ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JBO, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–289.
-
2
Brewster DR, Greenwood BM, 1992. Seasonal variation of pediatric diseases in the Gambia, West Africa. Ann Trop Pediatr 13 :133–146.
-
3
Zucker JR, Lackritz EM, Ruebush TK, Hightower AW, Adungosi JE, Were JBO, Metchock B, Patrick E, Campbell CC, 1996. Childhood mortality during and after hospitalization in western Kenya: effect of malaria treatment regimens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :655–660.
-
4
Murphy SC, Breman JG, 2001. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurological sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycaemia, and complications of pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1):57–67.
-
5
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–90.
-
6
Greenwood BM, 1997. The epidemiology of malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :763–769.
-
7
Slutsker L, Taylor TE, Wirima JJ, Steketee RW, 1994. In-hospital morbidity and mortality due to malaria-associated severe anemia in two areas of Malawi with different patterns of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :548–551.
-
8
Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, Pasvol G, Snow R, 1995. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 332 :1399–1404.
-
9
Biemba G, Dolmans D, Thuma PE, Weiss G, Gordeuk VR, 2000. Severe anemia in Zambian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 5 :9–16.
-
10
Hedberg K, Shaffer N, Davachi F, Hightower A, Lyamba B, Paluku KM, Nguyen-Dinh P, Breman J, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum-associated anemia in children at a large urban hospital in Zaire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :365–371.
-
11
Abdalla S, Weatherall DJ, Wickramasinghe SN, Hughes M, 1980. The anemia of P. falciparum malaria. Br J Haematol 46 :171–183.
-
12
Ekvall H, Arese P, Turini F, Ayi K, Mannu F, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 2001. Acute haemolysis in childhood falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :611–617.
-
13
Newton CRJC, Warn PA, Winstanley PA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Pasvol G, Marsh K, 1997. Severe anemia in children living in a malaria endemic area of Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2 :325–333.
-
14
Bojang KA, van Hensbroek MB, Palmer A, Banya WA, Jaffar S, Greenwood BM, 1997. Predictors of mortality in Gambian children with severe malaria anemia. Ann Trop Pediatr 17 :355–359.
-
15
English M, Ahmed M, Ngando C, Berkley J, Ross A, 2002. Blood transfusion for severe anemia in children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 359 :494–495.
-
16
Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, Bruce J, Carneiro I, Olomi R, Cox J, Nkya WM, Lemnge M, Greenwood BM, Riley EM, 2005. Association of transmission intensity and age with clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. JAMA 293 :1461–1470.
-
17
Obonyo CO, Steyerberg EW, Oloo AJ, Habbema JDF, 1998. Blood transfusions for severe malaria-related anemia in Africa: a decision analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :808–812.
-
18
Kirigia JM, Snow RW, Fox-Rushby J, Mills A, 1998. The cost of treating pediatric malaria admissions and the potential impact of insecticide treated mosquito nets on hospital expenditure. Trop Med Int Health 3 :145–150.
-
19
Lackritz EM, Ruebush TK, Zucker JR, Adungosi JE, Were JBO, Campbell CC, 1993. Blood transfusion practices and blood banking services in a Kenyan hospital. AIDS 7 :995–999.
-
20
Beier J, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DK, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomological inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
21
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JBO, Stekettee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 167 :932–937.
-
22
Obonyo CO, Ochieng F, Taylor WR, Ocholla S, Mugitu K, ter Kuile F, Olliaro P, Oloo AJ, 2003. Artesunate plus Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :585–591.
-
23
Snow RW, Bastos de Azevedo I, Lowe BS, Kabiru EW, Nevill CG, Mwankusye S, Kassiga G, Marsh K, Teuscher T, 1994. Severe childhood malaria in two areas of markedly different falciparum transmission in East Africa. Acta Trop 57 :289–300.
-
24
Premji Z, Hamisi Y, Shiff C, Minjas J, Lubega P, Makwaya C, 1995. Anemia and Plasmodium falciparum infections among young children in a holoendemic area, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Acta Trop 59 :55–64.
-
25
Dorward JA, Knowles JK, Dorward IM, 1989. Treatment of severe anemia in children in a rural hospital. Trop Doct 19 :155–158.
-
26
Verhoeff FH, Brabin BJ, Masache P, Kachale B, Kazembe P, Van der Kaay HJ, 1997. Parasitological and haematological responses to treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in southern Malawi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :133–140.
