- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Effects of hemoglobin, β-hematin, and hemin on RBC-D.
- Inhibition of the effects of hemin on RBC-D by NAC and glutathione.
- Reversal of the effects of hemin on RBC-D by NAC.
- Modifying effect of albumin on deformability of erythrocytes exposed to hemin.
- Effect of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants on RBC-D.
- Effects of β-hematin or hemin in combination with hydrogen peroxide on RBC-D.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GD, Louwrier K, Mai NT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ, 1999. A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol 155 :395–419.
-
2
Dondorp AM, Kager PA, Vreeken J, White NJ, 2000. Abnormal blood flow and red blood cell deformability in severe malaria. Parasitol Today 16 :228–232.
-
3
Dondorp AM, Angus BJ, Hardeman MR, Chotivanich KT, Silamut K, Ruangveerayuth R, Kager PA, White NJ, Vreeken J, 1997. Prognostic significance of reduced red blood cell deformability in severe falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :507–511.
-
4
Dondorp AM, Nyanoti M, Kager PA, Mithwani S, Vreeken J, Marsh K, 2002. The role of reduced red cell deformability in the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria and its restoration by blood transfusion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :282–286.
-
5
Dondorp AM, Angus BJ, Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Ruangveerayuth R, Hardeman MR, Kager PA, Vreeken J, White NJ, 1999. Red cell deformability as a predictor of anemia in severe falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :733–737.
-
6
Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL, 2004. Malaria and the red blood cell membrane. Semin Hematol 41 :173–188.
-
7
Pagola S, Stephens PW, Bohle DS, Kosar AD, Madsen SK, 2000. The structure of malaria pigment beta-haematin. Nature 404 :307–310.
-
8
Watt G, Jongsakul K, Ruangvirayuth R, 2002. A pilot study of N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive therapy for severe malaria. QJM 95 :285–290.
-
9
Atamna H, Ginsburg H, 1993. Origin of reactive oxygen species in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :231–241.
-
10
Edwards SW, 2000. Biochemistry and Physiology of the Neutrophil. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-
11
Basilico N, Monti D, Olliaro P, Taramelli D, 1997. Non-iron porphyrins inhibit beta-haematin (malaria pigment) polymerisation. FEBS Lett 9 :297–299.
-
12
Hardeman MR, Goedhart PT, Dobbe JGG, Lettinga KP, 1994. Laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyser (LORCA): a new instrument for measurement of various structural hemorheologic parameters. Clin Hemorheol 14 :605–618.
-
13
Bessis M, Mohandas N, Feo C, 1980. Automated ektacytometry: a new method of measuring red cell deformability and red cell indices. Blood Cells 6 :315–327.
-
14
Omodeo-Salè F, Motti A, Dondorp A, White NJ, Taramelli D, 2005. Destabilisation and subsequent lysis of human erythrocytes induced by Plasmodium falciparum haem products. Eur J Haematol 74 :324–332.
-
15
Francis SE, Sullivan DJ Jr, Goldberg DE, 1997. Hemoglobin metabolism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Annu Rev Microbiol 51 :97–123.
-
16
Orjih AU, Fitch CD, 1993. Hemozoin production by Plasmodium falciparum: variation with strain and exposure to chloroquine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1157 :270–274.
-
17
Bohle DS, Dinnebier RE, Madsen SK, Stephens PW, 1997. Characterization of the products of the heme detoxification pathway in malaria late trophozoite by x-ray diffraction. J Biol Chem 272 :713–716.
-
18
Egan TJ, 2001. Structure–function relationships in chloroquine and related 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials. Mini Rev Med Chem 1 :113–123.
-
19
Urban BC, Todryk S, 2006. Malaria pigment paralyzes dendritic cells. J Biol 12 :4.
-
20
Graca-Souza AV, Arruda MA, de Freitas MS, Barja-Fidalgo C, Oliveira PL, 2002. Neutrophil activation by heme: implications for inflammatory processes. Blood 99 :4160–4165.
-
21
Omodeo-Sale F, Monti D, Olliaro P, Taramelli D, 2001. Prooxidant activity of beta-hematin (synthetic malaria pigment) in arachidonic acid micelles and phospholipid large unilamellar vesicles. Biochem Pharmacol 61 :999–1009.
