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1
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM, 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277 :494–499.
-
2
Vitousek PM, D’Antonio CM, Loope LL, Westbrooks R, 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am Sci 84 :468–478.
-
3
Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, A. BF, 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10 :689–710.
-
4
Corvalan CF, Hales S, McMichael AJ, Butler C, Campbell-Lendrum D, Confalonieri U, Leitner K, Lewis N, Patz J, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Health Synthesis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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5
Lounibos LP, 2002. Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol 47 :233–266.
-
6
Soper FL, Wilson DB, 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brazil: 1930 to 1940. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.
-
7
Vilà M, Williamson M, Lonsdale M, 2004. Competition experiments on alien weeds with crops: lessons for measuring plant invasion impact? Biol Invasions 6 :59–69.
-
8
Madon MB, Mulla MS, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Hazelrigg JE, 2002. Introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in southern California and potential for its establishment. J Vector Ecol 27 :149–154.
-
9
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G, 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 18 :301–305.
-
10
Lounibos LP, 1981. Habitat segregation among African treehole mosquitoes. Ecol Entomol 6 :129–154.
-
11
Sota T, Mogi M, 1992. Interspecific variation in desiccation survival time of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquito eggs is correlated with habitat and egg size. Oecologia 90 :353–358.
-
12
Jenkins DW, Carpenter SJ, 1946. Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecol Monogr 16 :31–47.
-
13
Carlson JC, Byrd BD, Omlin FX, 2004. Field assessments in western Kenya link malaria vectors to environmentally disturbed habitats during the dry season. BMC Public Health 4 :33.
-
14
Kitching RL, 1971. An ecological study of water-filled treeholes and their position in the woodland ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 40 :281–302.
-
15
Dale IR, Greenway PJ, 1961. Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Nairobi: Buchanan’s Kenya Estates.
-
16
Dharani N, 2002. Field Guide to Common Trees and Shrubs of East Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
-
17
Lanzaro GC, Touré YT, Carnahan J, Zheng L, Dolo G, Traoré S, Petrarca V, Vernick KD, Taylor CE, 1998. Complexities in the genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae populations in west Africa as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 :14260–14265.
-
18
Geist HJ, Lambin EF, 2002. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 52 :143–150.
-
19
Lehmann T, Blackston CR, Besansky NJ, Escalante AA, Collins FH, Hawley WA, 2000. The Rift Valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for Anopheles gambiae in Kenya: the mtDNA perspective. J Hered 91 :165–168.
-
20
Beier JC, Copeland R, Oyaro C, Masinya A, Odago WO, Oduor S, Koech DK, Roberts CR, 1990. Anopheles gambiae complex egg-stage survival in dry soil from larval development sites in western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6 :105–109.
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21
Shililu JI, Grueber WB, Mbogo CM, Githure JI, Riddiford LM, Beier JC, 2004. Development and survival of Anopheles gambiae eggs in drying soil: influence of the rate of drying, egg age, and soil type. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20 :243–247.
-
22
Zavortink TJ, 1970. The treehole Anopheles of the New World. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 5 :1–35.
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23
Lounibos LP, 1979. Mosquitoes occurring in the axils of Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle on the Kenya toast. Cah ORSTOM Ser Entomol Med Parasitol 17 :25–29.
-
24
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 9 |
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Anopheles gambiae Exploits the Treehole Ecosystem in Western Kenya: A New Urban Malaria Risk?
Francois X. Omlin
Francois X. Omlin
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; Tulane University, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana; Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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John C. Carlson
John C. Carlson
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; Tulane University, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana; Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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C. Brandon Ogbunugafor
C. Brandon Ogbunugafor
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; Tulane University, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana; Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Ahmed Hassanali
Ahmed Hassanali
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; Tulane University, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, Louisiana; Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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At six sites in western Kenya, we explored the presence of Anopheles immature stages in treeholes. An. gambiae larvae were found in 19 species, 13 of which are exotic. The most common exotic species were Delonix regia, Jacaranda mimosipholia, and Eucalyptus citrodora. In Kisumu city, longitudinal assessments of 10 flamboyant trees showed repeated presence of An. gambiae s.s. in treeholes with water. Production of Anopheles larvae did not correlate with habitat volume but with habitat height, showing a strong but statistically insignificant negative correlation. During a dry season, eggs recovered by rinsing dry treeholes hatched into 2.5 ± 3.06 An. gambiae and 7.9 ± 8.2 Aedes larvae. In cage experiments, An. gambiae s.s. laid more eggs in water originating from treeholes than in distilled or lake water, implying preference for ovipositing in this habitat. Our findings indicate that treeholes represent a hitherto unrecognized habitat for malaria vectors, which needs further studies.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Vitousek PM, Mooney HA, Lubchenco J, Melillo JM, 1997. Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277 :494–499.
