- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Definition.
- Samples and subjects.
- Culture and identification of bacterial isolates.
- DNA extraction.
- Detection of diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Reference strains.
- Vero-cell and Hep-2 cell adherence assay.
- Escherchia coli antimicrobial drug susceptibility.
- Serotyping.
- Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
- Numerical analysis of PFGE profiles for isolated E. coli strains.
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- Enteropathogens isolated from patients and healthy subjects.
- Season and diarrhea.
- Prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Age distribution of diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing of E. coli strains.
- Serotypes of E. coli strains.
- Chromosomal DNA analysis by PFGE for E. coli strains.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Glass RL, Lew JF, Gangarosa RE, LeBaron CW, Ho MS, 1991. Estimates of morbidity and mortality rates for diarrheal diseases in American children. J Pediatr 118 :S27–S33.
-
2
Bern C, Maetines J, de Zoyas I, Glass RI, 1992. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrheal disease: a ten-year update. Bull World Health Organ 70 :705–714.
-
3
Maltezou HC, Zafiropoulou A, Mavrikou M, Bozavoutoglou E, Liapi G, Foustoukou M, Kafetzi DA, 2001. Acute diarrhoea in children treated in an outpatient setting in Athens, Greece. J Infect 43 :122–127.
-
4
Guerrant RL, Hughes JM, Lima NL, Crane J, 1990. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries. Rev Infect Dis 12 (Suppl 1):S41–S50.
-
5
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142–201.
-
6
Scaletsky IC, Fabbricotti SH, Sliva SO, Morais MB, Fagundes-Neto U, 2002. HEP-2 adherent Escherichia coli strains associated with acute infantile diarrhea, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :855–858.
-
7
Gueddana N, Saffen S, Ben Aissa R, Khemiri F, Chaker A, Arojji A, Hammami A, Lamine-Jomni S, 1988. Etude étiologique des gastroentérites aigues de l’enfant en Tunisie. Arch Fr Pediatr 45 :207–211.
-
8
Al-Gallas N, Ben Aissa R, Annabi TH A, Bahri O, Boudabous A, 2002. Isolation and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from meat and dairy products. Food Mirobiol 19 :389–398.
-
9
Beaudry M, Zhu C, Fairbrother JM, Harel J, 1996. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from dogs manifesting attaching and effacing lesions. J Clin Microbio 34 :144–148.
-
10
Tornieporth NG, John J, Salgado K, De Jesus P, Latham E, Melo MC, Gunzburg ST, Riley LW, 1995. Differentiation of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Brazilian children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1371–1374.
-
11
Bastian SN, Carle I, Grimont F, 1998. Comparison of 14 PCR systems for the detection and subtyping of stx genes in shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 149 :457–472.
-
12
Pradel N, Livrelli V, de Champs C, Palcoux JB, Reynaud A, Scheutz F, Sirot J, Joly B, Forestier C, 2000. Prevalence and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, food, and children during a one- year prospective study in France. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1023–1031.
-
13
Monteiro-Neto V, Campos LC, Ferreira AJP, Gomes TAT, Trabulsi LR, 1997. Virulence properties of Escherichia coli O111:H12 strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 146 :123–128.
-
14
Soussy CJ, Carret G, Cavallo JD, Chardon H, Chidiac C, Cour-valin P, Dabernat H, Drugeon H, Dubreuil L, Goldstein F, Jarlier V, Leclercq R, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Philippon A, Quentin C, Rouxeix B, Sirot J, 2000. Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie. Communiqué 2000–2001. Pathol Biol 48 :832–871.
-
15
Santosham M, Sack RB, Reid R, Black R, Croll J, Yolken R, Aurelian L, Wolff M, Chan E, Garrett S, Froehlich J, 1995. Diarrhoeal diseases in the white mountain Apaches: epidemiologic studies. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 13 :18–28.
-
16
Robins-Brown RM, Bordun A, Tauschek M, Bennett-Wood VR, Jacinta R, Oppedisano F, Lister NA, Bettelheim KA, Fairley CK, Sinclair MI, Hellard M, 2004. Escherichia coli and community-acquired gastroenteritis, Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1797–1805.
-
17
Prats G, Llovet T, Muñoz C, Sole R, Mirelis B, Izquierdo C, Rodriguez P, Sabanes ME, Rabella N, Perica R, Sanchez F, Margall N, Navarro F, Coll P, 1997. Etiology of enteritis in a university general hospital in Barcelona (1992–1995). Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin 15 :349–356.