-
22
Oliveira MF, Timm BL, Machado EA, Miranda K, Attias M, Silva JR, Dansa-Petretski M, de Oliveira MA, de Souza W, Pinhal NM, Sousa JJ, Vugman NV, Oliveira PL, 2002. On the pro-oxidant effects of haemozoin. FEBS Lett 512 :139–144.
-
23
Dondorp AM, Omodeo-Salè F, Chotivanich K, Taramelli D, White NJ, 2003. Oxidative stress and rheology in severe malaria. Redox Rep 8 :292–294.
-
24
Babior BM, 2000. Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109 :33–44.
-
25
Cicha I, Suzuki Y, Tateishi N, Maeda N, 1999. Rheological changes in human red blood cells under oxidative stress. Pathophysiology 6 :103–110.
-
26
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day NPJ, White NJ, The South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (Seaquamat) Group, 2005. Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet 366 :717–725.
-
27
Nanda NK, Das BS, 2000. Presence of pro-oxidants in plasma of patients suffering from falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :684–688.
-
28
Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, 2001. Hemopexin: a review of biological aspects and the role in laboratory medicine. Clin Chim Acta 312 :13–23.
-
29
Muller-Eberhard U, Javid J, Liem HH, Hanstein A, Hanna M, 1968. Plasma concentrations of hemopexin, haptoglobin and heme in patients with various hemolytic diseases. Blood 32 :811–815.
-
30
Dobretsov GE, Borschevskaya TA, Petrov VA, Vladimirov YA, 1997. The increase of phospholipid bilayer rigidity after lipid peroxidation. FEBS Lett 84 :125–128.
-
31
Jain SK, Mohandas N, Clark MR, Shohet SB, 1983. The effects of malonyldialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, on deformability, dehydration and 51Cr-survival of erythrocytes. Br J Haematol 53 :247–255.
-
32
Palek J, Liu SC, 1979. Dependence of spectrin organization in red blood cell membrane on cell metabolism: implication for control red cell shape, deformability, and surface area. Semin Hematol 14 :75–93.
-
33
Clark MR, Mohandas N, Shohet SB, 1983. Osmotic gradient ektacytometry: comprehensive characterization of red cell volume and surface maintenance. Blood 61 :899–910.
-
34
Muzyamba MC, Gibson JS, 2003. Effect of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene on K+ transport in normal and sickle human red blood cells. J Physiol 547 :903–911.
-
35
Chou AC, Fitch CD, 1981. Mechanism of hemolysis induced by ferriprotoporphyrin IX. J Clin Invest 68 :672–677.
-
36
Shartava A, Shah AK, Goodman SR, 1999. N-Acetylcysteine and clotrimazole inhibit sickle erythrocyte dehydration induced by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Am J Hematol 62 :19–24.
-
37
Omodeo-Sale MF, Motti A, Basilico N, Parapini S, Olliaro P, Taramelli D, 2003. Accelerated senescence of human erythrocytes cultured with Plasmodium falciparum. Blood 102 :705–711.
-
38
Read DG, Bushell GR, Kidson C, 1990. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum exo-antigens on the morphology of uninfected erythrocytes. Parasitology 100 :185–190.
-
39
Nauman KM, Jones GL, Saul A, Smith RAP, 1991. A P. falciparum exo-antigen alters erythrocyte membrane deformability. FEBS Lett 292 :95–97.
-
40
Kremsner PG, Greve B, Lell B, Luckner D, Schmid D, 2000. Malarial anemia in African children associated with high oxygen-radical production. Lancet 355 :40–41.
-
41
Descamps-Latascha B, Lunel-Fabiani F, Karabinis A, Druilhe P, 1987. Generation of reactive oxygen species in whole blood from patients with acute falciparum malaria. Parasitol Immunol 9 :275–279.
-
42
Griffith MJ, Ndungu F, Baird KL, Muller DP, Marsh K, Newton CR, 2001. Oxidative stress and erythrocyte damage in Kenyan children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Br J Haematol 113 :486–491.
-
43
Wardell M, Wang Z, Ho JX, Robert J, Ruker F, Ruble J, Carter DC, 2002. The atomic structure of human methemalbumin at 1.9 Å. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291 :813–819.
