ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81 :197–204.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
van Zijl WJ, 1966. Studies on diarrhoeal diseases in seven countries by the WHO diarrhoeal diseases advisory team. Bull World Health Organ 35 :249–261.
-
4
El Attar L, Abdel Gawad A, Khairy AE, El Sebaie O, 1982. The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. II. Bacterial contamination of drinking water in a Nile Delta village. J Hyg (Lond) 88 :63–67.
-
5
Han AM, Oo KN, Midorikawa Y, Shwe S, 1989. Contamination of drinking water during collection and storage. Trop Geogr Med 41 :138–140.
-
6
Swerdlow DL, Mintz ED, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Greene KD, Saldana W, Seminario L, Tauxe RV, Wells JG, Bean NH, Ries AA, Pollack M, Vertiz B, Blake PA, 1992. Waterborne transmission of epidemic cholera in Trujillo, Peru: lessons for a continent at risk. Lancet 340 :28–33.
-
7
Vanderslice J, Briscoe J, 1993. All coliforms are not created equal: a comparison of the effects of water source and in-house water contamination on infantile diarrheal disease. Water Re-sour Res 29 :1983–1995.
-
8
Jensen PK, Ensink JH, Jayasinghe G, van der Hoek W, Cairn-cross S, Dalsgaard A, 2002. Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: the problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 7 :604–609.
-
9
Clasen TF, Bastable A, 2003. Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use. J Water Health 1 :109–115.
-
10
Roberts L, Chartier Y, Chartier O, Malenga G, Toole M, Rodka H, 2001. Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial. Bull World Health Organ 79 :280–287.
-
11
Brick T, Primrose B, Chandrasekhar R, Roy S, Muliyil J, Kang G, 2004. Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health 207 :473–480.
-
12
Trevett AF, Carter R, Tyrrel S, 2004. Water quality deterioration: a study of household drinking water quality in rural Honduras. Int J Environ Health Res 14 :273–283.
-
13
Hoque BA, Hallman K, Levy J, Bouis H, Ali N, Khan F, Khanam S, Kabir M, Hossain S, Shah Alam M, 2006. Rural drinking water at supply and household levels: quality and management. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209 :451–460.
-
14
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE, Epstein LD, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Moulton LH, 2004. Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community. Lancet 363 :112–118.
-
15
Trevett AF, Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, 2005. The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal oral disease transmission. J Water Health 3 :259–270.
-
16
Gundry S, Wright J, Conroy R, 2004. A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries. J Water Health 2 :1–13.
-
17
Cairncross S, Blumenthal U, Kolsky P, Moraes L, Tayeh A, 1996. The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Trop Med Int Health 1 :27–34.
-
18
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE, Lescano AG, Cabrera L, Taylor DN, Moulton LH, 2002. Effects of nutritional status on diarrhea in Peruvian children. J Pediatr 140 :210–218.
-
19
Harvey SA, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Torres Gayoso C, Lopez Romero S, Gilman RH, Oberhelman RA, 2003. Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea. Acta Trop 86 :41–54.
-
20
Hernandez LS, Winch PJ, Parker K, Gilman RH, 2006. Understandings of reproductive tract infections in a peri-urban pueblo joven in Lima, Peru. BMC Womens Health 6 :7.
-
21
Johnson MA, Smith H, Joseph P, Gilman RH, Bautista CT, Campos KJ, Cespedes M, Klatsky P, Vidal C, Terry H, Calderon MM, Coral C, Cabrera L, Parmar PS, Vinetz JM, 2004. Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1016–1022.
-
22
Grant MA, 1997. A new membrane filtration medium for simultaneous detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and total coliforms. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 :3526–3530.
-
23
Coll IJL, Torres MdMR, Fernández MC, 1999. Control e Higiene de los Alimentos. Madrid, Spain: McGraw-Hill.
-
24
ICMSF, 2000. Microorganismos de los Alimentos, 1: Su Significado y Métodos de Enumeración. Second edition. Zaragoza, Spain: Editorial Acribia.
-
25
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19 :CD004794.
