- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE
- DEPLOYMENT
- ACCESS
- PHARMACOLOGY
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- THE ACTS
- ARTESUNATE–SULFADOXINE–PYRIMETHAMINE
- ARTESUNATE–AMODIAQUINE
- ARTEMETHER–LUMEFANTRINE
- ARTESUNATE–MEFLOQUINE
- ARTESUNATE–CHLORPROGUANIL–DAPSONE
- ARTESUNATE–ATOVAQUONE–PROGUANIL
- ARTESUNATE–PYRONARIDINE
- DIHYDROARTEMISININ–PIPERAQUINE
- ACTS IN CHILDREN
- ACTS IN PREGNANCY
- PLASMODIUM VIVAX
- EFFECTS ON TRANSMISSION
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organisation, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. WHO. Geneva.
-
2
Stepniewska K, Taylor WRJ, Mayxay M, Price R, Smithuis F, Guthmann J-P, Barnes K, Myint H, Adjuik M, Olliaro P, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Farrar J, Nosten F, Day NPJ, White NJ, 2004. The in vivo assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy in falciparum malaria; the duration of follow-up. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 :4271–4280.
-
3
Peters W, 1969. Drug resistance—a perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63 :25–45.
-
4
Curtis CF, Otoo LN, 1986. A simple model of the build-up of resistance to mixtures of antimalarial drugs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :889–892.
-
5
Chawira AN, Warhurst DC, Robinson BL, Peters W, 1987. The effect of combinations of qinghaosu (artemisinin) with standard antimalarial drugs in the suppressive treatment of malaria in mice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 8 :554–558.
-
6
White NJ, 1997. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of the antimalarial drugs in-vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 :1413–1422.
-
7
White NJ, 1999. Antimalarial drug resistance and combination chemotherapy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354 :739–749.
-
8
White NJ, 2004. Antimalarial drug resistance. J Clin Invest 113 :1084–1092.
-
9
Cowman AF, Galatis D, Thompson JK, 1994. Selection for mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is linked to amplification of the pfmdr1 gene and cross-resistance to halofantrine and quinine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 :1143–1147.
-
10
Uhlemann AC, McGready R, Ashley EA, Brockman A, Singhasivanon P, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, Price RN, 2007. Intrahost selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 Alleles after antimalarial treatment on the northwestern border of Thailand. J Infect Dis 195 :134–141.
-
11
Jambou R, Legrand E, Niang M, Khim N, Lim P, Volney B, Ekala MT, Bouchier C, Esterre P, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Lancet 366 :1960–1963.
-
12
Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile F, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. The effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissability. Lancet 347 :1654–1658.
-
13
Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Little F, Jackson A, Mehta U, Allen E, Dlamini SS, Tsoka J, Bredenkamp B, Mthembu DJ, White NJ, Sharp BL, 2005. Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS Med 2 :e330.
-
14
Carrara VI, Sirilak S, Thonglairuam J, Rojanawatsirivet C, Proux S, Gilbos V, Brockman A, Ashley EA, McGready R, Krudsood S, Leemingsawat S, Looareesuwan S, Singhasivanon P, White N, Nosten F, 2006. Deployment of early diagnosis and mefloquine-artesunate treatment of falciparum malaria in Thailand: the Tak Malaria Initiative. PLoS Med 3 :e183.
-
15
Watkins WM, Mosobo M, 1993. Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine: selective pressure for resistance is a function of long elimination half-life. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :75–78.
-
16
Hastings I, Watkins WM, White NJ, 2002. Pharmacokinetic parameters affecting the evolution of drug-resistance in malaria; The role of the terminal elimination half-life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357 :505–519.
-
17
Nzila AM, Nduati E, Mberu EK, Hopkins Sibley C, Monks SA, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, 2000. Molecular evidence of greater selective pressure for drug resistance exerted by the long-acting antifolate Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine compared with the shorter-acting chlorproguanil/dapsone on Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 181 :2023–2028.
-
18
White NJ, 2005. Intermittent presumptive treatment for malaria. A better understanding of the pharmacodynamics will guide more rational policymaking. PLoS Medicine 2 :29–33.
-
19
McIntosh HM, Olliaro P, 2000. Artemisinin derivatives for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000256.
-
20
Price RN, van Vugt M, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Brockman A, Phaipun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1998. Artesunate versus artemether for the treatment of recrudescent multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :883–888.
-
21
Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, Luxemburger C, Brockman A, McGready R, ter Kuile F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand; a prospective study. Lancet 356 :297–302.
-
22
Brockman A, Price RN, van Vugt M, Heppner DG, Walsh D, Sookto P, Wimonwattrawatee T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2000. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the northwestern border of Thailand during five years of extensive artesunate-mefloquine use. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :537–544.
-
23
Institute of Medicine, 2004. Saving Lives, Buying Time; the Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
-
24
Newton P, Suputtamongkol Y, Teja-Isavadharm P, Pukrittayakamee S, Navaratnam V, Bates I, White NJ, 2000. Antimalarial bioavailability and disposition of artesunate in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :972–977.
-
25
Suputtamongkol Y, Newton P, Angus B, Teja-Isavadharm P, Keeratithakul D, Rasameesoraj M, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ, 2001. A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 :655–661.
-
26
Newton PN, van Vugt M, Teja-Isavadharm P, Siriyanonda D, Rasameesoroj M, Teerapong P, Ruangveerayuth R, Slight T, Nosten F, Suputtamongkol Y, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2002. Comparison of oral artesunate and dihydroartemisinin antimalarial bioavailabilities in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 :1125–1127.