-
18
Peruski Jr LF, Kay BA, El-Yazeed RA, El-Etr SH, Cravioto A, Rao Wiezba M, El-Ghorab N, Shaheen H, Khalil SB, Kamal K, Wasfy MO, Svennerholm AM, Clemens JD, Savarino SJ, 1999. Phenotypic diversity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains from a community-based study of pediatric diarrhea in periuban Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 37 :2974–2978.
-
19
Shaheen HI, Khalil SB, Rao MR, Abu Elyazeed R, Wierzba TH, Peruski Jr LF, Putnam SH, Navarro A, Morsy BZ, Cravioto A, Clemens JD, Svennerholm AM, Savarino SJ, 2004. Phenotypic profiles of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with early childhood diarrhea in rural Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 42 :5588–5595.
-
20
Albert MJ, Faruque SM, Faruque AS, Neogi PK, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Alam K, Akbar MS, 1995. Controlled study of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 33 :973–977.
-
21
Kaper JB, 1996. Defining EPEC. Rev Microbiol Sao Paulo 27 :130–133.
-
22
Stone KD, Zhang HZ, Carlson LK, Donnenberg MS, 1996. A cluster of fourteen genes from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is sufficient for the biogenesis of a type IV pilus. Mol Microbiol 20 :325–337.
-
23
Pelayo JS, Scaletsky IC, Pedroso MZ, Sperandio V, Giron JA, Frankel G, Trabulsi LR, 1999. Virulence properties of atypical EPEC strains. J Med Microbiol 48 :41–49.
-
24
Ratchtrachenchia OA, Subpasu S, Hideo Hayashi H, Ba-Thein W, 2004. Prevalence of childhood diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli in Thailand. J Med Microbiol 53 :237–243.
-
25
Levine MM, Edelman R, 1984. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev 6 :31–51.
-
26
Schultsz C, van den Ende J, Cobelens F, Vervoort T, van Gompel A, Wetsteyn JC, Dankert J, 2000. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and acute and persistent diarrhea in returned travelers. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3550–3554.
-
27
Menard LP, Dubreull JD, 2002. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat- stable enterotoxin1 (EAST1): a new toxin with an old twist. Crit Rev Microbiol 28 :43–60.
-
28
Nishikawa Y, Zhou Z, Hases A, Ogasawara J, Kitase T, Abe N, Nakamura H, Wada TE, Ishii E, Haruki K, 2002. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of sporadic cases of diarrheal illness in Osaka City, Japan between 1997 and 2000: prevalence of enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene- possessing E. coli. Jpn J Infect Dis 55 :183–190.
-
29
Al-Gallas N, Bahri O, Ben AR, 2006. Prevalence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in diarrheagenic Tunisian population, and the report of isolating STEC O157:H7 in Tunis. Curr Microbiol 53 :483–490.
-
30
Gavin PJ, Peterson LR, Pasquariello AC, Blackburn J, Hamming MG, Kuo KJ, Thomson RB Jr, 2004. Evaluation of performance and potential clinical impact of ProSpcT shiga toxin Escherichia coli microplate assay for detection of shiga toxin-producing E. coli in stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1652–1656.
-
31
Hoge CW, Gambel JM, Srijan A, Pitarangsi C, Echeverria P, 1998. Trends in antibiotic resistance among diarrheal pathogens isolated in Thailand over 15 years. Clin Infect Dis 26 :341–345.
-
32
Okeke IN, Fayinka ST, Lamikanra A, 2000. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from Nigerian students, 1986–1998. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :393–396.
-
33
Presterl E, Zwick R, Reichmann S, Aichelburg A, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Graninger W, 2003. Frequency and virulence propertie of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :406–410.
-
34
Arbeit RD, Arthur M, Dunn R, Kim C, Selander RK, Goldstein R, 1990. Resolution of recent evolutionary divergence among Escherichia coli from related lineages: the application of pulsed-field electrophoresis to molecular epidemiology. J Infect Dis 161 :230–235.
-
35
Aarestrup FM, Jorsal SE, Ahrens P, Jensen NE, Meyling A, 1997. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with edema disease. J Clin Microbiol 35 :20–24.
-
36
Sarantuya J, Nishi J, Wakimoto K, Erdene S, Nataro JP, Sheikh J, Iwashita M, Manago K, Tokuda K, Yoshinaga M, Miyata K, Kawano Y, 2004. Typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the most prevalent pathotype among E. coli strains causing diarrhea in Mongolian children. J Clin Microbiol 42 :133–139.
