Nayaran D, 1997. Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania. Washington: World Bank.
Nayaran D, Patel R, Schafft K, Rademacher A, Koch-Schulte S, 2000. Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? New York: Oxford University Press.
Case A, 2000. Health, Income and Economic Development. Princeton, NJ: World Bank, 1–39.
Breman JG, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :1–11.
Gallup JL, Sachs JD, 2001. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :85–96.
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415 :680–685.
Malaney P, Spielman A, Sachs J, 2004. The malaria gap. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :141–146.
Government of Tanzania, 2001. Household Budget Survey. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Information Services.
Jowett M, Miller NJ, 2005. The financial burden of malaria in Tanzania: implications for future government policy. Int J Health Plann Manage 20 :67–84.
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC, 2003. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :169–176.
INDEPTH, 2002. Population and Health in Developing Countries. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Abdulla S, Killeen GF, 2005. MTIMBA Interim Report—Tanzania Site for INDEPTH Network. Dar es Salaam: Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
Houweling T, Kunst A, Mackenbach J, 2003. Measuring health inequality among children in developing countries: does the choice of the indicator of economic status matter? Int J Equity Health 2 :1–24.
Casella G, Berger RL, 1990. Statistical Inference. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth.
Wooldridge JM, 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Imbens GW, 2003. Semiparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Under Exogeneity: A Review. Berkeley, CA: UC Berkley and NBER.
Abadie A, Drukker D, Leber Herr J, Imbens GW, 2001. Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in Stata. Stata Journal 1 :1–18.
Stock JH, Yogo M, 2002. Testing for Weak Instruments in a Linear IV Regression. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Clarke SE, Bogh C, Brown RC, Pinder M, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW, 2001. Do untreated bednets protect against malaria? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :457–462.
Koram KA, Bennett S, Adiamah JH, Greenwood BM, 1995. Socioeconomic risk factors for malaria in a peri-urban area of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :146–150.
Tshikuka JG, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, Kalumba ON, 1996. Multiple infection with Plasmodium and helminths in communities of low and relatively high socioeconomic status. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :277–293.
Henry MC, Rogier C, Nzeyimana I, Assi SB, Dossou-Yovo J, Audibert M, Mathonnat J, Keundjian A, Akodo E, Teuscher T, Carnevale P, 2003. Inland valley rice production systems and malaria infection and disease in the savannah of Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :449–458.
Filmer D, 2002. Fever and Its Treatment Among the More and Less Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Biritwum RB, Welbeck J, Barnish G, 2000. Incidence and management of malaria in two communities of different socioeconomic level, in Accra, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :771–778.
Schellenberg JA, Victora CG, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Mshinda H, Bryce J, 2003. Inequities among the very poor: health care for children in rural southern Tanzania. Lancet 361 :561–566.
Mensah OA, Kumaranayake L, 2004. Malaria incidence in rural Benin: does economics matter in endemic area? Health Policy (New York) 68 :93–102.
Uzochukwu BS, Onwujekwe OE, 2004. Socioeconomic differences and health seeking behaviour for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria: a case study of four local government areas operating the Bamako initiative programme in south-east Nigeria. Int J Equity Health 3 :6.
Njau JD, Goodman C, Kachur SP, Palmer N, Khatib RA, Abdulla S, Mills A, Bloland P, 2006. Fever treatment and household wealth: the challenge posed for rolling out combination therapy for malaria. Trop Med Int Health 11 :299–313.
Wagstaff A, 2002. Poverty and health sector inequalities. Bull World Health Organ 80 :97–105.
Baker JL, van der Gaag J, 1993. Equity in health care and health care financing: evidence from five developing countries. van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Rutten F, eds. Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 357–394.
Audibert M, Mathonnat J, Henry MC, 2003. Malaria and property accumulation in rice production systems in the savannah zone of Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :471–483.
Girardin O, Dao D, Koudou BG, Esse C, Cisse G, Yao T, N’Goran EK, Tschannen AB, Bordmann G, Lehmann B, Nsabimana C, Keiser J, Killeen GF, Singer BH, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2004. Opportunities and limiting factors of intensive vegetable farming in malaria endemic Cote d’Ivoire. Acta Trop 89 :109–123.
Abdulla S, Armstrong Schellenberg J, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, Smith T, Tanner M, Lengeler C, 2001. Impact on malaria morbidity of a programme supplying insecticide treated nets in children aged under 2 years in Tanzania: community cross sectional study. BMJ 322 :270–273.
Abdulla S, Gemperli A, Mukasa O, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Lengeler C, Vounatsou P, Smith T, 2005. Spatial effects of the social marketing of insecticide-treated nets on malaria morbidity. Trop Med Int Health 10 :11–18.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :23–29.
Erlanger TE, Enayati AA, Hemingway J, Mshinda H, Tami A, Lengeler C, 2004. Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 18 :153–160.
Guthmann JP, Hall AJ, Jaffar S, Palacios A, Lines J, Llanos-Cuentas A, 2001. Environmental risk factors for clinical malaria: a case-control study in the Grau region of Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :577–583.