-
27
Na-Bangchang K, Krudsood S, Silachamroon U, Molunto P, Tasanor O, Chalermrut K, Tangpukdee N, Matangkasombut O, Kano S, Looareesuwan S, 2004. The pharmacokinetics of oral dihydroartemisinin and artesunate in healthy Thai volunteers. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 :575–582.
-
28
Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Jongsakul K, Li Q, Keeratithakul G, Sirisopana N, Luesutthiviboon L, Brewer TG, Kyle DE, 2001. Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :717–721.
-
29
Binh TQ, Ilett KF, Batty KT, Davis TM, Hung NC, Powell SM, Thu LT, Thien HV, Phuong HL, Phuong VD, 2001. Oral bio-availability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 51 :541–546.
-
30
Kongthaisong M, Na-Bangchang K, Mungthin M, Sinchaipanid N, Tan-Ariya P, 2004. Comparison of the bioequivalence of three oral formulations of dihydroartemisinin based on ex vivo blood schizontocidal activities against Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :703–710.
-
31
Li XQ, Bjorkman A, Andersson TB, Gustafsson LL, Masimirembwa CM, 2003. Identification of human cytochrome P(450)s that metabolise anti-parasitic drugs and predictions of in vivo drug hepatic clearance from in vitro data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 59 :429–442.
-
32
Angus BJ, Thaiaporn I, Chanthapadith K, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, 2002. Oral artesunate dose response relationship in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 :778–782.
-
33
Chanda P, Hawela M, Kango M, Sipilanyambe N, 2006. Assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of a paediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartesiane) for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in children in Zambia. Malar J 5 :75.
-
34
Taylor WR, White NJ, 2004. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf 27 :25–61.
-
35
Leonardi-Nield E, Gilvary G, White NJ, Nosten F, 2001. Severe allergic reactions to oral artesunate: a report of two cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :182–183.
-
36
Brewer TG, Grate SJ, Peggins JO, Weina PJ, Petras JM, Levine BS, Heiffer MH, Schuster BG, 1994. Fatal neurotoxicity of arteether and artemether. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :251–259.
-
37
Brewer TG, Peggins JO, Grate SJ, Petras JM, Levine BS, Weina PJ, Swearengen J, Heiffer MH, Schuster BG, 1994. Neurotoxicity in animals due to arteether and artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 (Suppl 1):S33–S36.
-
38
Petras JM, Kyle DE, Gettatacamin M, Young GD, Bauman RA, Webster HK, Corcoran KD, Peggins JO, Vane MA, Brewer TG, 1997. Arteether: risks of two week administration in Macaca mulatta. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :390–396.
-
39
Nontprasert A, Nosten-Bertrand M, Pukrittayakamee S, Vanijanonta S, Angus BJ, White NJ, 1998. Assessment of the neurotoxicity of parenteral artemisinin derivatives in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :519–522.
-
40
Nontprasert A, Pukrittayakamee S, Nosten-Bertrand M, Vanijanonta S, White NJ, 2000. Studies of the neurotoxicity of oral artemisinin derivatives in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :409–412.
-
41
Genovese RF, Newman DB, Brewer TG, 2000. Behavioral and neural toxicity of the artemisinin antimalarial, arteether, but not artesunate and artelinate, in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 :37–44.
-
42
Toovey S, Jamieson A, 2004. Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co-artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :261–267.
-
43
Mehta U, Barnes KI, Kathard H, Vugt M, Durrheim D, 2005. Comment on: Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co-artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :313–314.
-
44
Price RN, van Vugt M, Phaipun L, Luxemburger C, Simpson J, McGready R, ter Kuile F, Kham A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, Nosten F, 1999. Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :547–555.
-
45
van Vugt M, Angus BM, Price RN, Mann C, Simpson JA, Poletto C, Htoo SE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2000. A case-control auditory evaluation of patients treated with artemisinin derivatives for multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :65–69.
-
46
Kissinger E, Hien TT, Hung NT, Nam ND, Tuyen NL, Dinh BV, Mann C, Phu NH, Loc PP, Simpson JA, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2000. Clinical and neurophysiological study of the effects of multiple doses of artemisinin on brain-stem function in Vietnamese patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :48–55.
-
47
Hutagalung R, Htoo H, Nwee P, Arunkamomkiri J, Zwang J, Carrara VI, Ashley E, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. A case-control auditory evaluation of patients treated with artemether-lumefantrine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :211–214.
-
48
Hien TT, Turner GDH, Mai NTH, Phu NH, Bethell D, Blakemore W, Cavanagh JC, Dayan A, Medana I, Weller RO, Day NPJ, White NJ, 2003. Neuropathological assessment of artemether treated severe malaria. Lancet 362 :295–296.
-
49
Longo M, Zanoncelli S, Torre PD, Riflettuto M, Cocco F, Pesenti M, Giusti A, Colombo P, Brughera M, Mazue G, Navaratman V, Gomes M, Olliaro P, 2006. In vivo and in vitro investigations of the effects of the antimalarial drug dihydroar-temisinin (DHA) on rat embryos. Reprod Toxicol 22 :797–810.
-
50
White TE, Bushdid PB, Ritter S, Laffan SB, Clark RL, 2006. Artesunate-induced depletion of embryonic erythroblasts precedes embryolethality and teratogenicity in vivo. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 77 :413–429.