-
27
Ekvall H, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 1998. Chloroquine treatment for uncomplicated childhood malaria in an area with drug resistance: early treatment failure aggravates anemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :556–560.
-
28
Ndyomugyenyi R, Magnussen P, 2004. Trends in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality among young children admitted to Ugandan hospitals, for the period 1990–2001. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :315–327.
-
29
Snow RW, Trape JF, Marsh K, 2001. The past, present and future of childhood malaria mortality in Africa. Trends Parasitol 17 :593–597.
-
30
Greenberg AE, Nguyen-Dinh P, Mann JM, Kabote N, Colebunders RL, Francis H, Quinn TC, Baudoux P, Lyamba B, Davachi F, Roberts JM, Kabeye N, Curran JW, Campbell CC, 1988. The association between malaria, blood transfusions, and HIV seropositivity in a pediatric population in Kinshasa, Zaire. JAMA 259 :545–549.
-
31
van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, Otieno JA, Kolczak MS, Kager PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2002. Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factors for infants in Kisumu, western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :44–53.
-
32
Otieno RO, Ouma C, Ongecha JM, Keller CC, Were T, Waindi EN, Michaels MG, Day RD, Vulule JM, Perkins DJ, 2006. Increased severe anemia in HIV-1-exposed and HIV-1-positive infants and children during acute malaria. AIDS 20 :275–280.
-
33
Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Font F, Galindo C, Acosta C, Armstrong Schellenberg J, Aponte JJ, Kimario J, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Alonso P, 1999. African children with malaria in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: features on admission to the hospital and risk factors for death. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :431–438.
-
34
Graham SM, Walsh AL, Molyneux EM, Phiri AJ, Molyneux ME, 2000. Clinical presentation of non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in Malawian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :310–314.
-
35
Lackritz EM, Hightower A, Zucker JR, Ruebush TK, Onudi CO, Steketee RW, Were JBO, Patrick E, Campbell CC, 1997. Longitudinal evaluation of severely anemic children in Kenya: the effect of transfusion on mortality and hematologic recovery. AIDS 11 :1487–1494.
-
36
Berkley JA, Brent A, Mwangi I, English M, Maitland K, Marsh K, Peshu N, Newton CR, 2004. Mortality among Kenyan children admitted to a rural district hospital on weekends as compared with weekdays. Pediatrics 114 :1737–1738.
-
37
Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F, 2001. An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr 131 :636S–648S.
-
38
Maitland K, Pamba A, English M, Peshu N, Levin M, Marsh K, Newton CR, 2005. Pre-transfusion management of children with severe malarial anaemia: a randomised controlled trial of intravascular volume expansion. Br J Haematol 28 :393–400.
-
39
English M, Waruiru C, Amukoye E, Murphy S, Crawley J, Mwangi I, Peshu N, Marsh K, 1996. Deep breathing in children with severe malaria: indicator of metabolic acidosis and poor outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :521–524.
-
40
English M, New L, Peshu N, Marsh K, 1996. Video assessment of simple respiratory signs. BMJ 313 :1527–1528.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 237 | 212 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 217 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 34 | 3 | 0 |
In-Hospital Morbidity and Mortality Due to Severe Malarial Anemia in Western Kenya
Charles O. Obonyo
Charles O. Obonyo
Centre for Vector Biology & Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Malaria Control, Kenyan Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Charles O. Obonyo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Charles O. Obonyo in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
John Vulule
John Vulule
Centre for Vector Biology & Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Malaria Control, Kenyan Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by John Vulule in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by John Vulule in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Willis S. Akhwale
Willis S. Akhwale
Centre for Vector Biology & Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Malaria Control, Kenyan Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Willis S. Akhwale in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Willis S. Akhwale in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Diederick E. Grobbee
Diederick E. Grobbee
Centre for Vector Biology & Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Malaria Control, Kenyan Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
Search for other papers by Diederick E. Grobbee in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Diederick E. Grobbee in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Severe malarial anemia (SMA) is a leading cause of pediatric morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, and yet its contribution to malaria-specific mortality is not well documented. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 1,116 children < 5 years of age admitted to Siaya district hospital, western Kenya, to assess the contribution of SMA to overall in-hospital mortality. Of 1,116 admissions, 86% were under 3 years, 83% had malaria parasitemia, 86% were anemic, 21% were severely anemic, and 20% were transfused. Severe anemia was associated with parasitemia in 85% of the admissions and contributed to 53% of malaria-related deaths. Overall, 83 (7.5%) children died; 66% of those deaths were malaria-related, 12% had severe anemia, and 89% were under 3 years. Transfusion did not lower mortality rates. In areas of high malaria transmission, children below 3 years are a high-risk group for malaria, anemia, blood transfusion, and mortality.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, Were JBO, 1992. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 340 :524–289.