-
44
Vincent SH, Grdy RW, Shaklai N, Snider JM, Muller-Eberhard U, 1988. The influence of heme-binding proteins in heme-catalyzed oxidations. Arch Biochem Biophys 265 :539–550.
-
45
Gutteridge JM, Smith A, 1988. Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation. Biochem J 256 :861–865.
-
46
Maitland K, Pamba A, English M, Peshu N, Marsh K, Newton C, Levin M, 2005. Randomized trial of volume expansion with albumin or saline in children with severe malaria: preliminary evidence of albumin benefit. Clin Infect Dis 40 :538–545.
-
47
Straface E, Rivabene R, Masella R, Santulli M, Paganelli R, Malorni W, 2002. Structural changes of the erythrocyte as a marker of non-insulin dependent diabetes: protective effects of N-acetylcysteine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290 :1393–1398.
-
48
Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, Butler J, 1989. The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 6 :593–597.
-
49
Cotgreave IA, 1997. N-Acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol 38 :205–227.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 301 | 263 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 369 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 3 | 0 |
Effects of Malaria Heme Products on Red Blood Cell Deformability
Forradee Nuchsongsin
Forradee Nuchsongsin
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Kesinee Chotivanich
Kesinee Chotivanich
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Prakaykaew Charunwatthana
Prakaykaew Charunwatthana
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Omodeo-Salè Fausta
Omodeo-Salè Fausta
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Donatella Taramelli
Donatella Taramelli
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Nicholas P. Day
Nicholas P. Day
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Nicholas J. White
Nicholas J. White
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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Arjen M. Dondorp
Arjen M. Dondorp
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health–Microbiology–Virology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford United Kingdom
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In falciparum malaria, the deformability of the entire erythrocyte population is reduced in proportion to disease severity, and this compromises microcirculatory blood flow through vessels partially obstructed by cytoadherent parasitized erythrocytes. The cause of rigidity of uninfected erythrocytes in not known but could be mediated by malaria heme products. In this study, we show that red blood cell deformability (RBC-D), measured by laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyzer, decreased in a dose-dependent manner after incubation with hemin and hydrogen peroxide but not with hemoglobin or β-hematin. Hemin also reduced mean red cell volume. Albumin decreased and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) both prevented and reversed rigidity induced by hemin. Hemin-induced oxidative damage of the membrane seems to be a more important contributor to pathology than cell shrinkage because the antioxidant NAC restored RBC-D but not red blood cell volume. The findings suggest novel approaches to the treatment of potentially lethal malaria.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Effects of hemoglobin, β-hematin, and hemin on RBC-D.
- Inhibition of the effects of hemin on RBC-D by NAC and glutathione.
- Reversal of the effects of hemin on RBC-D by NAC.
- Modifying effect of albumin on deformability of erythrocytes exposed to hemin.
- Effect of hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants on RBC-D.
- Effects of β-hematin or hemin in combination with hydrogen peroxide on RBC-D.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Silamut K, Phu NH, Whitty C, Turner GD, Louwrier K, Mai NT, Simpson JA, Hien TT, White NJ, 1999. A quantitative analysis of the microvascular sequestration of malaria parasites in the human brain. Am J Pathol 155 :395–419.
-
2
Dondorp AM, Kager PA, Vreeken J, White NJ, 2000. Abnormal blood flow and red blood cell deformability in severe malaria. Parasitol Today 16 :228–232.
-
3
Dondorp AM, Angus BJ, Hardeman MR, Chotivanich KT, Silamut K, Ruangveerayuth R, Kager PA, White NJ, Vreeken J, 1997. Prognostic significance of reduced red blood cell deformability in severe falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 57 :507–511.
-
4
Dondorp AM, Nyanoti M, Kager PA, Mithwani S, Vreeken J, Marsh K, 2002. The role of reduced red cell deformability in the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria and its restoration by blood transfusion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :282–286.
-
5
Dondorp AM, Angus BJ, Chotivanich K, Silamut K, Ruangveerayuth R, Hardeman MR, Kager PA, Vreeken J, White NJ, 1999. Red cell deformability as a predictor of anemia in severe falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :733–737.
