanot A, Nafo-Traoré F, 2007. Estimated global resources needed to attain international malaria control goals. Bull World Hlth Organ 85 :623–630.
-
7
United Nations, 2000. Millennium Declaration. New York: The United Nations Millennium Summit.
-
8
World Health Organization, 2003. The Africa Malaria Report, 2003, Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
9
World Health Organization, 2005. The World Malaria Report 2005. Roll Back Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
10
Bryce J, Rongou JB, Nguyen-Dinh P, Naimoli JF, Breman JG, 1994. Evaluation of national malaria control programmes in Africa. Bull World Hlth Org 72 :371–381.
-
11
Teklehaimanot A, Singer B, Spielman A, Tozan Y, Schapira A, 2005. UN Millennium Project. Coming to Grips With Malaria in the New Millennium. Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Essential Medicines. Working Group on Malaria, p. 10.
-
12
Price RN, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):79–87.
-
13
Koram KA, Molyneux ME, 2007. When is malaria malaria: the different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):1–5.
-
14
Coleman RE, Manceechai N, Rachaphaew N, Kumpitak C, Miller RS, Soyseng V, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J, 2002. Comparison of field and expert laboratory microscopy for active surveillance for asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :141–144.
-
15
Prudhomme O’Meara W, Remich S, Ogutu B, Lucas M, Mtalib R, Obare P, Oloo F, Onoka C, Osoga J, Ohrt C, McKenzie FE, 2006. Systematic comparison of two methods to measure parasite density from malaria blood smears. Parasitol Res 99 :500–504.
-
16
Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J, Sachs SE, Sachs JD, Savioli L, 2007. Current concepts: control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med 357 :1018–1027.
-
17
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 2):28–35.
-
18
Murphy SC, Breman JG, 2001. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurologic sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and complications of pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1–2):57–67.
-
19
Marsh K, Foster P, Wariuru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Pasvol G, Snow R, 1995. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 332 :1399–1404.
-
20
Gwer S, Newton CRJC, Berkley J, 2007. Over-diagnosis and co-morbidity of severe malaria in African children: a guide for clinicians. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):6–13.
-
21
Greenberg AE, Ntumbanzondo M, Ntula N, Mawa L, Howell J, Davachi F, 1989. Hospital-based surveillance of malaria-related paediatric morbidity and mortality in Kinshasa, Zaire. Bull World Hlth Org 67 :189–196.
-
22
World Health Organization, 2005. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–51.
-
24
White NJ, Breman JG, 2007. Malaria. Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. Seventeenth edition. New York: McGraw Hill, in press.
-
25
Bryce J, Black RE, Walker N, Bhutta ZA, Lawn JE, Steketee RW, 2005. Can the world afford to save 6 million children from dying each year? Lancet 365 :2193–2200.
-
26
Gove S, Tamburlini G, Molyneux E, Whitesell P, Campbell H, 1999. Development and technical basis of simplified guidelines for emergency triage assessment and treatment in developing countries. WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Referral Care Project. Arch Dis Child 81 :473–477.
-
27
Victora CG, Adam T, Bryce J, Evans DB, 2006. Integrated management of the sick child. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Second edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 1177–1192.
-
28
Muhe L, Oljira B, Degefu H, Jaffar S, Weber MW, 2000. Evaluation of clinical pallor in the identification and treatment of children with moderate and severe anaemia. Trop Med Int Health 5 :805–810.
-
29
Zucker JR, Perkins BA, Jafari H, Otieno J, Obonyo C, Campbell CC, 1997. Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya. Bull World Hlth Org 78 (Supp 1):97–102.
-
30
de Savigny D, Binka F, 2004. Monitoring future impact on malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):224–231.
-
31
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK 2nd, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JB, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–528.
-
32
Kampikaho A, Irwiq LM, 1991. Incidence and causes of maternal mortality in five Kampala hospitals. East Afr Med J 68 :624–631.