-
51
Clark RL, White TE, A Clode S, Gaunt I, Winstanley P, Ward SA, 2004. Developmental toxicity of artesunate and an arte-sunate combination in the rat and rabbit. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 71 :380–394.
-
52
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, 2004. International Artemisinin Study Group. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
53
Barnes KI, Little F, Smith PJ, Evans A, Watkins WM, White NJ, 2006. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in malaria: pediatric dosing implications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80 :582–596.
-
54
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
-
55
Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Cisse M, Cobelens F, Diallo S, Faucher JF, Garner P, Gikunda S, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lell B, Loolpapit M, Matsiegui PB, Missinou MA, Mwanza J, Ntoumi F, Olliaro P, Osimbo P, Rezbach P, Some E, Taylor WR, 2002. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multi-centre trial. Lancet 359 :1365–1372.
-
56
Martensson A, Stromberg J, Sisowath C, Msellem MI, Gil JP, Montgomery SM, Olliaro P, Ali AS, Bjorkman A, 2005. Efficacy of artesunate plus amodiaquine versus that of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 41 :1079–1086.
-
57
Durrani N, Leslie T, Rahim S, Graham K, Ahmad F, Rowland M, 2005. Efficacy of combination therapy with artesunate plus amodiaquine compared to monotherapy with chloroquine, amodiaquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in Afghanistan. Trop Med Int Health 10 :521–529.
-
58
White NJ, van Vugt M, Ezzet F, 1999. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Clin Pharmacokinet 37 :105–125.
-
59
van Vugt M, Wilairatana P, Gemperli B, Gathmann I, Phaipun L, Brockman A, Luxemburger C, White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, 1999. Efficacy of six doses or artemether-benflumetol in the treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :936–942.
-
60
van Vugt M, Brockman A, Gemperli B, Luxemburger C, Gathman I, Royce C, Slight T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 1998. Randomised comparison of artemether-benflumetol and artesunate-mefloquine in the treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 :135–139.
-
61
Stohrer JM, Dittrich S, Thongpaseuth V, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Phompida S, Monti F, Christophel EM, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Jelinek T, 2004. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Luang Namtha Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1175–1183.
-
62
Hutagalung R, Paiphun L, Ashley EA, McGready R, Brockman A, Thwai KL, Singhasivanon P, Jelinek T, White NJ, Nosten FH, 2005. A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand. Malar J 4 :46.
-
63
Mueller EA, van Vugt M, Kirch W, Andriano K, Hunt P, de Palacios PI, 2006. Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adolescents and adults: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from randomized clinical trials. Acta Trop 100 :41–53.
-
64
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJ, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42 :1570–1577.
-
65
Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegårdh N, Annerberg A, Am Kham, Brockman A, Singhivason P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2007. How much fat is necessary to optimise lumefantrine oral bioavailability? Trop Med Int Health 12 :195–200.
-
66
Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegårdh N, McGready R, Annerberg A, Hutagalung R, Singtoroj T, Hla G, Brockman A, Proux S, Wilahphaingern J, Singhivason P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2007. A pharmacokinetic study of artemether-lumefantrine given once daily for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug resistant falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 12 :201–208.
-
67
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, Ashley EA, La Y, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 :1021–1031.
-
68
Palmer KJ, Holliday SM, Brogden RN, 1993. Mefloquine. A review of its antimalarial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 45 :430–475.
-
69
Price RN, Cassar C, Brockman A, Duraisingh M, van Vugt M, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 1999. The pfmdr1 gene is associated with a multidrug resistance phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum from the western border of Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :2943–2949.
-
70
Simpson JA, Watkins ER, Price RN, Aarons L, Kyle DE, White NJ, 2000. Mefloquine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models: implications for dosing and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :3414–3424.
-
71
Simpson JA, Price RN, ter Kuile FO, Teja-Isvadharm P, Nosten F, Aarons L, White NJ, 1999. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Clin Pharmac Ther 66 :472–484.
-
72
Nosten F, Vincenti M, Simpson JA, Yei P, Kyaw Lay Thwai, de Vries A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1999. The effects of mefloquine treatment in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 28 :808–815.
-
73
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Slutsker L, Khoromana CO, Heymann DL, Breman JG, 1996. Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (1 Suppl):50–56.
-
74
Mai NTH, Day NPJ, Chuong LV, Waller D, Phu NH, Bethell DB, Hien TT, White NJ, 1996. Post-malaria neurological syndrome. Lancet 348 :917–921.
-
75
Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Woodrow C, Pa Eh J, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1994. Treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria with 3-day arte-sunatemefloquine combination. J Infect Dis 170 :971–977.
-
76
Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, McGready R, Hutagalung R, Hae R, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 :2281–2285.
-
77
Ashley EA, Lwin KM, McGready R, Simon WH, Phaiphun L, Proux S, Wangseang N, Taylor W, Stepniewska K, Nawamaneerat W, Thwai KL, Barends M, Leowattana W, Olliaro P, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. An open label randomized comparison of mefloquine-artesunate as separate tablets vs. a new co-formulated combination for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1653–1660.
-
78
Winstanley P, Ward S, 2006. Malaria chemotherapy. Adv Parasitol 61 :47–76.
-
79
Simpson JA, Hughes D, Manyando C, Bojang K, Aarons L, Winstanley P, Edwards G, Watkins WA, Ward S, 2006. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of the antimalarial chemotherapy chlorproguanil/dapsone. Br J Clin Pharmacol 61 :289–300.