-
37
Woodward JM, Connaughton ID, Fahy VA, Lymbery AJ, Hampson DJ, 1993. Clonal analysis of Escherichia coli of serogroup O9, O20, and O101 isolated from Australian pigs with neonatal diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 31 :1185–1188.
-
38
Beltran P, Musser JM, Helmuth R, Farmer JJ, Frerichs WM, Cravioto A, Selander RK, 1988. Towards a population genetic analysis of Salmonella: genetic diversity and relationships among strains of serotypes S. cholerasuis, S. derby, S. Dublin, S. enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 :7753–7757.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 573 | 480 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 392 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 13 | 0 |
Etiology of Acute Diarrhea in Children and Adults in Tunis, Tunisia, with Emphasis on Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence, Phenotyping, and Molecular Epidemiology
Nazek Al-Gallas
Nazek Al-Gallas
Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Laboratoire de Virologie Clinique, et Laboratoire de Parasitologie Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Centre National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse, Tunis, Tunisia
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Olfa Bahri
Olfa Bahri
Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Laboratoire de Virologie Clinique, et Laboratoire de Parasitologie Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Centre National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse, Tunis, Tunisia
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Aida Bouratbeen
Aida Bouratbeen
Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Laboratoire de Virologie Clinique, et Laboratoire de Parasitologie Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Centre National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse, Tunis, Tunisia
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Assia Ben Haasen
Assia Ben Haasen
Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Laboratoire de Virologie Clinique, et Laboratoire de Parasitologie Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Centre National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse, Tunis, Tunisia
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Ridha Ben Aissa
Ridha Ben Aissa
Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Laboratoire de Virologie Clinique, et Laboratoire de Parasitologie Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Centre National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse, Tunis, Tunisia
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A total of 271 stool specimens were collected from children (diarrheagenic, n = 115 and control, n = 54) and adults (diarrheagenic, n = 73 and control, n = 29) from Tunis, Tunisia, and processed to detect bacterial enteropathogens, parasites, and viruses. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) were identified by their virulence genes (polymerase chain reaction) and adherence patterns (tissue culture assays). The most frequently isolated enteric pathogens from diarrheagenic children were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 32.3%), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 11.3%), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC, (11.3%), adenovirus (10.4%), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC, 10.4%), and Salmonella spp. (9.5%). For children in the control group, ETEC (37%), EAEC (15%), EHEC (11.1%), and typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 11.1%) were the most common enteric pathogens. In adults in the diarrheagenic group, Salmonella spp. (34.2%), ETEC (12.3%), adenovirus (7%), and Shigella spp. (4%) were the most common enteric pathogens. In adults in the control group, ETEC (31%) was the most common enteric pathogen. Multiple pathogens were recovered from 22% of the diarrheagenic children and 7% of the diarrheagenic adults. Escherichia coli strains showed high resistance rates to tetracycline, streptomycin, and β-lactams. The most frequent combinations were ETEC-rotavirus and ETEC-adenovirus. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for DEC indicated a large number of DEC clones (five major clones) persistent in the community reservoir for a considerable period of time that caused diarrhea in the population. This suggests the confluence of small epidemics by clonally related DEC strains circulating in this region.
Author Notes
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Definition.
- Samples and subjects.
- Culture and identification of bacterial isolates.
- DNA extraction.
- Detection of diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Reference strains.
- Vero-cell and Hep-2 cell adherence assay.
- Escherchia coli antimicrobial drug susceptibility.
- Serotyping.
- Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
- Numerical analysis of PFGE profiles for isolated E. coli strains.
- Statistical analysis.
- RESULTS
- Enteropathogens isolated from patients and healthy subjects.
- Season and diarrhea.
- Prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Age distribution of diarrheagenic E. coli.
- Antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing of E. coli strains.
- Serotypes of E. coli strains.
- Chromosomal DNA analysis by PFGE for E. coli strains.
- DISCUSSION
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Glass RL, Lew JF, Gangarosa RE, LeBaron CW, Ho MS, 1991. Estimates of morbidity and mortality rates for diarrheal diseases in American children. J Pediatr 118 :S27–S33.
-
2
Bern C, Maetines J, de Zoyas I, Glass RI, 1992. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrheal disease: a ten-year update. Bull World Health Organ 70 :705–714.
-
3
Maltezou HC, Zafiropoulou A, Mavrikou M, Bozavoutoglou E, Liapi G, Foustoukou M, Kafetzi DA, 2001. Acute diarrhoea in children treated in an outpatient setting in Athens, Greece. J Infect 43 :122–127.