-
33
Idro R, Ndirito M, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Berkley J, Crawley J, Fegan G, Bauni E, Peshu N, Marsh K, Neville B, Newton C, 2007. Burden, features, and outcome of neurological involvement in acute falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. JAMA 297 :2232–2240.
-
34
Mung’ala-Odera V, Snow RW, Newton C, 2004. The burden of the neurocognitive impairment associated with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):64–70.
-
35
INDEPTH, 2001. INDEPTH Monograph Series: Demographic Surveillance Systems for Assessing Populations and their Health in Developing Countries. Volume 1: Population, Health and Survival in INDEPTH Sites. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
-
36
Sankoh OA, Ngom P, Clarks J, de Savigny D, Binka F, 2006. Levels and patterns of mortality at INDEPTH demographic surveillance systems. Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, Bos ER, Baingana FK, Hofman KJ, Rogo KO, eds. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan, Africa. Second edition. Washington, DC: World Bank Press.
-
37
Nsubuga P, White ME, Thacker SB, Anderson MA, Blount SB, Broome CV, Chiller TM, Espitia V, Imtiaz R, Sosin D, Stroup DF, Tauxe RV, Vijayaraghavan M, Trostle M, 2006. Public health surveillance: a tool for targeting and monitoring intervention. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Second edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 997–1018.
-
38
Royall J, Bennet M, Van Schyak I, Alilio M, 2004. Tying up lions: multilateral initiative on malaria communications: the first chapter of a malaria research network in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):259–267.
-
39
UNAIDS, 2007. Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS. Available at http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/default.asp
-
40
World Health Organization, 2003. Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
41
Mboera LE, 2005. Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malarial vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rate. Tanzan Health Res Bull 7 :117–124.
-
42
White NJ, 1998. Preventing antimalaria resistance through combinations. Drug Resist Update. 1 :3–9.
-
43
Vestergaard L, Ringwald P, 2007. Responding to the challenge of antimalarial drug resistance by routine monitoring to update national malaria treatment policies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):153–159.
-
44
Smith S, Joshi UB, Grabowsky M, Selenikio J, Nobia T, and Aapore T, 2007. Evaluation of bednets after 38 months of household use in northwest Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):243–248.
-
45
Roll Back Malaria, MEASURE Evaluation, World Health Organization, UNICEF, 2006. Guidelines for Core Population Coverage Indicatiors for Roll Back Malaria. To be obtained from Household Surveys, MEASURE Evaluation: Calverton, MD 1–31.
-
46
Molyneux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project: Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savannah of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization, 172.
-
47
Sharp BL, Kleinschmidt I, Streat E, Maharaj R, Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Ridl FC, Morris N, Seocharan I, Kunene S, La Grange JJ, Mthembu JD, Maartens F, Martin DL, Barreto A, 2007. Seven years of regional malaria control collaboration—Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :42–47.
-
48
Battarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Mårtensson A, Abbas AK, Khatib R, Almafazy A-w, Ramsan M, Rotllant G, Geistenmaier JF, Molteni F, Abdulla S, Montgomery SM, Koneko A, Björkman A, 2007. Impact of art artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Medicine 4 :e309.
-
49
Over M, Bakotee B, Vélayudhan R, Wilikai P, Graves P, 2004. Impregnated nets cannot fully substitute for DDT: field effectiveness of malaria prevention in Solomon Islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):214–223.
-
50
McKenzie FM, Samba EM, 2004. The role of mathematical modeling in evidence-based malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):94–96.
-
51
Smith T, Killeen GF, Maire N, Ross A, Molineaux L, Tediosi F, Hutton G, Utzinger J, Dietz K, Tanner M, 2006. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: overview. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (2 Suppl):1–10.
