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1
Oyedeji GA, Olamijulo SK, Osinaike AI, Esimai VC, Odunusi EO, Aladekomo TA, 1995. Anthropometric measurement in children aged 0–6 years in a Nigerian village. East Afr Med J 72 :523–526.
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2
Adebayo SB, Fahrmeir L, 2005. Analysing child mortality in Nigeria with geoadditive discrete-time survival models. Stat Med 24 :709–728.
-
3
Vaahtera M, Kulmala T, Maleta K, Cullinan T, Salin M-L, Ashorn P, 2000. Epidemiology and predictors of infant morbidity in rural Malawi. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14 :363–371.
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4
Lindskog U, Lindskog P, Gebre-Medhin M, 1987. Child health and household water supply: a longitudinal study of growth and its environmental determinants in rural Malawi. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 41 :409–423.
-
5
Yoannes AG, Streatfield K, Bost L, 1992. Child morbidity patterns in Ethiopia. J Biosoc Sci 24 :143–155.
-
6
Kandala N-B, 2006. Bayesian geo-additive modelling of childhood morbidity in Malawi. Appl Stochast Models Bus Ind 22 :139–154.
-
7
Fahrmeir L, Lang S, 2001. Bayesian inference for generalized additive mixed models based on Markov random field priors. Appl Stat 50 :201–220.
-
8
Filmer D, Pritchett L, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data—or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
9
Isabella S, Ziyane RN, 1999. The relationship between infant feeding practices and diarrhoeal infections. J Adv Nurs 29 :721–726.
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10
Fahrmeir L, Kneib T, Lang S, 2004. Penalized structured additive regression for space–time data: a Bayesian perspective. Stat Sinica 14 :731–761.
-
11
Kandala N-B, Madise NJ, 2004. Spatial epidemiology of childhood diseases in Malawi and Zambia. Afr Popul Stud 19 (Suppl B):199–226.
-
12
Kammann EE, Wand MP, 2003. Geoadditive models. J R Stat Soc C 52 :1–18.
-
13
Goldstein H, 1999. Multilevel Statistical Models. First internet edition. London: Arnold. Available at: http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples. Accessed January 24, 2007.
-
14
Lang S, Brezger A, 2004. Bayesian P-splines. J Comput Graph Stat 13 :183–212.
-
15
Eilers PHC, Marx BD, 1996. Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties (with discussion). Stat Sci 89 :89–121.
-
16
Besag J, York Y, Mollie A, 1991. Bayesian image restoration with two applications in spatial statistics. Annu Inst Stat Math 43 :1–59.
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17
Spiegelhalter D, Best N, Carlin B, Van der Line A, 2002. Bayesian measures of models complexity and fit. J R Stat Soc Ser B 64 :1–34.
-
18
Kandala N-B, Ghilagaber G, 2006. A geo-additive Bayesian discrete-time survival model and its application to spatial analysis of childhood mortality in Malawi. Qual Quant: Int J Methodol 40 :935–957.
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19
Adefolalu DO, 1986. Further aspects of Sahelian drought as evident from rainfall regime of Nigeria. Meteorol Atmospher Phys 36 :277–295.
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20
Aall C, Helsing E, 1976. The Sahelian drought II. J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health 22 :69–93.
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21
Nwilo PC, Badejo OT, 2006. Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the Nigerian coastal areas. Administering Marine Spaces: International Issues. FIG Publication No. 36. Fredriksberg, Denmark: The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). ISBN: 87-90907-55-8. Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub36/chapters/chapter_8.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2006.
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22
Energy Information Administration, 2003. Nigeria: Environmental Issues. Available at: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigenv.html. Accessed November 1, 2006.
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23
United Nations Development Programme, 2006. Niger Delta Human Development Report. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/detail_reports.cfm?view=1060. Accessed November 1, 2006.