-
4
Guerrant RL, Hughes JM, Lima NL, Crane J, 1990. Diarrhea in developed and developing countries. Rev Infect Dis 12 (Suppl 1):S41–S50.
-
5
Nataro JP, Kaper JB, 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11 :142–201.
-
6
Scaletsky IC, Fabbricotti SH, Sliva SO, Morais MB, Fagundes-Neto U, 2002. HEP-2 adherent Escherichia coli strains associated with acute infantile diarrhea, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 8 :855–858.
-
7
Gueddana N, Saffen S, Ben Aissa R, Khemiri F, Chaker A, Arojji A, Hammami A, Lamine-Jomni S, 1988. Etude étiologique des gastroentérites aigues de l’enfant en Tunisie. Arch Fr Pediatr 45 :207–211.
-
8
Al-Gallas N, Ben Aissa R, Annabi TH A, Bahri O, Boudabous A, 2002. Isolation and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from meat and dairy products. Food Mirobiol 19 :389–398.
-
9
Beaudry M, Zhu C, Fairbrother JM, Harel J, 1996. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from dogs manifesting attaching and effacing lesions. J Clin Microbio 34 :144–148.
-
10
Tornieporth NG, John J, Salgado K, De Jesus P, Latham E, Melo MC, Gunzburg ST, Riley LW, 1995. Differentiation of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Brazilian children by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 33 :1371–1374.
-
11
Bastian SN, Carle I, Grimont F, 1998. Comparison of 14 PCR systems for the detection and subtyping of stx genes in shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Res Microbiol 149 :457–472.
-
12
Pradel N, Livrelli V, de Champs C, Palcoux JB, Reynaud A, Scheutz F, Sirot J, Joly B, Forestier C, 2000. Prevalence and characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, food, and children during a one- year prospective study in France. J Clin Microbiol 38 :1023–1031.
-
13
Monteiro-Neto V, Campos LC, Ferreira AJP, Gomes TAT, Trabulsi LR, 1997. Virulence properties of Escherichia coli O111:H12 strains. FEMS Microbiol Lett 146 :123–128.
-
14
Soussy CJ, Carret G, Cavallo JD, Chardon H, Chidiac C, Cour-valin P, Dabernat H, Drugeon H, Dubreuil L, Goldstein F, Jarlier V, Leclercq R, Nicolas-Chanoine MH, Philippon A, Quentin C, Rouxeix B, Sirot J, 2000. Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie. Communiqué 2000–2001. Pathol Biol 48 :832–871.
-
15
Santosham M, Sack RB, Reid R, Black R, Croll J, Yolken R, Aurelian L, Wolff M, Chan E, Garrett S, Froehlich J, 1995. Diarrhoeal diseases in the white mountain Apaches: epidemiologic studies. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 13 :18–28.
-
16
Robins-Brown RM, Bordun A, Tauschek M, Bennett-Wood VR, Jacinta R, Oppedisano F, Lister NA, Bettelheim KA, Fairley CK, Sinclair MI, Hellard M, 2004. Escherichia coli and community-acquired gastroenteritis, Melbourne, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 10 :1797–1805.
-
17
Prats G, Llovet T, Muñoz C, Sole R, Mirelis B, Izquierdo C, Rodriguez P, Sabanes ME, Rabella N, Perica R, Sanchez F, Margall N, Navarro F, Coll P, 1997. Etiology of enteritis in a university general hospital in Barcelona (1992–1995). Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin 15 :349–356.
-
18
Peruski Jr LF, Kay BA, El-Yazeed RA, El-Etr SH, Cravioto A, Rao Wiezba M, El-Ghorab N, Shaheen H, Khalil SB, Kamal K, Wasfy MO, Svennerholm AM, Clemens JD, Savarino SJ, 1999. Phenotypic diversity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains from a community-based study of pediatric diarrhea in periuban Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 37 :2974–2978.
-
19
Shaheen HI, Khalil SB, Rao MR, Abu Elyazeed R, Wierzba TH, Peruski Jr LF, Putnam SH, Navarro A, Morsy BZ, Cravioto A, Clemens JD, Svennerholm AM, Savarino SJ, 2004. Phenotypic profiles of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with early childhood diarrhea in rural Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 42 :5588–5595.
-
20
Albert MJ, Faruque SM, Faruque AS, Neogi PK, Ansaruzzaman M, Bhuiyan NA, Alam K, Akbar MS, 1995. Controlled study of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in Bangladeshi children. J Clin Microbiol 33 :973–977.