-
6
Cooke BM, Mohandas N, Coppel RL, 2004. Malaria and the red blood cell membrane. Semin Hematol 41 :173–188.
-
7
Pagola S, Stephens PW, Bohle DS, Kosar AD, Madsen SK, 2000. The structure of malaria pigment beta-haematin. Nature 404 :307–310.
-
8
Watt G, Jongsakul K, Ruangvirayuth R, 2002. A pilot study of N-acetylcysteine as adjunctive therapy for severe malaria. QJM 95 :285–290.
-
9
Atamna H, Ginsburg H, 1993. Origin of reactive oxygen species in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61 :231–241.
-
10
Edwards SW, 2000. Biochemistry and Physiology of the Neutrophil. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-
11
Basilico N, Monti D, Olliaro P, Taramelli D, 1997. Non-iron porphyrins inhibit beta-haematin (malaria pigment) polymerisation. FEBS Lett 9 :297–299.
-
12
Hardeman MR, Goedhart PT, Dobbe JGG, Lettinga KP, 1994. Laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyser (LORCA): a new instrument for measurement of various structural hemorheologic parameters. Clin Hemorheol 14 :605–618.
-
13
Bessis M, Mohandas N, Feo C, 1980. Automated ektacytometry: a new method of measuring red cell deformability and red cell indices. Blood Cells 6 :315–327.
-
14
Omodeo-Salè F, Motti A, Dondorp A, White NJ, Taramelli D, 2005. Destabilisation and subsequent lysis of human erythrocytes induced by Plasmodium falciparum haem products. Eur J Haematol 74 :324–332.
-
15
Francis SE, Sullivan DJ Jr, Goldberg DE, 1997. Hemoglobin metabolism in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Annu Rev Microbiol 51 :97–123.
-
16
Orjih AU, Fitch CD, 1993. Hemozoin production by Plasmodium falciparum: variation with strain and exposure to chloroquine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1157 :270–274.
-
17
Bohle DS, Dinnebier RE, Madsen SK, Stephens PW, 1997. Characterization of the products of the heme detoxification pathway in malaria late trophozoite by x-ray diffraction. J Biol Chem 272 :713–716.
-
18
Egan TJ, 2001. Structure–function relationships in chloroquine and related 4-aminoquinoline antimalarials. Mini Rev Med Chem 1 :113–123.
-
19
Urban BC, Todryk S, 2006. Malaria pigment paralyzes dendritic cells. J Biol 12 :4.
-
20
Graca-Souza AV, Arruda MA, de Freitas MS, Barja-Fidalgo C, Oliveira PL, 2002. Neutrophil activation by heme: implications for inflammatory processes. Blood 99 :4160–4165.
-
21
Omodeo-Sale F, Monti D, Olliaro P, Taramelli D, 2001. Prooxidant activity of beta-hematin (synthetic malaria pigment) in arachidonic acid micelles and phospholipid large unilamellar vesicles. Biochem Pharmacol 61 :999–1009.
-
22
Oliveira MF, Timm BL, Machado EA, Miranda K, Attias M, Silva JR, Dansa-Petretski M, de Oliveira MA, de Souza W, Pinhal NM, Sousa JJ, Vugman NV, Oliveira PL, 2002. On the pro-oxidant effects of haemozoin. FEBS Lett 512 :139–144.
-
23
Dondorp AM, Omodeo-Salè F, Chotivanich K, Taramelli D, White NJ, 2003. Oxidative stress and rheology in severe malaria. Redox Rep 8 :292–294.
-
24
Babior BM, 2000. Phagocytes and oxidative stress. Am J Med 109 :33–44.
-
25
Cicha I, Suzuki Y, Tateishi N, Maeda N, 1999. Rheological changes in human red blood cells under oxidative stress. Pathophysiology 6 :103–110.
-
26
Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day NPJ, White NJ, The South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (Seaquamat) Group, 2005. Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet 366 :717–725.
-
27
Nanda NK, Das BS, 2000. Presence of pro-oxidants in plasma of patients suffering from falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 :684–688.
-
28
Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, 2001. Hemopexin: a review of biological aspects and the role in laboratory medicine. Clin Chim Acta 312 :13–23.