-
80
van Vugt M, Leonardi E, Phaipun L, Slight T, Thway KL, McGready R, Brockman A, Villegas L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2002. Treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria with artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil. Clin Infect Dis 35 :1498–1504.
-
81
Davis TM, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, 2005. Artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated malaria. Med J Aust 182 :181–185.
-
82
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 :367–371.
-
83
Davis TM, Hung TY, Sim IK, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, 2005. Piperaquine: a resurgent antimalarial drug. Drugs 65 :75–87.
-
84
Hung TY, Davis TM, Ilett KF, Karunajeewa H, Hewitt S, Denis MB, Lim C, Socheat D, 2004. Population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in adults and children with uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57 :253–262.
-
85
Tarning J, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Singtoroj T, Day NP, Ashton M, White NJ, 2005. Pitfalls in estimating piperaquine elimination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :5127–5128.
-
86
Sim IK, Davis TM, Ilett KF, 2005. Effects of a high-fat meal on the relative oral bioavailability of piperaquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :2407–2411.
-
87
Denis MB, Davis TM, Hewitt S, Incardona S, Nimol K, Fandeur T, Poravuth Y, Lim C, Socheat D, 2002. Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 35 :1469–1476.
-
88
Hien TT, Mai PP, Dolecek C, Phuong P, Dung NT, Truong NT, Thanh N, Thai LH, An DTH, Quyen NTH, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2004. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine against multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in Viet Nam: randomized clinical trial. Lancet 363 :18–22.
-
89
Ashley EA, Krudsood S, Phaiphun L, Srivilairit S, McGready R, Leowattana W, Hutagalung R, Wilairatana P, Brockman A, Looareesuwan S, Nosten F, White NJ, 2004. Randomized, controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Infect Dis 190 :1773–1782.
-
90
Karunajeewa H, Lim C, Hung TY, Ilett KF, Denis MB, Socheat D, Davis TM, 2004. Safety evaluation of fixed combination piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57 :93–99.
-
91
Mayxay M, Thongpraseuth V, Khanthavong M, Lindegardh N, Barends M, Keola S, Pongvongsa T, Phompida S, Phetsouvanh R, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. An open, randomized comparison of artesunate plus mefloquine vs. dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos). Trop Med Int Health 11 :1157–1165.
-
92
Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O, Aye KZ, Htet L, Barends M, Lindegardh N, Singtoroj T, Ashley E, Lwin S, Stepniewska K, White NJ, 2006. Efficacy and effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus artesunate-mefloquine in falciparum malaria: an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 367 :2075–2085.
-
93
Karema C, Fanello CI, van Overmeir C, van Geertruyden JP, van Doren W, Ngamije D, D’Alessandro U, 2006. Safety and efficacy of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (Artekin) for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Rwandan children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :1105–1111.
-
94
Hombhanje FW, Hwaihwanje I, Tsukahara T, Saruwatari J, Nakagawa M, Osawa H, Paniu MM, Takahashi N, Lum JK, Aumora B, Masta A, Sapuri M, Kobayakawa T, Kaneko A, Ishizaki T, 2005. The disposition of oral amodiaquine in Papua New Guinean children with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 59 :298–301.
-
95
Clark RL, Kumemura M, Makori M, Nkata Y, Bernrad F, White TEK, Arima A, 2006. Artesunate developmental toxicity in monkeys. Teratology Society abstracts 30.
-
96
McGready R, Cho T, Keo NK, Villegas L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2001. Artemisinin antimalarials in pregnancy: a prospective treatment study of 539 multidrug resistant P.falciparum episodes. Clin Infect Dis 33 :2009–2010.
-
97
Nosten F, McGready R, Mutabingwa T, 2007. Case management of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7 :118–125.
-
98
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Edstein MD, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2003. The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharm 59 :545–552.
-
99
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 :367–371.
-
100
Pukrittayakamee S, Chantra A, Simpson JA, Vanijanonta S, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Therapeutic responses to different antimalarial drugs in vivax malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :1680–1685.
-
101
Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M, Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P, 2001. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183 :1254–1259.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 800 | 557 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 521 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 199 | 12 | 2 |
Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatment of Falciparum Malaria
François Nosten
François Nosten
Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand; Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Vaccinology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by François Nosten in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by François Nosten in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Nicholas J. White
Nicholas J. White
Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand; Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Vaccinology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
Search for other papers by Nicholas J. White in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nicholas J. White in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) are now generally accepted as the best treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. They are rapidly and reliably effective. Efficacy is determined by the drug partnering the artemisinin derivative and, for artesunate–mefloquine, artemether–lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine, this usually exceeds 95%. Artesunate–sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine and artesunate–amodiaquine are effective in some areas, but in other areas resistance to the partner precludes their use. There is still uncertainty over the safety of artemisinin derivatives in the first trimester of pregnancy, when they should not be used unless there are no effective alternatives. Otherwise, except for occasional hypersensitivity reactions, the artemisinin derivatives are safe and remarkably well tolerated. The adverse effect profiles of the artemisinin-based combination treatments are determined by the partner drug. Most malaria endemic countries have now adopted artemisinin-based combination treatments as first-line treatment of falciparum malaria, but in most of these only a minority of the patients that need artemisinin-based combination treatments actually receive them.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE
- DEPLOYMENT
- ACCESS
- PHARMACOLOGY
- ADVERSE EFFECTS
- THE ACTS
- ARTESUNATE–SULFADOXINE–PYRIMETHAMINE
- ARTESUNATE–AMODIAQUINE
- ARTEMETHER–LUMEFANTRINE
- ARTESUNATE–MEFLOQUINE
- ARTESUNATE–CHLORPROGUANIL–DAPSONE
- ARTESUNATE–ATOVAQUONE–PROGUANIL
- ARTESUNATE–PYRONARIDINE
- DIHYDROARTEMISININ–PIPERAQUINE
- ACTS IN CHILDREN
- ACTS IN PREGNANCY
- PLASMODIUM VIVAX
- EFFECTS ON TRANSMISSION
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organisation, 2006. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. WHO. Geneva.