-
52
Guerra CA, Hay SI, Lucioparedes LS, Gikandi PW, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Snow RW, 2007. Assembling a global database of malaria parasite prevalence for the Malaria Atlas Project. Review. Malaria J 6 :e27.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 235 | 193 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 409 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 3 | 0 |
Malaria Surveillance Counts
Joel G. Breman
Joel G. Breman
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for other papers by Joel G. Breman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joel G. Breman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cherice N. Holloway
Cherice N. Holloway
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Search for other papers by Cherice N. Holloway in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Cherice N. Holloway in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Clinical and epidemiologic surveillance of malaria cases and deaths is required to follow the progress of the reinvigorated malaria control programs nationally and internationally. Current recording, transmittal, analysis, feedback, and use of malaria surveillance information is delayed and imprecise: substantially < 10% of the malaria cases and deaths are being reported. Improvements are occurring, but more emphasis should be placed on prompt, accurate diagnosis, patient management, and recording of clinical manifestations at hospitals. Neurologic signs, severe anemia, metabolic changes, hyperparasitemia, and concurrent sepsis are medical emergencies and require proper clinical and laboratory detection; equipment, reagents, supervision, and certification of laboratorians and clinicians are necessary. Birth weight should also be a major measure of progress in malarial control and overall prenatal care. Although malaria is the most frequent diagnosis at outpatient clinics and hospitals in Africa, co-existing conditions also mandate improved diagnosis, treatment, and registration. Monthly transmittal of information from health units and collation, analysis and feedback through electronic reporting systems using modern information technologies are necessary for resource planning and staff motivation. Denominators to compute rates of illness and death require accurate censuses of communities from which patients come to health units: specialized disease and demographic household surveys designed and performed by nationals are needed to complement hospital-based numerator data. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax should be distinguished in the laboratory; the former causes the greatest mortality but the latter is increasingly recognized as a major peril. Because vector control is now a major component of all malaria control programs, there is an urgent need to monitor anopheline sensitivity to insecticides and entomologic inoculation rates. Where interrupting transmission is a goal, parasite rates in groups at greatest risk should be performed. Continual monitoring of plasmodial sensitivity to drugs is necessary using WHO protocols. Human, entomological, and parasitological surveillance must be performed at the same time in the same places and the information shared widely and used for improving control strategies and tactics. These surveillance priorities require training, provision of equipment, supervision, and commitment to sustainability by national authorities and international collaborators and donors.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Rowe AK, Rowe SY, Snow RW, Korenromp EL, Schellenberg JR, Stein C, Nahlen BL, Bryce J, Black RE, Steketee RW, 2006. The burden of malaria mortality among African children in the year 2000. Int J Epidemiol 14 :691–704.
-
2
Breman JG, Mills AM, Snow RW, Mulligan J, Lengeler C, Mendis K, Sharp B, Morel C, Marchesini P, White N, Steketee RW, Doumbo O, 2006. Conquering malaria. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Second edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 413–432.
-
3
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
4
Breman JG, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1–2):1–11.
-
5
Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, 2004. Conquering the intolerable burden of malaria: II. What’s new, what’s needed: a summary. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (2 Suppl):1–15.
-
6
Kiszewski A, Johns B, Schapira A, Delacollette C, Crowell V, Tan-Torres T, Ameneshewa B, Teklehaimanot A, Nafo-Traoré F, 2007. Estimated global resources needed to attain international malaria control goals. Bull World Hlth Organ 85 :623–630.
-
7
United Nations, 2000. Millennium Declaration. New York: The United Nations Millennium Summit.
-
8
World Health Organization, 2003. The Africa Malaria Report, 2003, Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
9
World Health Organization, 2005. The World Malaria Report 2005. Roll Back Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
10
Bryce J, Rongou JB, Nguyen-Dinh P, Naimoli JF, Breman JG, 1994. Evaluation of national malaria control programmes in Africa. Bull World Hlth Org 72 :371–381.
-
11
Teklehaimanot A, Singer B, Spielman A, Tozan Y, Schapira A, 2005. UN Millennium Project. Coming to Grips With Malaria in the New Millennium. Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, and Access to Essential Medicines. Working Group on Malaria, p. 10.