-
26
Feachem R, Burns E, Cairncross S, Cronin A, Cross P, Curtis D, Khalid Khan M, Lamb D, Southall H, 1978. Water, Health and Development: An Interdisciplinary Evaluation. London: Tri-Med Books, Ltd.
-
27
Quick RE, Venczel LV, Gonzalez O, Mintz ED, Highsmith AK, Espada A, Damiani E, Bean NH, De Hannover EH, Tauxe RV, 1996. Narrow-mouthed water storage vessels and in situ chlorination in a Bolivian community: a simple method to improve drinking water quality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :511–516.
-
28
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9 :106–117.
-
29
World Health Organization, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
30
Gilman RH, Skillicorn P, 1985. Boiling of drinking-water: can a fuel-scarce community afford it? Bull World Health Organ 63 :157–163.
-
31
Witt V, Reiff F, 1993. La Desinfección del Agua a Nivel Casero en Zonas Urbanas Marginales y Rurales. Serie Ambiental No. 13. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization.
-
32
Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Ventura G, Campos M, Spira W, Diaz F, 1993. Water cost and availability: key determinants of family hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown. Am J Public Health 83 :1554–1558.
-
33
Deb BC, Sircar BK, Sengupta PG, De SP, Mondal SK, Gupta DN, Saha NC, Ghosh S, Mitra U, Pal SC, 1986. Studies on interventions to prevent El Tor cholera transmission in urban slums. Bull World Health Organ 64 :127–131.
-
34
Yeager BA, Lanata CF, Lazo F, Verastegui H, Black RE, 1991. Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrhoeal incidence in Lima, Peru. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9 :186–193.
-
35
Delgado J, Ramirez-Cardich ME, Gilman RH, Lavarello R, Dahodwala N, Bazan A, Rodriguez V, Cama RI, Tovar M, Lescano A, 2002. Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education. Inj Prev 8 :38–41.
-
36
Pinfold JV, 1990. Fæcal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco–oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand. Epidemiol Infect 105 :363–375.
-
37
Sundkvist T, Hamilton GR, Hourihan BM, Hart IJ, 2000. Outbreak of hepatitis A spread by contaminated drinking glasses in a public house. Commun Dis Public Health 3 :60–62.
-
38
Mattick K, Durham K, Domingue G, Jorgensen F, Sen M, Schaffner DW, Humphrey T, 2003. The survival of foodborne pathogens during domestic washing-up and subsequent transfer onto washing-up sponges, kitchen surfaces and food. Int J Food Microbiol 85 :213–226.
-
39
Mattick K, Durham K, Hendrix M, Slader J, Griffith C, Sen M, Humphrey T, 2003. The microbiological quality of washing-up water and the environment in domestic and commercial kitchens. J Appl Microbiol 94 :842–848.
-
40
Centers for Disease Control, 2006. SafeWater system (SWS). Atlanta, GA: CDC. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/manual/sws_manual.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2007.
-
41
Mintz ED, Reiff FM, Tauxe RV, 1995. Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent water-borne disease. JAMA 273 :948–953.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2766 | 2586 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 188 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 2 | 0 |
Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water within Peri-Urban Households, Lima, Peru
William E. Oswald
William E. Oswald
Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. PRISMA), Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by William E. Oswald in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by William E. Oswald in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Andrés G. Lescano
Andrés G. Lescano
Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. PRISMA), Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Andrés G. Lescano in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Andrés G. Lescano in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Caryn Bern
Caryn Bern
Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. PRISMA), Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Caryn Bern in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Caryn Bern in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Maritza M. Calderon
Maritza M. Calderon
Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. PRISMA), Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Maritza M. Calderon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maritza M. Calderon in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Lilia Cabrera
Lilia Cabrera
Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. PRISMA), Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Lilia Cabrera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Lilia Cabrera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Robert H. Gilman
Robert H. Gilman
Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina, y Agricultura (A.B. PRISMA), Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Search for other papers by Robert H. Gilman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert H. Gilman in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
We assessed fecal contamination of drinking water in households in 2 peri-urban communities of Lima, Peru. We measured Escherichia coli counts in municipal source water and, within households, water from principal storage containers, stored boiled drinking water, and water in a serving cup. Source water was microbiologically clean, but 26 (28%) of 93 samples of water stored for cooking had fecal contamination. Twenty-seven (30%) of 91 stored boiled drinking water samples grew E. coli. Boiled water was more frequently contaminated when served in a drinking cup than when stored (P < 0.01). Post-source contamination increased successively through the steps of usage from source water to the point of consumption. Boiling failed to ensure safe drinking water at the point of consumption because of easily contaminated containers and poor domestic hygiene. Hygiene education, better point-of-use treatment and storage options, and in-house water connections are urgently needed.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Kosek M, Bern C, Guerrant RL, 2003. The global burden of diarrhoeal disease, as estimated from studies published between 1992 and 2000. Bull World Health Organ 81 :197–204.