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24
Ahiadeke C, 2000. Breast-feeding, diarrhoea and sanitation as components of infant and child health: a study of large scale survey data from Ghana and Nigeria. J Biosoc Sci 32 :47–61.
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25
Woldermicael G, 2001. Diarrhoeal morbidity among young children in Eritrea: environmental and socioeconomic determinants. J Health Popul Nutr 19 :83–90.
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26
Kandala N-B, Magadi MA, Madise NJ, 2006. An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi. Soc Sci Med 62 :1138–1152.
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27
POLICY Project/Nigeria, 2002. Child Survival in Nigeria: Situation, Response and Prospects—Key Issues. Available at: http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/NIG_CS.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2006.
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28
Guay LA, Ruff AJ, 2001. HIV and infant feeding—an ongoing challenge. JAMA 286 :2462–2464.
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29
Latham MC, Preble EA, 2000. Appropriate feeding methods for infants of HIV infected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ 320 :1656–1660.
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30
Rutstein SO, 2005. Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int J Gynecol Obstet 89 (Suppl 1):S7–S24.
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31
WHO/AFRO, 2004. Africa’s Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Rates Are among the Highest in the World. Brazzaville, Congo: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Available at: http://www.afro.who.int/press/2004/pr20040218.html. Accessed December 13, 2006.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 456 | 378 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 339 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 165 | 15 | 0 |
Spatial Analysis of Risk Factors for Childhood Morbidity in Nigeria
Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala
Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Chen Ji
Chen Ji
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Nigel Stallard
Nigel Stallard
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Saverio Stranges
Saverio Stranges
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Francesco P. Cappuccio
Francesco P. Cappuccio
Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) indicate a decline in childhood vaccination coverage but a high prevalence of childhood diarrhea, cough, and fever. We used Nigerian DHS data to investigate the impact of geographical factors and other important risk factors on diarrhea, cough, and fever using geoadditive Bayesian semiparametric models. A higher prevalence of childhood diarrhea, cough, and fever is observed in the northern and eastern states, while lower disease prevalence is observed in the western and southern states. In addition, children from mothers with higher levels of education and those from poor households had a significantly lower association with diarrhea; children delivered in hospitals, living in urban areas, or from mothers having received prenatal visits had a significantly lower association with fever. Our maps are a novel and relevant tool to help local governments to improve health-care interventions and achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDG4).
Author Notes
ProCite
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-
1
Oyedeji GA, Olamijulo SK, Osinaike AI, Esimai VC, Odunusi EO, Aladekomo TA, 1995. Anthropometric measurement in children aged 0–6 years in a Nigerian village. East Afr Med J 72 :523–526.
-
2
Adebayo SB, Fahrmeir L, 2005. Analysing child mortality in Nigeria with geoadditive discrete-time survival models. Stat Med 24 :709–728.
-
3
Vaahtera M, Kulmala T, Maleta K, Cullinan T, Salin M-L, Ashorn P, 2000. Epidemiology and predictors of infant morbidity in rural Malawi. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 14 :363–371.
-
4
Lindskog U, Lindskog P, Gebre-Medhin M, 1987. Child health and household water supply: a longitudinal study of growth and its environmental determinants in rural Malawi. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 41 :409–423.
-
5
Yoannes AG, Streatfield K, Bost L, 1992. Child morbidity patterns in Ethiopia. J Biosoc Sci 24 :143–155.
-
6
Kandala N-B, 2006. Bayesian geo-additive modelling of childhood morbidity in Malawi. Appl Stochast Models Bus Ind 22 :139–154.
-
7
Fahrmeir L, Lang S, 2001. Bayesian inference for generalized additive mixed models based on Markov random field priors. Appl Stat 50 :201–220.
-
8
Filmer D, Pritchett L, 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data—or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 :115–132.
-
9
Isabella S, Ziyane RN, 1999. The relationship between infant feeding practices and diarrhoeal infections. J Adv Nurs 29 :721–726.