-
29
Muller-Eberhard U, Javid J, Liem HH, Hanstein A, Hanna M, 1968. Plasma concentrations of hemopexin, haptoglobin and heme in patients with various hemolytic diseases. Blood 32 :811–815.
-
30
Dobretsov GE, Borschevskaya TA, Petrov VA, Vladimirov YA, 1997. The increase of phospholipid bilayer rigidity after lipid peroxidation. FEBS Lett 84 :125–128.
-
31
Jain SK, Mohandas N, Clark MR, Shohet SB, 1983. The effects of malonyldialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, on deformability, dehydration and 51Cr-survival of erythrocytes. Br J Haematol 53 :247–255.
-
32
Palek J, Liu SC, 1979. Dependence of spectrin organization in red blood cell membrane on cell metabolism: implication for control red cell shape, deformability, and surface area. Semin Hematol 14 :75–93.
-
33
Clark MR, Mohandas N, Shohet SB, 1983. Osmotic gradient ektacytometry: comprehensive characterization of red cell volume and surface maintenance. Blood 61 :899–910.
-
34
Muzyamba MC, Gibson JS, 2003. Effect of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene on K+ transport in normal and sickle human red blood cells. J Physiol 547 :903–911.
-
35
Chou AC, Fitch CD, 1981. Mechanism of hemolysis induced by ferriprotoporphyrin IX. J Clin Invest 68 :672–677.
-
36
Shartava A, Shah AK, Goodman SR, 1999. N-Acetylcysteine and clotrimazole inhibit sickle erythrocyte dehydration induced by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Am J Hematol 62 :19–24.
-
37
Omodeo-Sale MF, Motti A, Basilico N, Parapini S, Olliaro P, Taramelli D, 2003. Accelerated senescence of human erythrocytes cultured with Plasmodium falciparum. Blood 102 :705–711.
-
38
Read DG, Bushell GR, Kidson C, 1990. The effect of Plasmodium falciparum exo-antigens on the morphology of uninfected erythrocytes. Parasitology 100 :185–190.
-
39
Nauman KM, Jones GL, Saul A, Smith RAP, 1991. A P. falciparum exo-antigen alters erythrocyte membrane deformability. FEBS Lett 292 :95–97.
-
40
Kremsner PG, Greve B, Lell B, Luckner D, Schmid D, 2000. Malarial anemia in African children associated with high oxygen-radical production. Lancet 355 :40–41.
-
41
Descamps-Latascha B, Lunel-Fabiani F, Karabinis A, Druilhe P, 1987. Generation of reactive oxygen species in whole blood from patients with acute falciparum malaria. Parasitol Immunol 9 :275–279.
-
42
Griffith MJ, Ndungu F, Baird KL, Muller DP, Marsh K, Newton CR, 2001. Oxidative stress and erythrocyte damage in Kenyan children with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Br J Haematol 113 :486–491.
-
43
Wardell M, Wang Z, Ho JX, Robert J, Ruker F, Ruble J, Carter DC, 2002. The atomic structure of human methemalbumin at 1.9 Å. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 291 :813–819.
-
44
Vincent SH, Grdy RW, Shaklai N, Snider JM, Muller-Eberhard U, 1988. The influence of heme-binding proteins in heme-catalyzed oxidations. Arch Biochem Biophys 265 :539–550.
-
45
Gutteridge JM, Smith A, 1988. Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation. Biochem J 256 :861–865.
-
46
Maitland K, Pamba A, English M, Peshu N, Marsh K, Newton C, Levin M, 2005. Randomized trial of volume expansion with albumin or saline in children with severe malaria: preliminary evidence of albumin benefit. Clin Infect Dis 40 :538–545.
-
47
Straface E, Rivabene R, Masella R, Santulli M, Paganelli R, Malorni W, 2002. Structural changes of the erythrocyte as a marker of non-insulin dependent diabetes: protective effects of N-acetylcysteine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290 :1393–1398.
-
48
Aruoma OI, Halliwell B, Hoey BM, Butler J, 1989. The antioxidant action of N-acetylcysteine: its reaction with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide, and hypochlorous acid. Free Radic Biol Med 6 :593–597.
-
49
Cotgreave IA, 1997. N-Acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol 38 :205–227.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 301 | 263 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 369 | 2 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 3 | 0 |