-
2
World Health Organization, 2004. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
3
van Zijl WJ, 1966. Studies on diarrhoeal diseases in seven countries by the WHO diarrhoeal diseases advisory team. Bull World Health Organ 35 :249–261.
-
4
El Attar L, Abdel Gawad A, Khairy AE, El Sebaie O, 1982. The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. II. Bacterial contamination of drinking water in a Nile Delta village. J Hyg (Lond) 88 :63–67.
-
5
Han AM, Oo KN, Midorikawa Y, Shwe S, 1989. Contamination of drinking water during collection and storage. Trop Geogr Med 41 :138–140.
-
6
Swerdlow DL, Mintz ED, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Greene KD, Saldana W, Seminario L, Tauxe RV, Wells JG, Bean NH, Ries AA, Pollack M, Vertiz B, Blake PA, 1992. Waterborne transmission of epidemic cholera in Trujillo, Peru: lessons for a continent at risk. Lancet 340 :28–33.
-
7
Vanderslice J, Briscoe J, 1993. All coliforms are not created equal: a comparison of the effects of water source and in-house water contamination on infantile diarrheal disease. Water Re-sour Res 29 :1983–1995.
-
8
Jensen PK, Ensink JH, Jayasinghe G, van der Hoek W, Cairn-cross S, Dalsgaard A, 2002. Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: the problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 7 :604–609.
-
9
Clasen TF, Bastable A, 2003. Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use. J Water Health 1 :109–115.
-
10
Roberts L, Chartier Y, Chartier O, Malenga G, Toole M, Rodka H, 2001. Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial. Bull World Health Organ 79 :280–287.
-
11
Brick T, Primrose B, Chandrasekhar R, Roy S, Muliyil J, Kang G, 2004. Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health 207 :473–480.
-
12
Trevett AF, Carter R, Tyrrel S, 2004. Water quality deterioration: a study of household drinking water quality in rural Honduras. Int J Environ Health Res 14 :273–283.
-
13
Hoque BA, Hallman K, Levy J, Bouis H, Ali N, Khan F, Khanam S, Kabir M, Hossain S, Shah Alam M, 2006. Rural drinking water at supply and household levels: quality and management. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209 :451–460.
-
14
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE, Epstein LD, Cabrera L, Sterling CR, Moulton LH, 2004. Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community. Lancet 363 :112–118.
-
15
Trevett AF, Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, 2005. The importance of domestic water quality management in the context of faecal oral disease transmission. J Water Health 3 :259–270.
-
16
Gundry S, Wright J, Conroy R, 2004. A systematic review of the health outcomes related to household water quality in developing countries. J Water Health 2 :1–13.
-
17
Cairncross S, Blumenthal U, Kolsky P, Moraes L, Tayeh A, 1996. The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Trop Med Int Health 1 :27–34.
-
18
Checkley W, Gilman RH, Black RE, Lescano AG, Cabrera L, Taylor DN, Moulton LH, 2002. Effects of nutritional status on diarrhea in Peruvian children. J Pediatr 140 :210–218.
-
19
Harvey SA, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Torres Gayoso C, Lopez Romero S, Gilman RH, Oberhelman RA, 2003. Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea. Acta Trop 86 :41–54.
-
20
Hernandez LS, Winch PJ, Parker K, Gilman RH, 2006. Understandings of reproductive tract infections in a peri-urban pueblo joven in Lima, Peru. BMC Womens Health 6 :7.