-
10
Fahrmeir L, Kneib T, Lang S, 2004. Penalized structured additive regression for space–time data: a Bayesian perspective. Stat Sinica 14 :731–761.
-
11
Kandala N-B, Madise NJ, 2004. Spatial epidemiology of childhood diseases in Malawi and Zambia. Afr Popul Stud 19 (Suppl B):199–226.
-
12
Kammann EE, Wand MP, 2003. Geoadditive models. J R Stat Soc C 52 :1–18.
-
13
Goldstein H, 1999. Multilevel Statistical Models. First internet edition. London: Arnold. Available at: http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples. Accessed January 24, 2007.
-
14
Lang S, Brezger A, 2004. Bayesian P-splines. J Comput Graph Stat 13 :183–212.
-
15
Eilers PHC, Marx BD, 1996. Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties (with discussion). Stat Sci 89 :89–121.
-
16
Besag J, York Y, Mollie A, 1991. Bayesian image restoration with two applications in spatial statistics. Annu Inst Stat Math 43 :1–59.
-
17
Spiegelhalter D, Best N, Carlin B, Van der Line A, 2002. Bayesian measures of models complexity and fit. J R Stat Soc Ser B 64 :1–34.
-
18
Kandala N-B, Ghilagaber G, 2006. A geo-additive Bayesian discrete-time survival model and its application to spatial analysis of childhood mortality in Malawi. Qual Quant: Int J Methodol 40 :935–957.
-
19
Adefolalu DO, 1986. Further aspects of Sahelian drought as evident from rainfall regime of Nigeria. Meteorol Atmospher Phys 36 :277–295.
-
20
Aall C, Helsing E, 1976. The Sahelian drought II. J Trop Pediatr Environ Child Health 22 :69–93.
-
21
Nwilo PC, Badejo OT, 2006. Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the Nigerian coastal areas. Administering Marine Spaces: International Issues. FIG Publication No. 36. Fredriksberg, Denmark: The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). ISBN: 87-90907-55-8. Available at: http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub36/chapters/chapter_8.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2006.
-
22
Energy Information Administration, 2003. Nigeria: Environmental Issues. Available at: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/nigenv.html. Accessed November 1, 2006.
-
23
United Nations Development Programme, 2006. Niger Delta Human Development Report. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/reports/detail_reports.cfm?view=1060. Accessed November 1, 2006.
-
24
Ahiadeke C, 2000. Breast-feeding, diarrhoea and sanitation as components of infant and child health: a study of large scale survey data from Ghana and Nigeria. J Biosoc Sci 32 :47–61.
-
25
Woldermicael G, 2001. Diarrhoeal morbidity among young children in Eritrea: environmental and socioeconomic determinants. J Health Popul Nutr 19 :83–90.
-
26
Kandala N-B, Magadi MA, Madise NJ, 2006. An investigation of district spatial variations of childhood diarrhoea and fever morbidity in Malawi. Soc Sci Med 62 :1138–1152.
-
27
POLICY Project/Nigeria, 2002. Child Survival in Nigeria: Situation, Response and Prospects—Key Issues. Available at: http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/NIG_CS.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2006.
-
28
Guay LA, Ruff AJ, 2001. HIV and infant feeding—an ongoing challenge. JAMA 286 :2462–2464.
-
29
Latham MC, Preble EA, 2000. Appropriate feeding methods for infants of HIV infected mothers in sub-Saharan Africa. BMJ 320 :1656–1660.
-
30
Rutstein SO, 2005. Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int J Gynecol Obstet 89 (Suppl 1):S7–S24.
-
31
WHO/AFRO, 2004. Africa’s Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Rates Are among the Highest in the World. Brazzaville, Congo: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa. Available at: http://www.afro.who.int/press/2004/pr20040218.html. Accessed December 13, 2006.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 456 | 378 | 22 |
| Full Text Views | 339 | 12 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 165 | 15 | 0 |