-
12
Price RN, Tjitra E, Guerra CA, Yeung S, White NJ, Anstey NM, 2007. Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):79–87.
-
13
Koram KA, Molyneux ME, 2007. When is malaria malaria: the different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):1–5.
-
14
Coleman RE, Manceechai N, Rachaphaew N, Kumpitak C, Miller RS, Soyseng V, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J, 2002. Comparison of field and expert laboratory microscopy for active surveillance for asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :141–144.
-
15
Prudhomme O’Meara W, Remich S, Ogutu B, Lucas M, Mtalib R, Obare P, Oloo F, Onoka C, Osoga J, Ohrt C, McKenzie FE, 2006. Systematic comparison of two methods to measure parasite density from malaria blood smears. Parasitol Res 99 :500–504.
-
16
Hotez PJ, Molyneux DH, Fenwick A, Kumaresan J, Sachs SE, Sachs JD, Savioli L, 2007. Current concepts: control of neglected tropical diseases. N Engl J Med 357 :1018–1027.
-
17
Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, Parise ME, Menendez C, 2001. The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 2):28–35.
-
18
Murphy SC, Breman JG, 2001. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurologic sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia and complications of pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1–2):57–67.
-
19
Marsh K, Foster P, Wariuru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Pasvol G, Snow R, 1995. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 332 :1399–1404.
-
20
Gwer S, Newton CRJC, Berkley J, 2007. Over-diagnosis and co-morbidity of severe malaria in African children: a guide for clinicians. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):6–13.
-
21
Greenberg AE, Ntumbanzondo M, Ntula N, Mawa L, Howell J, Davachi F, 1989. Hospital-based surveillance of malaria-related paediatric morbidity and mortality in Kinshasa, Zaire. Bull World Hlth Org 67 :189–196.
-
22
World Health Organization, 2005. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
23
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–51.
-
24
White NJ, Breman JG, 2007. Malaria. Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. Seventeenth edition. New York: McGraw Hill, in press.
-
25
Bryce J, Black RE, Walker N, Bhutta ZA, Lawn JE, Steketee RW, 2005. Can the world afford to save 6 million children from dying each year? Lancet 365 :2193–2200.
-
26
Gove S, Tamburlini G, Molyneux E, Whitesell P, Campbell H, 1999. Development and technical basis of simplified guidelines for emergency triage assessment and treatment in developing countries. WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Referral Care Project. Arch Dis Child 81 :473–477.
-
27
Victora CG, Adam T, Bryce J, Evans DB, 2006. Integrated management of the sick child. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Second edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 1177–1192.
-
28
Muhe L, Oljira B, Degefu H, Jaffar S, Weber MW, 2000. Evaluation of clinical pallor in the identification and treatment of children with moderate and severe anaemia. Trop Med Int Health 5 :805–810.
-
29
Zucker JR, Perkins BA, Jafari H, Otieno J, Obonyo C, Campbell CC, 1997. Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya. Bull World Hlth Org 78 (Supp 1):97–102.
-
30
de Savigny D, Binka F, 2004. Monitoring future impact on malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):224–231.
-
31
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK 2nd, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JB, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–528.
-
32
Kampikaho A, Irwiq LM, 1991. Incidence and causes of maternal mortality in five Kampala hospitals. East Afr Med J 68 :624–631.
-
33
Idro R, Ndirito M, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Berkley J, Crawley J, Fegan G, Bauni E, Peshu N, Marsh K, Neville B, Newton C, 2007. Burden, features, and outcome of neurological involvement in acute falciparum malaria in Kenyan children. JAMA 297 :2232–2240.
-
34
Mung’ala-Odera V, Snow RW, Newton C, 2004. The burden of the neurocognitive impairment associated with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):64–70.