-
21
Johnson MA, Smith H, Joseph P, Gilman RH, Bautista CT, Campos KJ, Cespedes M, Klatsky P, Vidal C, Terry H, Calderon MM, Coral C, Cabrera L, Parmar PS, Vinetz JM, 2004. Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1016–1022.
-
22
Grant MA, 1997. A new membrane filtration medium for simultaneous detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and total coliforms. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 :3526–3530.
-
23
Coll IJL, Torres MdMR, Fernández MC, 1999. Control e Higiene de los Alimentos. Madrid, Spain: McGraw-Hill.
-
24
ICMSF, 2000. Microorganismos de los Alimentos, 1: Su Significado y Métodos de Enumeración. Second edition. Zaragoza, Spain: Editorial Acribia.
-
25
Clasen T, Roberts I, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Cairncross S, 2006. Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19 :CD004794.
-
26
Feachem R, Burns E, Cairncross S, Cronin A, Cross P, Curtis D, Khalid Khan M, Lamb D, Southall H, 1978. Water, Health and Development: An Interdisciplinary Evaluation. London: Tri-Med Books, Ltd.
-
27
Quick RE, Venczel LV, Gonzalez O, Mintz ED, Highsmith AK, Espada A, Damiani E, Bean NH, De Hannover EH, Tauxe RV, 1996. Narrow-mouthed water storage vessels and in situ chlorination in a Bolivian community: a simple method to improve drinking water quality. Am J Trop Med Hyg 54 :511–516.
-
28
Wright J, Gundry S, Conroy R, 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health 9 :106–117.
-
29
World Health Organization, 2002. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
30
Gilman RH, Skillicorn P, 1985. Boiling of drinking-water: can a fuel-scarce community afford it? Bull World Health Organ 63 :157–163.
-
31
Witt V, Reiff F, 1993. La Desinfección del Agua a Nivel Casero en Zonas Urbanas Marginales y Rurales. Serie Ambiental No. 13. Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization.
-
32
Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Ventura G, Campos M, Spira W, Diaz F, 1993. Water cost and availability: key determinants of family hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown. Am J Public Health 83 :1554–1558.
-
33
Deb BC, Sircar BK, Sengupta PG, De SP, Mondal SK, Gupta DN, Saha NC, Ghosh S, Mitra U, Pal SC, 1986. Studies on interventions to prevent El Tor cholera transmission in urban slums. Bull World Health Organ 64 :127–131.
-
34
Yeager BA, Lanata CF, Lazo F, Verastegui H, Black RE, 1991. Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrhoeal incidence in Lima, Peru. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9 :186–193.
-
35
Delgado J, Ramirez-Cardich ME, Gilman RH, Lavarello R, Dahodwala N, Bazan A, Rodriguez V, Cama RI, Tovar M, Lescano A, 2002. Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education. Inj Prev 8 :38–41.
-
36
Pinfold JV, 1990. Fæcal contamination of water and fingertip-rinses as a method for evaluating the effect of low-cost water supply and sanitation activities on faeco–oral disease transmission. I. A case study in rural north-east Thailand. Epidemiol Infect 105 :363–375.
-
37
Sundkvist T, Hamilton GR, Hourihan BM, Hart IJ, 2000. Outbreak of hepatitis A spread by contaminated drinking glasses in a public house. Commun Dis Public Health 3 :60–62.
-
38
Mattick K, Durham K, Domingue G, Jorgensen F, Sen M, Schaffner DW, Humphrey T, 2003. The survival of foodborne pathogens during domestic washing-up and subsequent transfer onto washing-up sponges, kitchen surfaces and food. Int J Food Microbiol 85 :213–226.
-
39
Mattick K, Durham K, Hendrix M, Slader J, Griffith C, Sen M, Humphrey T, 2003. The microbiological quality of washing-up water and the environment in domestic and commercial kitchens. J Appl Microbiol 94 :842–848.
-
40
Centers for Disease Control, 2006. SafeWater system (SWS). Atlanta, GA: CDC. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/manual/sws_manual.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2007.
-
41
Mintz ED, Reiff FM, Tauxe RV, 1995. Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent water-borne disease. JAMA 273 :948–953.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2766 | 2586 | 38 |
| Full Text Views | 188 | 3 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 2 | 0 |