-
2
Stepniewska K, Taylor WRJ, Mayxay M, Price R, Smithuis F, Guthmann J-P, Barnes K, Myint H, Adjuik M, Olliaro P, Pukrittayakamee S, Looareesuwan S, Hien TT, Farrar J, Nosten F, Day NPJ, White NJ, 2004. The in vivo assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy in falciparum malaria; the duration of follow-up. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48 :4271–4280.
-
3
Peters W, 1969. Drug resistance—a perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 63 :25–45.
-
4
Curtis CF, Otoo LN, 1986. A simple model of the build-up of resistance to mixtures of antimalarial drugs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :889–892.
-
5
Chawira AN, Warhurst DC, Robinson BL, Peters W, 1987. The effect of combinations of qinghaosu (artemisinin) with standard antimalarial drugs in the suppressive treatment of malaria in mice. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 8 :554–558.
-
6
White NJ, 1997. Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of the antimalarial drugs in-vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41 :1413–1422.
-
7
White NJ, 1999. Antimalarial drug resistance and combination chemotherapy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354 :739–749.
-
8
White NJ, 2004. Antimalarial drug resistance. J Clin Invest 113 :1084–1092.
-
9
Cowman AF, Galatis D, Thompson JK, 1994. Selection for mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum is linked to amplification of the pfmdr1 gene and cross-resistance to halofantrine and quinine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 :1143–1147.
-
10
Uhlemann AC, McGready R, Ashley EA, Brockman A, Singhasivanon P, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, Price RN, 2007. Intrahost selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 Alleles after antimalarial treatment on the northwestern border of Thailand. J Infect Dis 195 :134–141.
-
11
Jambou R, Legrand E, Niang M, Khim N, Lim P, Volney B, Ekala MT, Bouchier C, Esterre P, Fandeur T, Mercereau-Puijalon O, 2005. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates to in-vitro artemether and point mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6. Lancet 366 :1960–1963.
-
12
Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile F, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. The effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissability. Lancet 347 :1654–1658.
-
13
Barnes KI, Durrheim DN, Little F, Jackson A, Mehta U, Allen E, Dlamini SS, Tsoka J, Bredenkamp B, Mthembu DJ, White NJ, Sharp BL, 2005. Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS Med 2 :e330.
-
14
Carrara VI, Sirilak S, Thonglairuam J, Rojanawatsirivet C, Proux S, Gilbos V, Brockman A, Ashley EA, McGready R, Krudsood S, Leemingsawat S, Looareesuwan S, Singhasivanon P, White N, Nosten F, 2006. Deployment of early diagnosis and mefloquine-artesunate treatment of falciparum malaria in Thailand: the Tak Malaria Initiative. PLoS Med 3 :e183.
-
15
Watkins WM, Mosobo M, 1993. Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine: selective pressure for resistance is a function of long elimination half-life. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 :75–78.
-
16
Hastings I, Watkins WM, White NJ, 2002. Pharmacokinetic parameters affecting the evolution of drug-resistance in malaria; The role of the terminal elimination half-life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 357 :505–519.
-
17
Nzila AM, Nduati E, Mberu EK, Hopkins Sibley C, Monks SA, Winstanley PA, Watkins WM, 2000. Molecular evidence of greater selective pressure for drug resistance exerted by the long-acting antifolate Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine compared with the shorter-acting chlorproguanil/dapsone on Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 181 :2023–2028.
-
18
White NJ, 2005. Intermittent presumptive treatment for malaria. A better understanding of the pharmacodynamics will guide more rational policymaking. PLoS Medicine 2 :29–33.
-
19
McIntosh HM, Olliaro P, 2000. Artemisinin derivatives for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000256.
-
20
Price RN, van Vugt M, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, Brockman A, Phaipun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1998. Artesunate versus artemether for the treatment of recrudescent multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :883–888.
-
21
Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, Luxemburger C, Brockman A, McGready R, ter Kuile F, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand; a prospective study. Lancet 356 :297–302.
-
22
Brockman A, Price RN, van Vugt M, Heppner DG, Walsh D, Sookto P, Wimonwattrawatee T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2000. Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the northwestern border of Thailand during five years of extensive artesunate-mefloquine use. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :537–544.
-
23
Institute of Medicine, 2004. Saving Lives, Buying Time; the Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance. National Academies Press, Washington DC.
-
24
Newton P, Suputtamongkol Y, Teja-Isavadharm P, Pukrittayakamee S, Navaratnam V, Bates I, White NJ, 2000. Antimalarial bioavailability and disposition of artesunate in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :972–977.
-
25
Suputtamongkol Y, Newton P, Angus B, Teja-Isavadharm P, Keeratithakul D, Rasameesoraj M, Pukrittayakamee S, White NJ, 2001. A comparison of oral artesunate and artemether antimalarial bioactivities in acute falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 :655–661.