-
2
Vitousek PM, D’Antonio CM, Loope LL, Westbrooks R, 1996. Biological invasions as global environmental change. Am Sci 84 :468–478.
-
3
Mack RN, Simberloff D, Lonsdale WM, Evans H, Clout M, A. BF, 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10 :689–710.
-
4
Corvalan CF, Hales S, McMichael AJ, Butler C, Campbell-Lendrum D, Confalonieri U, Leitner K, Lewis N, Patz J, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Health Synthesis. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
5
Lounibos LP, 2002. Invasions by insect vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol 47 :233–266.
-
6
Soper FL, Wilson DB, 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brazil: 1930 to 1940. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation.
-
7
Vilà M, Williamson M, Lonsdale M, 2004. Competition experiments on alien weeds with crops: lessons for measuring plant invasion impact? Biol Invasions 6 :59–69.
-
8
Madon MB, Mulla MS, Shaw MW, Kluh S, Hazelrigg JE, 2002. Introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in southern California and potential for its establishment. J Vector Ecol 27 :149–154.
-
9
Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Yan G, 2004. Habitat characteristics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med Vet Entomol 18 :301–305.
-
10
Lounibos LP, 1981. Habitat segregation among African treehole mosquitoes. Ecol Entomol 6 :129–154.
-
11
Sota T, Mogi M, 1992. Interspecific variation in desiccation survival time of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquito eggs is correlated with habitat and egg size. Oecologia 90 :353–358.
-
12
Jenkins DW, Carpenter SJ, 1946. Ecology of the tree hole breeding mosquitoes of nearctic North America. Ecol Monogr 16 :31–47.
-
13
Carlson JC, Byrd BD, Omlin FX, 2004. Field assessments in western Kenya link malaria vectors to environmentally disturbed habitats during the dry season. BMC Public Health 4 :33.
-
14
Kitching RL, 1971. An ecological study of water-filled treeholes and their position in the woodland ecosystem. J Anim Ecol 40 :281–302.
-
15
Dale IR, Greenway PJ, 1961. Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Nairobi: Buchanan’s Kenya Estates.
-
16
Dharani N, 2002. Field Guide to Common Trees and Shrubs of East Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
-
17
Lanzaro GC, Touré YT, Carnahan J, Zheng L, Dolo G, Traoré S, Petrarca V, Vernick KD, Taylor CE, 1998. Complexities in the genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae populations in west Africa as revealed by microsatellite DNA analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 :14260–14265.
-
18
Geist HJ, Lambin EF, 2002. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 52 :143–150.
-
19
Lehmann T, Blackston CR, Besansky NJ, Escalante AA, Collins FH, Hawley WA, 2000. The Rift Valley complex as a barrier to gene flow for Anopheles gambiae in Kenya: the mtDNA perspective. J Hered 91 :165–168.
-
20
Beier JC, Copeland R, Oyaro C, Masinya A, Odago WO, Oduor S, Koech DK, Roberts CR, 1990. Anopheles gambiae complex egg-stage survival in dry soil from larval development sites in western Kenya. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 6 :105–109.
-
21
Shililu JI, Grueber WB, Mbogo CM, Githure JI, Riddiford LM, Beier JC, 2004. Development and survival of Anopheles gambiae eggs in drying soil: influence of the rate of drying, egg age, and soil type. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 20 :243–247.
-
22
Zavortink TJ, 1970. The treehole Anopheles of the New World. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 5 :1–35.
-
23
Lounibos LP, 1979. Mosquitoes occurring in the axils of Pandanus rabaiensis Rendle on the Kenya toast. Cah ORSTOM Ser Entomol Med Parasitol 17 :25–29.
-
24
Gu W, Novak RJ, 2005. Habitat-based modeling of impacts of mosquito larval interventions on entomological inoculation rates, incidence, and prevalence of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73 :546–552.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 24 | 24 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 141 | 79 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 46 | 21 | 0 |