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1
South African National Tuberculosis Control Programme, 2004. The South African National Tuberculosis Control Programme Practical Guidelines. Pretoria, South Africa: South African National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
-
2
Pitcher CJ, Quittner C, Peterson DM, Connors M, Koup RA, Maino VC, Picker LY, 1999. HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in most individuals with active HIV-1 infection, but decline with prolonged viral suppression. Nat Med 5 :518–525.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2006. WHO Global Task Force Outlines Measures to Combat XDR-TB Worldwide. Accessed June 11, 2007. Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2006/np29/en/index.html
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4
Ramam M, Mittal R, Ramesh V, 2005. How soon does cutaneous tuberculosis respond to treatment? Implications for a therapeutic test of diagnosis. Int J Dermatol 44 :121–124.
-
5
Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC, 1999. Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA 282 :677–686.
-
6
Golden MP, Vikram HR, 2005. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview. Am Fam Physician 72 :1761–1768.
-
7
Gopinathan RPD, Joshi J, Jerajani H, Mathur M, 2001. Clinical and morphological variants of cutaneous tuberculosis and its relation to Mycobacterium species. Indian J Med Microbiol 19 :193–196.
-
8
Ho CK, Ho MH, Chong LY, 2006. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Hong Kong: an update. Hong Kong Med J 12 :272–277.
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9
Friedman PC, Husain S, Grossman ME, 2005. Nodular tuberculid in a patient with HIV. J Am Acad Dermatol 53 :S154–S156.
-
10
Barbagallo J, Tager P, Ingleton R, Hirsch RJ, Weinberg JM, 2002. Cutaneous tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 3 :319–328.
-
11
Ramesh V, Murlidhar S, Kumar J, Srivastava L, 2001. Isolation of drug-resistant tubercle bacilli in cutaneous tuberculosis. Pediatr Dermatol 18 :393–395.
-
12
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs–worldwide, 2000–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :301–305.
-
13
1975. Tuberculosis in Tanzania: a national sampling survey of drug resistance and other factors. Tubercle 56 :269–294.
-
14
Ginsburg AS, Hooper N, Parrish N, Dooley KE, Dorman SE, Booth J, Diener-West M, Merz WG, Bishai WR, Sterling TR, 2003. Fluoroquinolone resistance in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 37 :1448–1452.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 186 | 123 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 228 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 62 | 11 | 0 |
Cutaneous Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Douglas P. Olson
Douglas P. Olson
Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, and HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Cheryl L. Day
Cheryl L. Day
Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, and HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nombulelo P. Magula
Nombulelo P. Magula
Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, and HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Faieza Sahid
Faieza Sahid
Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, and HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa
Mahomed-Yunus S. Moosa
Department of Infectious Disease, Division of Medicine, and HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia; Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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A 48-year-old immunocompetent man without known exposure to tuberculosis had a > 10-year history of recurrent skin lesions. Cutaneous tuberculosis without any current or past history of pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed. Culture of biopsy specimens showed the organism to be resistant to multiple first-line and second-line agents. The patient had a broad, vigorous CD4-specific immune response against multiple tuberculosis antigens. This case is the first report of cutaneous extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
South African National Tuberculosis Control Programme, 2004. The South African National Tuberculosis Control Programme Practical Guidelines. Pretoria, South Africa: South African National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
-
2
Pitcher CJ, Quittner C, Peterson DM, Connors M, Koup RA, Maino VC, Picker LY, 1999. HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are detectable in most individuals with active HIV-1 infection, but decline with prolonged viral suppression. Nat Med 5 :518–525.
-
3
World Health Organization, 2006. WHO Global Task Force Outlines Measures to Combat XDR-TB Worldwide. Accessed June 11, 2007. Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2006/np29/en/index.html
-
4
Ramam M, Mittal R, Ramesh V, 2005. How soon does cutaneous tuberculosis respond to treatment? Implications for a therapeutic test of diagnosis. Int J Dermatol 44 :121–124.
-
5
Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC, 1999. Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project. JAMA 282 :677–686.
-
6
Golden MP, Vikram HR, 2005. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview. Am Fam Physician 72 :1761–1768.
-
7
Gopinathan RPD, Joshi J, Jerajani H, Mathur M, 2001. Clinical and morphological variants of cutaneous tuberculosis and its relation to Mycobacterium species. Indian J Med Microbiol 19 :193–196.
-
8
Ho CK, Ho MH, Chong LY, 2006. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Hong Kong: an update. Hong Kong Med J 12 :272–277.
-
9
Friedman PC, Husain S, Grossman ME, 2005. Nodular tuberculid in a patient with HIV. J Am Acad Dermatol 53 :S154–S156.
-
10
Barbagallo J, Tager P, Ingleton R, Hirsch RJ, Weinberg JM, 2002. Cutaneous tuberculosis: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 3 :319–328.
-
11
Ramesh V, Murlidhar S, Kumar J, Srivastava L, 2001. Isolation of drug-resistant tubercle bacilli in cutaneous tuberculosis. Pediatr Dermatol 18 :393–395.
-
12
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006. Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs–worldwide, 2000–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 :301–305.
-
13
1975. Tuberculosis in Tanzania: a national sampling survey of drug resistance and other factors. Tubercle 56 :269–294.
-
14
Ginsburg AS, Hooper N, Parrish N, Dooley KE, Dorman SE, Booth J, Diener-West M, Merz WG, Bishai WR, Sterling TR, 2003. Fluoroquinolone resistance in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 37 :1448–1452.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 186 | 123 | 9 |
| Full Text Views | 228 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 62 | 11 | 0 |