-
26
Newton PN, van Vugt M, Teja-Isavadharm P, Siriyanonda D, Rasameesoroj M, Teerapong P, Ruangveerayuth R, Slight T, Nosten F, Suputtamongkol Y, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2002. Comparison of oral artesunate and dihydroartemisinin antimalarial bioavailabilities in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 :1125–1127.
-
27
Na-Bangchang K, Krudsood S, Silachamroon U, Molunto P, Tasanor O, Chalermrut K, Tangpukdee N, Matangkasombut O, Kano S, Looareesuwan S, 2004. The pharmacokinetics of oral dihydroartemisinin and artesunate in healthy Thai volunteers. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35 :575–582.
-
28
Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Jongsakul K, Li Q, Keeratithakul G, Sirisopana N, Luesutthiviboon L, Brewer TG, Kyle DE, 2001. Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :717–721.
-
29
Binh TQ, Ilett KF, Batty KT, Davis TM, Hung NC, Powell SM, Thu LT, Thien HV, Phuong HL, Phuong VD, 2001. Oral bio-availability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 51 :541–546.
-
30
Kongthaisong M, Na-Bangchang K, Mungthin M, Sinchaipanid N, Tan-Ariya P, 2004. Comparison of the bioequivalence of three oral formulations of dihydroartemisinin based on ex vivo blood schizontocidal activities against Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :703–710.
-
31
Li XQ, Bjorkman A, Andersson TB, Gustafsson LL, Masimirembwa CM, 2003. Identification of human cytochrome P(450)s that metabolise anti-parasitic drugs and predictions of in vivo drug hepatic clearance from in vitro data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 59 :429–442.
-
32
Angus BJ, Thaiaporn I, Chanthapadith K, Suputtamongkol Y, White NJ, 2002. Oral artesunate dose response relationship in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 :778–782.
-
33
Chanda P, Hawela M, Kango M, Sipilanyambe N, 2006. Assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of a paediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartesiane) for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in children in Zambia. Malar J 5 :75.
-
34
Taylor WR, White NJ, 2004. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf 27 :25–61.
-
35
Leonardi-Nield E, Gilvary G, White NJ, Nosten F, 2001. Severe allergic reactions to oral artesunate: a report of two cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :182–183.
-
36
Brewer TG, Grate SJ, Peggins JO, Weina PJ, Petras JM, Levine BS, Heiffer MH, Schuster BG, 1994. Fatal neurotoxicity of arteether and artemether. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51 :251–259.
-
37
Brewer TG, Peggins JO, Grate SJ, Petras JM, Levine BS, Weina PJ, Swearengen J, Heiffer MH, Schuster BG, 1994. Neurotoxicity in animals due to arteether and artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88 (Suppl 1):S33–S36.
-
38
Petras JM, Kyle DE, Gettatacamin M, Young GD, Bauman RA, Webster HK, Corcoran KD, Peggins JO, Vane MA, Brewer TG, 1997. Arteether: risks of two week administration in Macaca mulatta. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :390–396.
-
39
Nontprasert A, Nosten-Bertrand M, Pukrittayakamee S, Vanijanonta S, Angus BJ, White NJ, 1998. Assessment of the neurotoxicity of parenteral artemisinin derivatives in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59 :519–522.
-
40
Nontprasert A, Pukrittayakamee S, Nosten-Bertrand M, Vanijanonta S, White NJ, 2000. Studies of the neurotoxicity of oral artemisinin derivatives in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :409–412.
-
41
Genovese RF, Newman DB, Brewer TG, 2000. Behavioral and neural toxicity of the artemisinin antimalarial, arteether, but not artesunate and artelinate, in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 67 :37–44.
-
42
Toovey S, Jamieson A, 2004. Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co-artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 :261–267.
-
43
Mehta U, Barnes KI, Kathard H, Vugt M, Durrheim D, 2005. Comment on: Audiometric changes associated with the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria with co-artemether. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :313–314.
-
44
Price RN, van Vugt M, Phaipun L, Luxemburger C, Simpson J, McGready R, ter Kuile F, Kham A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, Nosten F, 1999. Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :547–555.
-
45
van Vugt M, Angus BM, Price RN, Mann C, Simpson JA, Poletto C, Htoo SE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2000. A case-control auditory evaluation of patients treated with artemisinin derivatives for multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62 :65–69.
-
46
Kissinger E, Hien TT, Hung NT, Nam ND, Tuyen NL, Dinh BV, Mann C, Phu NH, Loc PP, Simpson JA, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2000. Clinical and neurophysiological study of the effects of multiple doses of artemisinin on brain-stem function in Vietnamese patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 63 :48–55.
-
47
Hutagalung R, Htoo H, Nwee P, Arunkamomkiri J, Zwang J, Carrara VI, Ashley E, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. A case-control auditory evaluation of patients treated with artemether-lumefantrine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 :211–214.
-
48
Hien TT, Turner GDH, Mai NTH, Phu NH, Bethell D, Blakemore W, Cavanagh JC, Dayan A, Medana I, Weller RO, Day NPJ, White NJ, 2003. Neuropathological assessment of artemether treated severe malaria. Lancet 362 :295–296.
-
49
Longo M, Zanoncelli S, Torre PD, Riflettuto M, Cocco F, Pesenti M, Giusti A, Colombo P, Brughera M, Mazue G, Navaratman V, Gomes M, Olliaro P, 2006. In vivo and in vitro investigations of the effects of the antimalarial drug dihydroar-temisinin (DHA) on rat embryos. Reprod Toxicol 22 :797–810.