Butraporn P, Sornmani S, Hungsapruek T, 1986. Social, behavioural, housing factors and their interactive effects associated with malaria occurrence in east Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 17 :386–392.
Kahigwa E, Schellenberg D, Sanz S, Aponte JJ, Wigayi J, Mshinda H, Alonso P, Menendez C, 2002. Risk factors for presentation to hospital with severe anaemia in Tanzanian children: a case-control study. Trop Med Int Health 7 :823–830.
Gunawardena DM, Wickremasinghe AR, Muthuwatta L, Weerasingha S, Rajakaruna J, Senanayaka T, Kotta PK, Attanayake N, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region of Sri Lanka, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :533–542.
Gamage-Mendis AC, Carter R, Mendis C, De Zoysa AP, Herath PR, Mendis KN, 1991. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :77–85.
Konradsen F, Amerasinghe P, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe F, Perera D, Piyaratne M, 2003. Strong association between house characteristics and malaria vectors in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :177–181.
Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes M, Lindsay SW, Byass P, 2000. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :17–21.
Lindsay SW, Jawara M, Paine K, Pinder M, Walraven GE, Emerson PM, 2003. Changes in house design reduce exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health 8 :512–517.
Lindsay SW, Emerson PM, Charlwood JD, 2002. Reducing malaria by mosquito-proofing houses. Trends Parasitol 18 :510–514.
Lindsay SW, Snow RW, 1988. The trouble with eaves; house entry by vectors of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :645–646.
Banguero H, 1984. Socioeconomic factors associated with malaria in Colombia. Soc Sci Med 19 :1099–1104.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Abstract Views | 771 | 657 | 40 |
Full Text Views | 473 | 13 | 8 |
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Malaria’s relationship with socioeconomic status at the macroeconomic level has been established. This is the first study to explore this relationship at the microeconomic (household) level and estimate the direction of association. Malaria prevalence was measured by parasitemia, and household socioeconomic status was measured using an asset based index. Results from an instrumental variable probit model suggest that socioeconomic status is negatively associated with malaria parasitemia. Other variables that are significantly associated with parasitemia include age of the individual, use of a mosquito net on the night before interview, the number of people living in the household, whether the household was residing at their farm home at the time of interview, household wall construction, and the region of residence. Matching estimators indicate that malaria parasitemia is associated with reduced household socioeconomic status.
Nayaran D, 1997. Voices of the Poor: Poverty and Social Capital in Tanzania. Washington: World Bank.
Nayaran D, Patel R, Schafft K, Rademacher A, Koch-Schulte S, 2000. Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? New York: Oxford University Press.
Case A, 2000. Health, Income and Economic Development. Princeton, NJ: World Bank, 1–39.
Breman JG, 2001. The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :1–11.
Gallup JL, Sachs JD, 2001. The economic burden of malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :85–96.
Sachs J, Malaney P, 2002. The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature 415 :680–685.
Malaney P, Spielman A, Sachs J, 2004. The malaria gap. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :141–146.
Government of Tanzania, 2001. Household Budget Survey. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Information Services.
Jowett M, Miller NJ, 2005. The financial burden of malaria in Tanzania: implications for future government policy. Int J Health Plann Manage 20 :67–84.
Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape JF, Duchemin JB, Warren M, Beier JC, 2003. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :169–176.
INDEPTH, 2002. Population and Health in Developing Countries. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Abdulla S, Killeen GF, 2005. MTIMBA Interim Report—Tanzania Site for INDEPTH Network. Dar es Salaam: Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre.
Filmer D, Pritchett LH, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data–or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
Houweling T, Kunst A, Mackenbach J, 2003. Measuring health inequality among children in developing countries: does the choice of the indicator of economic status matter? Int J Equity Health 2 :1–24.
Casella G, Berger RL, 1990. Statistical Inference. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth.
Wooldridge JM, 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Imbens GW, 2003. Semiparametric Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Under Exogeneity: A Review. Berkeley, CA: UC Berkley and NBER.
Abadie A, Drukker D, Leber Herr J, Imbens GW, 2001. Implementing matching estimators for average treatment effects in Stata. Stata Journal 1 :1–18.
Stock JH, Yogo M, 2002. Testing for Weak Instruments in a Linear IV Regression. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Clarke SE, Bogh C, Brown RC, Pinder M, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW, 2001. Do untreated bednets protect against malaria? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :457–462.
Koram KA, Bennett S, Adiamah JH, Greenwood BM, 1995. Socioeconomic risk factors for malaria in a peri-urban area of The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89 :146–150.
Tshikuka JG, Scott ME, Gray-Donald K, Kalumba ON, 1996. Multiple infection with Plasmodium and helminths in communities of low and relatively high socioeconomic status. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90 :277–293.
Henry MC, Rogier C, Nzeyimana I, Assi SB, Dossou-Yovo J, Audibert M, Mathonnat J, Keundjian A, Akodo E, Teuscher T, Carnevale P, 2003. Inland valley rice production systems and malaria infection and disease in the savannah of Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :449–458.
Filmer D, 2002. Fever and Its Treatment Among the More and Less Poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Biritwum RB, Welbeck J, Barnish G, 2000. Incidence and management of malaria in two communities of different socioeconomic level, in Accra, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :771–778.
