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-
1
Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Almeida R, de Jesus AR, Grimaldi Junior G, Netto EM, Santos I, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 1992. Lymphadenopathy associated with Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :587–592.
-
2
Barral A, Guerreiro J, Bomfim G, Correia D, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM, 1995. Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :256–259.
-
3
Sousa Ade Q, Parise ME, Pompeu MM, Coehlo Filho JM, Vasconcelos IA, Lima JW, Oliveira EG, Vasconcelos AW, David JR, Maguire JH, 1995. Bubonic leishmaniasis: a common manifestation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in Ceara, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :380–385.
-
4
Azadeh B, 1985. “Localized” Leishmania lymphadenitis: a light and electron microscopic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :447–455.
-
5
Berger TG, Meltzer MS, Oster CN, 1985. Lymph node involvement in leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 12 :993–996.
-
6
al-Gindan Y, Kubba R, el-Hassan AM, Omer AH, Kutty MK, Saeed MB, 1989. Dissemination in cutaneous leishmaniasis. 3. Lymph node involvement. Int J Dermatol 28 :248–254.
-
7
Moraes MA, Correia Filho D, Santos JB, 1993. Lymphadenopathies in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: comments on 2 cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 26 :181–185.
-
8
Reed SG, Badaro R, Masur H, Carvalho EM, Lorenco R, Lisboa A, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, Jones TC, 1986. Selection of a skin test antigen for American visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :79–85.
-
9
Moll H, Fuchs H, Blank C, Rollinghoff M, 1993. Langerhans cells transport Leishmania major from the infected skin to the draining lymph node for presentation to antigen-specific T cells. Eur J Immunol 23 :1595–1601.
-
10
Sacks D, Noben-Trauth N, 2002. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nat Rev Immunol 2 :845–858.
-
11
Nathan CF, Murray HW, Wiebe ME, Rubin BY, 1983. Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. J Exp Med 158 :670–689.
-
12
Grimaldi G Jr, David JR, McMahon-Pratt D, 1987. Identification and distribution of New World Leishmania species characterized by serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :270–287.
-
13
Jaffe CL, Bennett E, Grimaldi G Jr, McMahon-Pratt D, 1984. Production and characterization of species-specific monoclonal antibodies against Leishmania donovani for immunodiagnosis. J Immunol 133 :440–447.
-
14
McMahon-Pratt D, Bennett E, David JR, 1982. Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish subspecies of Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 129 :926–927.
-
15
Bomfim G, Nascimento C, Costa J, Carvalho EM, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 1996. Variation of cytokine patterns related to therapeutic response in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 84 :188–194.
-
16
Pompeu MM, Brodskyn C, Teixeira MJ, Clarencio J, Van Weyenberg J, Coelho IC, Cardoso SA, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, 2001. Differences in gamma interferon production in vitro predict the pace of the in vivo response to Leishmania amazonensis in healthy volunteers. Infect Immun 69 :7453–7460.
-
17
Nathan C, 2006. Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Immunol 6 :173–182.
-
18
van Zandbergen G, Klinger M, Mueller A, Dannenberg S, Gebert A, Solbach W, Laskay T, 2004. Cutting edge: neutrophil granulocyte serves as a vector for Leishmania entry into macrophages. J Immunol 173 :6521–6525.
-
19
Rousseau D, Demartino S, Ferrua B, Michiels JF, Anjuere F, Fragaki K, Le Fichoux Y, Kubar J, 2001. In vivo involvement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in Leishmania infantum infection. BMC Microbiol 1 :17.
-
20
Abadie V, Badell E, Douillard P, Ensergueix D, Leenen PJ, Tanguy M, Fiette L, Saeland S, Gicquel B, Winter N, 2005. Neutrophils rapidly migrate via lymphatics after Mycobacterium bovis BCG intradermal vaccination and shuttle live bacilli to the draining lymph nodes. Blood 106 :1843–1850.
-
21
Tvinnereim AR, Hamilton SE, Harty JT, 2004. Neutrophil involvement in cross-priming CD8+ T cell responses to bacterial antigens. J Immunol 173 :1994–2002.
-
22
Hill JO, Awwad M, North RJ, 1989. Elimination of CD4+ suppressor T cells from susceptible BALB/c mice releases CD8+ T lymphocytes to mediate protective immunity against Leishmania. J Exp Med 169 :1819–1827.
-
23
Milon G, Titus RG, Cerottini JC, Marchal G, Louis JA, 1986. Higher frequency of Leishmania major-specific L3T4+ T cells in susceptible BALB/c as compared with resistant CBA mice. J Immunol 136 :1467–1471.
-
24
Smith LE, Rodrigues M, Russell DG, 1991. The interaction between CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and Leishmania-infected macrophages. J Exp Med 174 :499–505.