-
50
White TE, Bushdid PB, Ritter S, Laffan SB, Clark RL, 2006. Artesunate-induced depletion of embryonic erythroblasts precedes embryolethality and teratogenicity in vivo. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 77 :413–429.
-
51
Clark RL, White TE, A Clode S, Gaunt I, Winstanley P, Ward SA, 2004. Developmental toxicity of artesunate and an arte-sunate combination in the rat and rabbit. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 71 :380–394.
-
52
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White N, 2004. International Artemisinin Study Group. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
53
Barnes KI, Little F, Smith PJ, Evans A, Watkins WM, White NJ, 2006. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in malaria: pediatric dosing implications. Clin Pharmacol Ther 80 :582–596.
-
54
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulphadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
-
55
Adjuik M, Agnamey P, Babiker A, Borrmann S, Brasseur P, Cisse M, Cobelens F, Diallo S, Faucher JF, Garner P, Gikunda S, Kremsner PG, Krishna S, Lell B, Loolpapit M, Matsiegui PB, Missinou MA, Mwanza J, Ntoumi F, Olliaro P, Osimbo P, Rezbach P, Some E, Taylor WR, 2002. Amodiaquine-artesunate versus amodiaquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in African children: a randomised, multi-centre trial. Lancet 359 :1365–1372.
-
56
Martensson A, Stromberg J, Sisowath C, Msellem MI, Gil JP, Montgomery SM, Olliaro P, Ali AS, Bjorkman A, 2005. Efficacy of artesunate plus amodiaquine versus that of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Clin Infect Dis 41 :1079–1086.
-
57
Durrani N, Leslie T, Rahim S, Graham K, Ahmad F, Rowland M, 2005. Efficacy of combination therapy with artesunate plus amodiaquine compared to monotherapy with chloroquine, amodiaquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in Afghanistan. Trop Med Int Health 10 :521–529.
-
58
White NJ, van Vugt M, Ezzet F, 1999. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Clin Pharmacokinet 37 :105–125.
-
59
van Vugt M, Wilairatana P, Gemperli B, Gathmann I, Phaipun L, Brockman A, Luxemburger C, White NJ, Nosten F, Looareesuwan S, 1999. Efficacy of six doses or artemether-benflumetol in the treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :936–942.
-
60
van Vugt M, Brockman A, Gemperli B, Luxemburger C, Gathman I, Royce C, Slight T, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 1998. Randomised comparison of artemether-benflumetol and artesunate-mefloquine in the treatment of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 :135–139.
-
61
Stohrer JM, Dittrich S, Thongpaseuth V, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Phompida S, Monti F, Christophel EM, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Jelinek T, 2004. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Luang Namtha Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1175–1183.
-
62
Hutagalung R, Paiphun L, Ashley EA, McGready R, Brockman A, Thwai KL, Singhasivanon P, Jelinek T, White NJ, Nosten FH, 2005. A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand. Malar J 4 :46.
-
63
Mueller EA, van Vugt M, Kirch W, Andriano K, Hunt P, de Palacios PI, 2006. Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adolescents and adults: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from randomized clinical trials. Acta Trop 100 :41–53.
-
64
Price RN, Uhlemann AC, van Vugt M, Brockman A, Hutagalung R, Nair S, Nash D, Singhasivanon P, Anderson TJ, Krishna S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Molecular and pharmacological determinants of the therapeutic response to artemether-lumefantrine in multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 42 :1570–1577.
-
65
Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegårdh N, Annerberg A, Am Kham, Brockman A, Singhivason P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2007. How much fat is necessary to optimise lumefantrine oral bioavailability? Trop Med Int Health 12 :195–200.
-
66
Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegårdh N, McGready R, Annerberg A, Hutagalung R, Singtoroj T, Hla G, Brockman A, Proux S, Wilahphaingern J, Singhivason P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2007. A pharmacokinetic study of artemether-lumefantrine given once daily for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug resistant falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 12 :201–208.
-
67
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, Ashley EA, La Y, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 :1021–1031.
-
68
Palmer KJ, Holliday SM, Brogden RN, 1993. Mefloquine. A review of its antimalarial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 45 :430–475.
-
69
Price RN, Cassar C, Brockman A, Duraisingh M, van Vugt M, White NJ, Nosten F, Krishna S, 1999. The pfmdr1 gene is associated with a multidrug resistance phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum from the western border of Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 :2943–2949.
-
70
Simpson JA, Watkins ER, Price RN, Aarons L, Kyle DE, White NJ, 2000. Mefloquine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models: implications for dosing and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :3414–3424.
-
71
Simpson JA, Price RN, ter Kuile FO, Teja-Isvadharm P, Nosten F, Aarons L, White NJ, 1999. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Clin Pharmac Ther 66 :472–484.
-
72
Nosten F, Vincenti M, Simpson JA, Yei P, Kyaw Lay Thwai, de Vries A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1999. The effects of mefloquine treatment in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 28 :808–815.
-
73
Steketee RW, Wirima JJ, Slutsker L, Khoromana CO, Heymann DL, Breman JG, 1996. Malaria treatment and prevention in pregnancy: indications for use and adverse events associated with use of chloroquine or mefloquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55 (1 Suppl):50–56.
-
74
Mai NTH, Day NPJ, Chuong LV, Waller D, Phu NH, Bethell DB, Hien TT, White NJ, 1996. Post-malaria neurological syndrome. Lancet 348 :917–921.
-
75
Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Woodrow C, Pa Eh J, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1994. Treatment of multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria with 3-day arte-sunatemefloquine combination. J Infect Dis 170 :971–977.