-
2
Brewster DR, Greenwood BM, 1992. Seasonal variation of pediatric diseases in the Gambia, West Africa. Ann Trop Pediatr 13 :133–146.
-
3
Zucker JR, Lackritz EM, Ruebush TK, Hightower AW, Adungosi JE, Were JBO, Metchock B, Patrick E, Campbell CC, 1996. Childhood mortality during and after hospitalization in western Kenya: effect of malaria treatment regimens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :655–660.
-
4
Murphy SC, Breman JG, 2001. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurological sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycaemia, and complications of pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 (Suppl 1):57–67.
-
5
World Health Organization, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–90.
-
6
Greenwood BM, 1997. The epidemiology of malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :763–769.
-
7
Slutsker L, Taylor TE, Wirima JJ, Steketee RW, 1994. In-hospital morbidity and mortality due to malaria-associated severe anemia in two areas of Malawi with different patterns of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 :548–551.
-
8
Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, Newton C, Winstanley P, Warn P, Peshu N, Pasvol G, Snow R, 1995. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. N Engl J Med 332 :1399–1404.
-
9
Biemba G, Dolmans D, Thuma PE, Weiss G, Gordeuk VR, 2000. Severe anemia in Zambian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 5 :9–16.
-
10
Hedberg K, Shaffer N, Davachi F, Hightower A, Lyamba B, Paluku KM, Nguyen-Dinh P, Breman J, 1993. Plasmodium falciparum-associated anemia in children at a large urban hospital in Zaire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48 :365–371.
-
11
Abdalla S, Weatherall DJ, Wickramasinghe SN, Hughes M, 1980. The anemia of P. falciparum malaria. Br J Haematol 46 :171–183.
-
12
Ekvall H, Arese P, Turini F, Ayi K, Mannu F, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 2001. Acute haemolysis in childhood falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :611–617.
-
13
Newton CRJC, Warn PA, Winstanley PA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Pasvol G, Marsh K, 1997. Severe anemia in children living in a malaria endemic area of Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2 :325–333.
-
14
Bojang KA, van Hensbroek MB, Palmer A, Banya WA, Jaffar S, Greenwood BM, 1997. Predictors of mortality in Gambian children with severe malaria anemia. Ann Trop Pediatr 17 :355–359.
-
15
English M, Ahmed M, Ngando C, Berkley J, Ross A, 2002. Blood transfusion for severe anemia in children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 359 :494–495.
-
16
Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, Bruce J, Carneiro I, Olomi R, Cox J, Nkya WM, Lemnge M, Greenwood BM, Riley EM, 2005. Association of transmission intensity and age with clinical manifestations and case fatality of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. JAMA 293 :1461–1470.
-
17
Obonyo CO, Steyerberg EW, Oloo AJ, Habbema JDF, 1998. Blood transfusions for severe malaria-related anemia in Africa: a decision analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :808–812.
-
18
Kirigia JM, Snow RW, Fox-Rushby J, Mills A, 1998. The cost of treating pediatric malaria admissions and the potential impact of insecticide treated mosquito nets on hospital expenditure. Trop Med Int Health 3 :145–150.
-
19
Lackritz EM, Ruebush TK, Zucker JR, Adungosi JE, Were JBO, Campbell CC, 1993. Blood transfusion practices and blood banking services in a Kenyan hospital. AIDS 7 :995–999.
-
20
Beier J, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, Chumo DK, Koech DK, Whitmire RE, Roberts CR, Diggs CL, Hoffman SL, 1994. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomological inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 50 :529–536.
-
21
Bloland PB, Lackritz EM, Kazembe PN, Were JBO, Stekettee R, Campbell CC, 1993. Beyond chloroquine: implications of drug resistance for evaluating malaria therapy efficacy and treatment policy in Africa. J Infect Dis 167 :932–937.