Schellenberg JA, Victora CG, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Mshinda H, Bryce J, 2003. Inequities among the very poor: health care for children in rural southern Tanzania. Lancet 361 :561–566.
Mensah OA, Kumaranayake L, 2004. Malaria incidence in rural Benin: does economics matter in endemic area? Health Policy (New York) 68 :93–102.
Uzochukwu BS, Onwujekwe OE, 2004. Socioeconomic differences and health seeking behaviour for the diagnosis and treatment of malaria: a case study of four local government areas operating the Bamako initiative programme in south-east Nigeria. Int J Equity Health 3 :6.
Njau JD, Goodman C, Kachur SP, Palmer N, Khatib RA, Abdulla S, Mills A, Bloland P, 2006. Fever treatment and household wealth: the challenge posed for rolling out combination therapy for malaria. Trop Med Int Health 11 :299–313.
Wagstaff A, 2002. Poverty and health sector inequalities. Bull World Health Organ 80 :97–105.
Baker JL, van der Gaag J, 1993. Equity in health care and health care financing: evidence from five developing countries. van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Rutten F, eds. Equity in the Finance and Delivery of Health Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 357–394.
Audibert M, Mathonnat J, Henry MC, 2003. Malaria and property accumulation in rice production systems in the savannah zone of Cote d’Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 8 :471–483.
Girardin O, Dao D, Koudou BG, Esse C, Cisse G, Yao T, N’Goran EK, Tschannen AB, Bordmann G, Lehmann B, Nsabimana C, Keiser J, Killeen GF, Singer BH, Tanner M, Utzinger J, 2004. Opportunities and limiting factors of intensive vegetable farming in malaria endemic Cote d’Ivoire. Acta Trop 89 :109–123.
Abdulla S, Armstrong Schellenberg J, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, Smith T, Tanner M, Lengeler C, 2001. Impact on malaria morbidity of a programme supplying insecticide treated nets in children aged under 2 years in Tanzania: community cross sectional study. BMJ 322 :270–273.
Abdulla S, Gemperli A, Mukasa O, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Lengeler C, Vounatsou P, Smith T, 2005. Spatial effects of the social marketing of insecticide-treated nets on malaria morbidity. Trop Med Int Health 10 :11–18.
Phillips-Howard PA, Nahlen BL, Kolczak MS, Hightower AW, ter Kuile FO, Alaii JA, Gimnig JE, Arudo J, Vulule JM, Odhacha A, Kachur SP, Schoute E, Rosen DH, Sexton JD, Oloo AJ, Hawley WA, 2003. Efficacy of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of mortality in young children in an area of high perennial malaria transmission in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :23–29.
Erlanger TE, Enayati AA, Hemingway J, Mshinda H, Tami A, Lengeler C, 2004. Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in Tanzania. Med Vet Entomol 18 :153–160.
Guthmann JP, Hall AJ, Jaffar S, Palacios A, Lines J, Llanos-Cuentas A, 2001. Environmental risk factors for clinical malaria: a case-control study in the Grau region of Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95 :577–583.
Butraporn P, Sornmani S, Hungsapruek T, 1986. Social, behavioural, housing factors and their interactive effects associated with malaria occurrence in east Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 17 :386–392.
Kahigwa E, Schellenberg D, Sanz S, Aponte JJ, Wigayi J, Mshinda H, Alonso P, Menendez C, 2002. Risk factors for presentation to hospital with severe anaemia in Tanzanian children: a case-control study. Trop Med Int Health 7 :823–830.
Gunawardena DM, Wickremasinghe AR, Muthuwatta L, Weerasingha S, Rajakaruna J, Senanayaka T, Kotta PK, Attanayake N, Carter R, Mendis KN, 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region of Sri Lanka, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58 :533–542.
Gamage-Mendis AC, Carter R, Mendis C, De Zoysa AP, Herath PR, Mendis KN, 1991. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45 :77–85.
Konradsen F, Amerasinghe P, van der Hoek W, Amerasinghe F, Perera D, Piyaratne M, 2003. Strong association between house characteristics and malaria vectors in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68 :177–181.
Ghebreyesus TA, Haile M, Witten KH, Getachew A, Yohannes M, Lindsay SW, Byass P, 2000. Household risk factors for malaria among children in the Ethiopian highlands. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :17–21.
Lindsay SW, Jawara M, Paine K, Pinder M, Walraven GE, Emerson PM, 2003. Changes in house design reduce exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Trop Med Int Health 8 :512–517.
Lindsay SW, Emerson PM, Charlwood JD, 2002. Reducing malaria by mosquito-proofing houses. Trends Parasitol 18 :510–514.
Lindsay SW, Snow RW, 1988. The trouble with eaves; house entry by vectors of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82 :645–646.
Banguero H, 1984. Socioeconomic factors associated with malaria in Colombia. Soc Sci Med 19 :1099–1104.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 771 | 657 | 40 |
Full Text Views | 473 | 13 | 8 |
PDF Downloads | 170 | 12 | 4 |