-
76
Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, McGready R, Hutagalung R, Hae R, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 :2281–2285.
-
77
Ashley EA, Lwin KM, McGready R, Simon WH, Phaiphun L, Proux S, Wangseang N, Taylor W, Stepniewska K, Nawamaneerat W, Thwai KL, Barends M, Leowattana W, Olliaro P, Singhasivanon P, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. An open label randomized comparison of mefloquine-artesunate as separate tablets vs. a new co-formulated combination for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. Trop Med Int Health 11 :1653–1660.
-
78
Winstanley P, Ward S, 2006. Malaria chemotherapy. Adv Parasitol 61 :47–76.
-
79
Simpson JA, Hughes D, Manyando C, Bojang K, Aarons L, Winstanley P, Edwards G, Watkins WA, Ward S, 2006. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling of the antimalarial chemotherapy chlorproguanil/dapsone. Br J Clin Pharmacol 61 :289–300.
-
80
van Vugt M, Leonardi E, Phaipun L, Slight T, Thway KL, McGready R, Brockman A, Villegas L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2002. Treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria with artesunate-atovaquone-proguanil. Clin Infect Dis 35 :1498–1504.
-
81
Davis TM, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, 2005. Artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated malaria. Med J Aust 182 :181–185.
-
82
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 :367–371.
-
83
Davis TM, Hung TY, Sim IK, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, 2005. Piperaquine: a resurgent antimalarial drug. Drugs 65 :75–87.
-
84
Hung TY, Davis TM, Ilett KF, Karunajeewa H, Hewitt S, Denis MB, Lim C, Socheat D, 2004. Population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in adults and children with uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57 :253–262.
-
85
Tarning J, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Singtoroj T, Day NP, Ashton M, White NJ, 2005. Pitfalls in estimating piperaquine elimination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :5127–5128.
-
86
Sim IK, Davis TM, Ilett KF, 2005. Effects of a high-fat meal on the relative oral bioavailability of piperaquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 :2407–2411.
-
87
Denis MB, Davis TM, Hewitt S, Incardona S, Nimol K, Fandeur T, Poravuth Y, Lim C, Socheat D, 2002. Efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Clin Infect Dis 35 :1469–1476.
-
88
Hien TT, Mai PP, Dolecek C, Phuong P, Dung NT, Truong NT, Thanh N, Thai LH, An DTH, Quyen NTH, White NJ, Farrar JJ, 2004. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine against multidrug resistant falciparum malaria in Viet Nam: randomized clinical trial. Lancet 363 :18–22.
-
89
Ashley EA, Krudsood S, Phaiphun L, Srivilairit S, McGready R, Leowattana W, Hutagalung R, Wilairatana P, Brockman A, Looareesuwan S, Nosten F, White NJ, 2004. Randomized, controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Infect Dis 190 :1773–1782.
-
90
Karunajeewa H, Lim C, Hung TY, Ilett KF, Denis MB, Socheat D, Davis TM, 2004. Safety evaluation of fixed combination piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 57 :93–99.
-
91
Mayxay M, Thongpraseuth V, Khanthavong M, Lindegardh N, Barends M, Keola S, Pongvongsa T, Phompida S, Phetsouvanh R, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Newton PN, 2006. An open, randomized comparison of artesunate plus mefloquine vs. dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos). Trop Med Int Health 11 :1157–1165.
-
92
Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O, Aye KZ, Htet L, Barends M, Lindegardh N, Singtoroj T, Ashley E, Lwin S, Stepniewska K, White NJ, 2006. Efficacy and effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus artesunate-mefloquine in falciparum malaria: an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 367 :2075–2085.
-
93
Karema C, Fanello CI, van Overmeir C, van Geertruyden JP, van Doren W, Ngamije D, D’Alessandro U, 2006. Safety and efficacy of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (Artekin) for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Rwandan children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100 :1105–1111.
-
94
Hombhanje FW, Hwaihwanje I, Tsukahara T, Saruwatari J, Nakagawa M, Osawa H, Paniu MM, Takahashi N, Lum JK, Aumora B, Masta A, Sapuri M, Kobayakawa T, Kaneko A, Ishizaki T, 2005. The disposition of oral amodiaquine in Papua New Guinean children with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 59 :298–301.
-
95
Clark RL, Kumemura M, Makori M, Nkata Y, Bernrad F, White TEK, Arima A, 2006. Artesunate developmental toxicity in monkeys. Teratology Society abstracts 30.
-
96
McGready R, Cho T, Keo NK, Villegas L, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2001. Artemisinin antimalarials in pregnancy: a prospective treatment study of 539 multidrug resistant P.falciparum episodes. Clin Infect Dis 33 :2009–2010.
-
97
Nosten F, McGready R, Mutabingwa T, 2007. Case management of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis 7 :118–125.
-
98
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Edstein MD, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2003. The pharmacokinetics of atovaquone and proguanil in pregnant women with acute falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharm 59 :545–552.
-
99
McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, Cho T, Gilveray G, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, Nosten F, 2006. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 :367–371.
-
100
Pukrittayakamee S, Chantra A, Simpson JA, Vanijanonta S, Clemens R, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, 2000. Therapeutic responses to different antimalarial drugs in vivax malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44 :1680–1685.
-
101
Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M, Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P, 2001. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent posttreatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183 :1254–1259.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 800 | 557 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 521 | 12 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 199 | 12 | 2 |