-
25
Muller I, Kropf P, Louis JA, Milon G, 1994. Expansion of gamma interferon-producing CD8+ T cells following secondary infection of mice immune to Leishmania major. Infect Immun 62 :2575–2581.
-
26
Huber M, Timms E, Mak TW, Rollinghoff M, Lohoff M, 1998. Effective and long-lasting immunity against the parasite Leishmania major in CD8-deficient mice. Infect Immun 66 :3968–3970.
-
27
Overath P, Harbecke D, 1993. Course of Leishmania infection in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice. Immunol Lett 37 :13–17.
-
28
Wang ZE, Reiner SL, Hatam F, Heinzel FP, Bouvier J, Turck CW, Locksley RM, 1993. Targeted activation of CD8 cells and infection of beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice fail to confirm a primary protective role for CD8 cells in experimental leishmaniasis. J Immunol 151 :2077–2086.
-
29
Da-Cruz AM, Conceicao-Silva F, Bertho AL, Coutinho SG, 1994. Leishmania-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with cure of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 62 :2614–2618.
-
30
Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Boaventura V, Carvalho E, Barral-Netto M, 1997. Parasite-driven in vitro human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against autologous infected macrophages from mucosal leishmaniasis. J Immunol 159 :4467–4473.
-
31
Machado P, Kanitakis J, Almeida R, Chalon A, Araujo C, Carvalho EM, 2002. Evidence of in situ cytotoxicity in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eur J Dermatol 12 :449–451.
-
32
Mengistu G, Akuffo HO, Yemane-Berhan T, Britton S, Fehniger TE, 1990. Serum antibody specificities to Leishmania aethiopica antigens in patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 12 :495–507.
-
33
Schurr E, Kidane K, Yemaneberhan T, Wunderlich F, 1986. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: I. Lymphocyte transformation and antibody titre. Trop Med Parasitol 37 :403–408.
-
34
Vieira MG, Oliveira F, Arruda S, Bittencourt AL, Barbosa AA Jr, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2002. B-cell infiltration and frequency of cytokine producing cells differ between localized and disseminated human cutaneous leishmaniases. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :979–983.
-
35
Babai B, Louzir H, Cazenave PA, Dellagi K, 1999. Depletion of peritoneal CD5+ B cells has no effect on the course of Leishmania major infection in susceptible and resistant mice. Clin Exp Immunol 117 :123–129.
-
36
Brown DR, Reiner SL, 1999. Polarized helper-T-cell responses against Leishmania major in the absence of B cells. Infect Immun 67 :266–270.
-
37
Scott P, Natovitz P, Sher A, 1986. B lymphocytes are required for the generation of T cells that mediate healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Immunol 137 :1017–1021.
-
38
Sommer F, Meixner M, Mannherz M, Ogilvie AL, Rollinghoff M, Lohoff M, 1998. Analysis of cytokine patterns produced by individual CD4+ lymph node cells during experimental murine leishmaniasis in resistant and susceptible mice. Int Immunol 10 :1853–1861.
-
39
Melby PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Darnell BJ, Valencia-Pacheco G, Tryon VV, Palomo-Cetina A, 1994. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 62 :837–842.
-
40
Anderson CF, Oukka M, Kuchroo VJ, Sacks D, 2007. CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204 :285–297.
-
41
Faria DR, Gollob KJ, Barbosa J Jr, Schriefer A, Machado PR, Lessa H, Carvalho LP, Romano-Silva MA, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, 2005. Decreased in situ expression of interleukin-10 receptor is correlated with the exacerbated inflammatory and cytotoxic responses observed in mucosal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 73 :7853–7859.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 8 | 8 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 64 | 41 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 5 | 3 | 0 |
Cellular Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Lymphadenopathy: Insights into the Early Phases of Human Disease
Glória Bomfim
Glória Bomfim
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto do Milênio, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Bruno B. Andrade
Bruno B. Andrade
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto do Milênio, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Silvane Santos
Silvane Santos
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto do Milênio, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Jorge Clarêncio
Jorge Clarêncio
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto do Milênio, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Manoel Barral-Netto
Manoel Barral-Netto
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto do Milênio, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Aldina Barral
Aldina Barral
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto do Milênio, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Lymphadenopathy is an early clinical sign in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by Viannia parasites, and may help to understand the initial host response to these species of Leishmania. We report on characteristics of cells obtained from lymph nodes from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients with lymphadenopathy without ulceration (early phase, N = 21) or lymphadenopathy and ulceration (late phase, N = 29). Early-phase patients exhibited a higher proportion of neutrophils, eosinophils, and CD8+ T cells. Conversely, CD19+ B lymphocytes and plasma cells were more frequently observed in late-phase patients. The signal for IL-10 was significantly higher in late-phase patients; signals for IFN-γ or IL-4 were similar in both groups. These data reinforce observations of an initial mixed Th1–Th2 profile as well as the early role of the CD8 T cell in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Additionally, there is a chronologic relationship between ulcer development and B-cell increase. IL-10 also increases at a late stage and may be important in limiting tissue damage.