-
21
Kaper JB, 1996. Defining EPEC. Rev Microbiol Sao Paulo 27 :130–133.
-
22
Stone KD, Zhang HZ, Carlson LK, Donnenberg MS, 1996. A cluster of fourteen genes from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is sufficient for the biogenesis of a type IV pilus. Mol Microbiol 20 :325–337.
-
23
Pelayo JS, Scaletsky IC, Pedroso MZ, Sperandio V, Giron JA, Frankel G, Trabulsi LR, 1999. Virulence properties of atypical EPEC strains. J Med Microbiol 48 :41–49.
-
24
Ratchtrachenchia OA, Subpasu S, Hideo Hayashi H, Ba-Thein W, 2004. Prevalence of childhood diarrhoea-associated Escherichia coli in Thailand. J Med Microbiol 53 :237–243.
-
25
Levine MM, Edelman R, 1984. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev 6 :31–51.
-
26
Schultsz C, van den Ende J, Cobelens F, Vervoort T, van Gompel A, Wetsteyn JC, Dankert J, 2000. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and acute and persistent diarrhea in returned travelers. J Clin Microbiol 38 :3550–3554.
-
27
Menard LP, Dubreull JD, 2002. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat- stable enterotoxin1 (EAST1): a new toxin with an old twist. Crit Rev Microbiol 28 :43–60.
-
28
Nishikawa Y, Zhou Z, Hases A, Ogasawara J, Kitase T, Abe N, Nakamura H, Wada TE, Ishii E, Haruki K, 2002. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of sporadic cases of diarrheal illness in Osaka City, Japan between 1997 and 2000: prevalence of enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 gene- possessing E. coli. Jpn J Infect Dis 55 :183–190.
-
29
Al-Gallas N, Bahri O, Ben AR, 2006. Prevalence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in diarrheagenic Tunisian population, and the report of isolating STEC O157:H7 in Tunis. Curr Microbiol 53 :483–490.
-
30
Gavin PJ, Peterson LR, Pasquariello AC, Blackburn J, Hamming MG, Kuo KJ, Thomson RB Jr, 2004. Evaluation of performance and potential clinical impact of ProSpcT shiga toxin Escherichia coli microplate assay for detection of shiga toxin-producing E. coli in stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 42 :1652–1656.
-
31
Hoge CW, Gambel JM, Srijan A, Pitarangsi C, Echeverria P, 1998. Trends in antibiotic resistance among diarrheal pathogens isolated in Thailand over 15 years. Clin Infect Dis 26 :341–345.
-
32
Okeke IN, Fayinka ST, Lamikanra A, 2000. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from Nigerian students, 1986–1998. Emerg Infect Dis 6 :393–396.
-
33
Presterl E, Zwick R, Reichmann S, Aichelburg A, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Graninger W, 2003. Frequency and virulence propertie of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :406–410.
-
34
Arbeit RD, Arthur M, Dunn R, Kim C, Selander RK, Goldstein R, 1990. Resolution of recent evolutionary divergence among Escherichia coli from related lineages: the application of pulsed-field electrophoresis to molecular epidemiology. J Infect Dis 161 :230–235.
-
35
Aarestrup FM, Jorsal SE, Ahrens P, Jensen NE, Meyling A, 1997. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs with edema disease. J Clin Microbiol 35 :20–24.
-
36
Sarantuya J, Nishi J, Wakimoto K, Erdene S, Nataro JP, Sheikh J, Iwashita M, Manago K, Tokuda K, Yoshinaga M, Miyata K, Kawano Y, 2004. Typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the most prevalent pathotype among E. coli strains causing diarrhea in Mongolian children. J Clin Microbiol 42 :133–139.
-
37
Woodward JM, Connaughton ID, Fahy VA, Lymbery AJ, Hampson DJ, 1993. Clonal analysis of Escherichia coli of serogroup O9, O20, and O101 isolated from Australian pigs with neonatal diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 31 :1185–1188.
-
38
Beltran P, Musser JM, Helmuth R, Farmer JJ, Frerichs WM, Cravioto A, Selander RK, 1988. Towards a population genetic analysis of Salmonella: genetic diversity and relationships among strains of serotypes S. cholerasuis, S. derby, S. Dublin, S. enteritidis, S. Heidelberg, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85 :7753–7757.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 573 | 480 | 6 |
| Full Text Views | 392 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 179 | 13 | 0 |