-
22
Obonyo CO, Ochieng F, Taylor WR, Ocholla S, Mugitu K, ter Kuile F, Olliaro P, Oloo AJ, 2003. Artesunate plus Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97 :585–591.
-
23
Snow RW, Bastos de Azevedo I, Lowe BS, Kabiru EW, Nevill CG, Mwankusye S, Kassiga G, Marsh K, Teuscher T, 1994. Severe childhood malaria in two areas of markedly different falciparum transmission in East Africa. Acta Trop 57 :289–300.
-
24
Premji Z, Hamisi Y, Shiff C, Minjas J, Lubega P, Makwaya C, 1995. Anemia and Plasmodium falciparum infections among young children in a holoendemic area, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Acta Trop 59 :55–64.
-
25
Dorward JA, Knowles JK, Dorward IM, 1989. Treatment of severe anemia in children in a rural hospital. Trop Doct 19 :155–158.
-
26
Verhoeff FH, Brabin BJ, Masache P, Kachale B, Kazembe P, Van der Kaay HJ, 1997. Parasitological and haematological responses to treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in southern Malawi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :133–140.
-
27
Ekvall H, Premji Z, Bjorkman A, 1998. Chloroquine treatment for uncomplicated childhood malaria in an area with drug resistance: early treatment failure aggravates anemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92 :556–560.
-
28
Ndyomugyenyi R, Magnussen P, 2004. Trends in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality among young children admitted to Ugandan hospitals, for the period 1990–2001. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 98 :315–327.
-
29
Snow RW, Trape JF, Marsh K, 2001. The past, present and future of childhood malaria mortality in Africa. Trends Parasitol 17 :593–597.
-
30
Greenberg AE, Nguyen-Dinh P, Mann JM, Kabote N, Colebunders RL, Francis H, Quinn TC, Baudoux P, Lyamba B, Davachi F, Roberts JM, Kabeye N, Curran JW, Campbell CC, 1988. The association between malaria, blood transfusions, and HIV seropositivity in a pediatric population in Kinshasa, Zaire. JAMA 259 :545–549.
-
31
van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, Otieno JA, Kolczak MS, Kager PA, Steketee RW, Nahlen BL, 2002. Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factors for infants in Kisumu, western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :44–53.
-
32
Otieno RO, Ouma C, Ongecha JM, Keller CC, Were T, Waindi EN, Michaels MG, Day RD, Vulule JM, Perkins DJ, 2006. Increased severe anemia in HIV-1-exposed and HIV-1-positive infants and children during acute malaria. AIDS 20 :275–280.
-
33
Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Font F, Galindo C, Acosta C, Armstrong Schellenberg J, Aponte JJ, Kimario J, Urassa H, Mshinda H, Tanner M, Alonso P, 1999. African children with malaria in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: features on admission to the hospital and risk factors for death. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :431–438.
-
34
Graham SM, Walsh AL, Molyneux EM, Phiri AJ, Molyneux ME, 2000. Clinical presentation of non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in Malawian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :310–314.
-
35
Lackritz EM, Hightower A, Zucker JR, Ruebush TK, Onudi CO, Steketee RW, Were JBO, Patrick E, Campbell CC, 1997. Longitudinal evaluation of severely anemic children in Kenya: the effect of transfusion on mortality and hematologic recovery. AIDS 11 :1487–1494.
-
36
Berkley JA, Brent A, Mwangi I, English M, Maitland K, Marsh K, Peshu N, Newton CR, 2004. Mortality among Kenyan children admitted to a rural district hospital on weekends as compared with weekdays. Pediatrics 114 :1737–1738.
-
37
Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F, 2001. An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr 131 :636S–648S.
-
38
Maitland K, Pamba A, English M, Peshu N, Levin M, Marsh K, Newton CR, 2005. Pre-transfusion management of children with severe malarial anaemia: a randomised controlled trial of intravascular volume expansion. Br J Haematol 28 :393–400.
-
39
English M, Waruiru C, Amukoye E, Murphy S, Crawley J, Mwangi I, Peshu N, Marsh K, 1996. Deep breathing in children with severe malaria: indicator of metabolic acidosis and poor outcome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 :521–524.
-
40
English M, New L, Peshu N, Marsh K, 1996. Video assessment of simple respiratory signs. BMJ 313 :1527–1528.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 237 | 212 | 13 |
| Full Text Views | 217 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 34 | 3 | 0 |