Author Notes
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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
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-
1
Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Almeida R, de Jesus AR, Grimaldi Junior G, Netto EM, Santos I, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, 1992. Lymphadenopathy associated with Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47 :587–592.
-
2
Barral A, Guerreiro J, Bomfim G, Correia D, Barral-Netto M, Carvalho EM, 1995. Lymphadenopathy as the first sign of human cutaneous infection by Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :256–259.
-
3
Sousa Ade Q, Parise ME, Pompeu MM, Coehlo Filho JM, Vasconcelos IA, Lima JW, Oliveira EG, Vasconcelos AW, David JR, Maguire JH, 1995. Bubonic leishmaniasis: a common manifestation of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in Ceara, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53 :380–385.
-
4
Azadeh B, 1985. “Localized” Leishmania lymphadenitis: a light and electron microscopic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34 :447–455.
-
5
Berger TG, Meltzer MS, Oster CN, 1985. Lymph node involvement in leishmaniasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 12 :993–996.
-
6
al-Gindan Y, Kubba R, el-Hassan AM, Omer AH, Kutty MK, Saeed MB, 1989. Dissemination in cutaneous leishmaniasis. 3. Lymph node involvement. Int J Dermatol 28 :248–254.
-
7
Moraes MA, Correia Filho D, Santos JB, 1993. Lymphadenopathies in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: comments on 2 cases. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 26 :181–185.
-
8
Reed SG, Badaro R, Masur H, Carvalho EM, Lorenco R, Lisboa A, Teixeira R, Johnson WD Jr, Jones TC, 1986. Selection of a skin test antigen for American visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35 :79–85.
-
9
Moll H, Fuchs H, Blank C, Rollinghoff M, 1993. Langerhans cells transport Leishmania major from the infected skin to the draining lymph node for presentation to antigen-specific T cells. Eur J Immunol 23 :1595–1601.
-
10
Sacks D, Noben-Trauth N, 2002. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nat Rev Immunol 2 :845–858.
-
11
Nathan CF, Murray HW, Wiebe ME, Rubin BY, 1983. Identification of interferon-gamma as the lymphokine that activates human macrophage oxidative metabolism and antimicrobial activity. J Exp Med 158 :670–689.
-
12
Grimaldi G Jr, David JR, McMahon-Pratt D, 1987. Identification and distribution of New World Leishmania species characterized by serodeme analysis using monoclonal antibodies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36 :270–287.
-
13
Jaffe CL, Bennett E, Grimaldi G Jr, McMahon-Pratt D, 1984. Production and characterization of species-specific monoclonal antibodies against Leishmania donovani for immunodiagnosis. J Immunol 133 :440–447.
-
14
McMahon-Pratt D, Bennett E, David JR, 1982. Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish subspecies of Leishmania braziliensis. J Immunol 129 :926–927.
-
15
Bomfim G, Nascimento C, Costa J, Carvalho EM, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 1996. Variation of cytokine patterns related to therapeutic response in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 84 :188–194.
-
16
Pompeu MM, Brodskyn C, Teixeira MJ, Clarencio J, Van Weyenberg J, Coelho IC, Cardoso SA, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, 2001. Differences in gamma interferon production in vitro predict the pace of the in vivo response to Leishmania amazonensis in healthy volunteers. Infect Immun 69 :7453–7460.
-
17
Nathan C, 2006. Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Immunol 6 :173–182.
-
18
van Zandbergen G, Klinger M, Mueller A, Dannenberg S, Gebert A, Solbach W, Laskay T, 2004. Cutting edge: neutrophil granulocyte serves as a vector for Leishmania entry into macrophages. J Immunol 173 :6521–6525.
-
19
Rousseau D, Demartino S, Ferrua B, Michiels JF, Anjuere F, Fragaki K, Le Fichoux Y, Kubar J, 2001. In vivo involvement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in Leishmania infantum infection. BMC Microbiol 1 :17.
-
20
Abadie V, Badell E, Douillard P, Ensergueix D, Leenen PJ, Tanguy M, Fiette L, Saeland S, Gicquel B, Winter N, 2005. Neutrophils rapidly migrate via lymphatics after Mycobacterium bovis BCG intradermal vaccination and shuttle live bacilli to the draining lymph nodes. Blood 106 :1843–1850.