-
35
INDEPTH, 2001. INDEPTH Monograph Series: Demographic Surveillance Systems for Assessing Populations and their Health in Developing Countries. Volume 1: Population, Health and Survival in INDEPTH Sites. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
-
36
Sankoh OA, Ngom P, Clarks J, de Savigny D, Binka F, 2006. Levels and patterns of mortality at INDEPTH demographic surveillance systems. Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW, Bos ER, Baingana FK, Hofman KJ, Rogo KO, eds. Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan, Africa. Second edition. Washington, DC: World Bank Press.
-
37
Nsubuga P, White ME, Thacker SB, Anderson MA, Blount SB, Broome CV, Chiller TM, Espitia V, Imtiaz R, Sosin D, Stroup DF, Tauxe RV, Vijayaraghavan M, Trostle M, 2006. Public health surveillance: a tool for targeting and monitoring intervention. Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans D, Jha P, Mills A, Musgrove P, eds. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Second edition. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press/World Bank, 997–1018.
-
38
Royall J, Bennet M, Van Schyak I, Alilio M, 2004. Tying up lions: multilateral initiative on malaria communications: the first chapter of a malaria research network in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):259–267.
-
39
UNAIDS, 2007. Joint United Programme on HIV/AIDS. Available at http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/default.asp
-
40
World Health Organization, 2003. Malaria Entomology and Vector Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
41
Mboera LE, 2005. Sampling techniques for adult Afrotropical malarial vectors and their reliability in the estimation of entomological inoculation rate. Tanzan Health Res Bull 7 :117–124.
-
42
White NJ, 1998. Preventing antimalaria resistance through combinations. Drug Resist Update. 1 :3–9.
-
43
Vestergaard L, Ringwald P, 2007. Responding to the challenge of antimalarial drug resistance by routine monitoring to update national malaria treatment policies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):153–159.
-
44
Smith S, Joshi UB, Grabowsky M, Selenikio J, Nobia T, and Aapore T, 2007. Evaluation of bednets after 38 months of household use in northwest Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77 (Suppl 6):243–248.
-
45
Roll Back Malaria, MEASURE Evaluation, World Health Organization, UNICEF, 2006. Guidelines for Core Population Coverage Indicatiors for Roll Back Malaria. To be obtained from Household Surveys, MEASURE Evaluation: Calverton, MD 1–31.
-
46
Molyneux L, Gramiccia G, 1980. The Garki Project: Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savannah of West Africa. Geneva: World Health Organization, 172.
-
47
Sharp BL, Kleinschmidt I, Streat E, Maharaj R, Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Ridl FC, Morris N, Seocharan I, Kunene S, La Grange JJ, Mthembu JD, Maartens F, Martin DL, Barreto A, 2007. Seven years of regional malaria control collaboration—Mozambique, South Africa, and Swaziland. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 :42–47.
-
48
Battarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Mårtensson A, Abbas AK, Khatib R, Almafazy A-w, Ramsan M, Rotllant G, Geistenmaier JF, Molteni F, Abdulla S, Montgomery SM, Koneko A, Björkman A, 2007. Impact of art artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Medicine 4 :e309.
-
49
Over M, Bakotee B, Vélayudhan R, Wilikai P, Graves P, 2004. Impregnated nets cannot fully substitute for DDT: field effectiveness of malaria prevention in Solomon Islands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):214–223.
-
50
McKenzie FM, Samba EM, 2004. The role of mathematical modeling in evidence-based malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2):94–96.
-
51
Smith T, Killeen GF, Maire N, Ross A, Molineaux L, Tediosi F, Hutton G, Utzinger J, Dietz K, Tanner M, 2006. Mathematical modeling of the impact of malaria vaccines on the clinical epidemiology and natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria: overview. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75 (2 Suppl):1–10.
-
52
Guerra CA, Hay SI, Lucioparedes LS, Gikandi PW, Tatem AJ, Noor AM, Snow RW, 2007. Assembling a global database of malaria parasite prevalence for the Malaria Atlas Project. Review. Malaria J 6 :e27.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 235 | 193 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 409 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 69 | 3 | 0 |