-
21
Tvinnereim AR, Hamilton SE, Harty JT, 2004. Neutrophil involvement in cross-priming CD8+ T cell responses to bacterial antigens. J Immunol 173 :1994–2002.
-
22
Hill JO, Awwad M, North RJ, 1989. Elimination of CD4+ suppressor T cells from susceptible BALB/c mice releases CD8+ T lymphocytes to mediate protective immunity against Leishmania. J Exp Med 169 :1819–1827.
-
23
Milon G, Titus RG, Cerottini JC, Marchal G, Louis JA, 1986. Higher frequency of Leishmania major-specific L3T4+ T cells in susceptible BALB/c as compared with resistant CBA mice. J Immunol 136 :1467–1471.
-
24
Smith LE, Rodrigues M, Russell DG, 1991. The interaction between CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and Leishmania-infected macrophages. J Exp Med 174 :499–505.
-
25
Muller I, Kropf P, Louis JA, Milon G, 1994. Expansion of gamma interferon-producing CD8+ T cells following secondary infection of mice immune to Leishmania major. Infect Immun 62 :2575–2581.
-
26
Huber M, Timms E, Mak TW, Rollinghoff M, Lohoff M, 1998. Effective and long-lasting immunity against the parasite Leishmania major in CD8-deficient mice. Infect Immun 66 :3968–3970.
-
27
Overath P, Harbecke D, 1993. Course of Leishmania infection in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice. Immunol Lett 37 :13–17.
-
28
Wang ZE, Reiner SL, Hatam F, Heinzel FP, Bouvier J, Turck CW, Locksley RM, 1993. Targeted activation of CD8 cells and infection of beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice fail to confirm a primary protective role for CD8 cells in experimental leishmaniasis. J Immunol 151 :2077–2086.
-
29
Da-Cruz AM, Conceicao-Silva F, Bertho AL, Coutinho SG, 1994. Leishmania-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with cure of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 62 :2614–2618.
-
30
Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Boaventura V, Carvalho E, Barral-Netto M, 1997. Parasite-driven in vitro human lymphocyte cytotoxicity against autologous infected macrophages from mucosal leishmaniasis. J Immunol 159 :4467–4473.
-
31
Machado P, Kanitakis J, Almeida R, Chalon A, Araujo C, Carvalho EM, 2002. Evidence of in situ cytotoxicity in American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Eur J Dermatol 12 :449–451.
-
32
Mengistu G, Akuffo HO, Yemane-Berhan T, Britton S, Fehniger TE, 1990. Serum antibody specificities to Leishmania aethiopica antigens in patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 12 :495–507.
-
33
Schurr E, Kidane K, Yemaneberhan T, Wunderlich F, 1986. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: I. Lymphocyte transformation and antibody titre. Trop Med Parasitol 37 :403–408.
-
34
Vieira MG, Oliveira F, Arruda S, Bittencourt AL, Barbosa AA Jr, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, 2002. B-cell infiltration and frequency of cytokine producing cells differ between localized and disseminated human cutaneous leishmaniases. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97 :979–983.
-
35
Babai B, Louzir H, Cazenave PA, Dellagi K, 1999. Depletion of peritoneal CD5+ B cells has no effect on the course of Leishmania major infection in susceptible and resistant mice. Clin Exp Immunol 117 :123–129.
-
36
Brown DR, Reiner SL, 1999. Polarized helper-T-cell responses against Leishmania major in the absence of B cells. Infect Immun 67 :266–270.
-
37
Scott P, Natovitz P, Sher A, 1986. B lymphocytes are required for the generation of T cells that mediate healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Immunol 137 :1017–1021.
-
38
Sommer F, Meixner M, Mannherz M, Ogilvie AL, Rollinghoff M, Lohoff M, 1998. Analysis of cytokine patterns produced by individual CD4+ lymph node cells during experimental murine leishmaniasis in resistant and susceptible mice. Int Immunol 10 :1853–1861.
-
39
Melby PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Darnell BJ, Valencia-Pacheco G, Tryon VV, Palomo-Cetina A, 1994. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 62 :837–842.
-
40
Anderson CF, Oukka M, Kuchroo VJ, Sacks D, 2007. CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 204 :285–297.
-
41
Faria DR, Gollob KJ, Barbosa J Jr, Schriefer A, Machado PR, Lessa H, Carvalho LP, Romano-Silva MA, de Jesus AR, Carvalho EM, Dutra WO, 2005. Decreased in situ expression of interleukin-10 receptor is correlated with the exacerbated inflammatory and cytotoxic responses observed in mucosal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 73 :7853–7859.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 8 | 8 | 0 |
| Full Text Views | 64 | 41 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 5 | 3 | 0 |