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1
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
2
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, 1999. West Nile fever—a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :643–650.
-
3
Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, Singer DA, Nash D, Cooper MJ, Katz N, Liljebjelke KA, Biggerstaff BJ, Fine AD, Layton MC, Mullin SM, Johnson AJ, Martin DA, Hayes EB, Campbell GL, 2001. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet 358 :261–264.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. West Nile Virus activity—United States, January 1–December 1, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 :1253–1256.
-
5
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42 :57–62.
-
6
Rutledge CR, Day JF, Lord CC, Stark LM, Tabachnick WJ, 2003. West Nile virus infection rates in Culex nigrapalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) do not reflect transmission rates in Florida. J Med Entomol 40 :253–258.
-
7
Godsey MS, Blackmore MS, Panella NA, Burkhalter K, Gottfried K, Halsey LA, Rutledge R, Langevin SA, Gates R, Lamonte KM, Lambert A, Lanciotti RS, Blackmore CGM, Loyless T, Stark L, Oliveri R, Conti L, Komar N, 2005. West Nile Virus epizootiology in the southeastern United States, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :82–89.
-
8
Godsey MS, Nasci R, Savage HM, Aspen S, King R, Powers AM, Burkhalter K, Colton L, Charnetzky D, Lasater S, Taylor V, Palmisano CT, 2005. West Nile Virus-infected mosquitoes, Louisiana, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1399–1404.
-
9
Gibbs SEJ, Wimberly MC, Madden M, Masour J, Yabsley MJ, Stallknecht DE, 2006. Factors affecting the geographic distribution of West Nile virus in Georgia, USA: 2002–2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6 :73–82.
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10
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39 :777–785.
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11
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict MQ, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :71–82.
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12
Hassan AA, Narayanan V, Salmah MRC, 1993. Observations on the physicochemical factors of the breeding habitats of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) in towns of north western peninsular Malaysia. Annals Med Entomol 2 :1–5.
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13
Sunahara T, Motoyoshi M, Selomo M, 1998. Factors limiting the density of Culex quinquefasciatus Say immatures in open drains in an urban area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Med Entomol Zool 49 :93–98.
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14
Curtis CF, Malecela-Lazaro M, Reuben R, Maxwell CA, 2002. Use of floating layers of polystyrene beads to control populations of the filaria vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :S97–S104.
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15
Darsie RF, Morris CD, 2003. Keys to the adult females and fourth instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Florida (Diptera, Culicidae). Cilek JE, Beidler ET, eds. Technical Bulletin of the Florida Mosquito Control Association, Vol 1. DeLeon Springs, FL: Painter Printing Co., 1–159.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 237 | 185 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 361 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 165 | 5 | 0 |
Combined Sewage Overflows (CSO) Are Major Urban Breeding Sites for Culex quinquefasciatus in Atlanta, Georgia
Lisa M. Calhoun
Lisa M. Calhoun
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Melissa Avery
Melissa Avery
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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LeeAnn Jones
LeeAnn Jones
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Karina Gunarto
Karina Gunarto
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Raymond King
Raymond King
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Jacquelin Roberts
Jacquelin Roberts
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Thomas R. Burkot
Thomas R. Burkot
Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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A longitudinal study of mosquito ecology in Tanyard Creek, an urban stream in Atlanta, GA, that receives combined storm and waste water effluent from the Atlanta combined sewage overflow system, was undertaken in 2006. Culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant species found, but Culex restuans was also abundant during the spring with limited numbers of Culex nigripalpis and Anopheles punctipennis also collected. Significant differences in mosquito densities were found with greater densities associated with side pools of water and stagnant water. Mosquito numbers are regulated largely by flooding of the stream by effluent discharges exceeding 15 kgal/min. These floods are associated with significant immediate reductions, but not complete elimination, of mosquitoes from Tanyard Creek. Mosquito numbers rebound within 5–10 days after such floods and rapidly reach high densities.
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-
1
Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, Montgomery SP, O’Leary DR, Campbell GL, 2005. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1167–1173.
-
2
Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, 1999. West Nile fever—a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5 :643–650.
-
3
Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, Singer DA, Nash D, Cooper MJ, Katz N, Liljebjelke KA, Biggerstaff BJ, Fine AD, Layton MC, Mullin SM, Johnson AJ, Martin DA, Hayes EB, Campbell GL, 2001. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Lancet 358 :261–264.
-
4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. West Nile Virus activity—United States, January 1–December 1, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54 :1253–1256.
-
5
Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Sardelis MR, O’Guinn ML, Andreadis TG, Blow JA, 2005. An update on potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 42 :57–62.
-
6
Rutledge CR, Day JF, Lord CC, Stark LM, Tabachnick WJ, 2003. West Nile virus infection rates in Culex nigrapalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) do not reflect transmission rates in Florida. J Med Entomol 40 :253–258.
-
7
Godsey MS, Blackmore MS, Panella NA, Burkhalter K, Gottfried K, Halsey LA, Rutledge R, Langevin SA, Gates R, Lamonte KM, Lambert A, Lanciotti RS, Blackmore CGM, Loyless T, Stark L, Oliveri R, Conti L, Komar N, 2005. West Nile Virus epizootiology in the southeastern United States, 2001. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5 :82–89.
-
8
Godsey MS, Nasci R, Savage HM, Aspen S, King R, Powers AM, Burkhalter K, Colton L, Charnetzky D, Lasater S, Taylor V, Palmisano CT, 2005. West Nile Virus-infected mosquitoes, Louisiana, 2002. Emerg Infect Dis 11 :1399–1404.
-
9
Gibbs SEJ, Wimberly MC, Madden M, Masour J, Yabsley MJ, Stallknecht DE, 2006. Factors affecting the geographic distribution of West Nile virus in Georgia, USA: 2002–2004. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6 :73–82.
-
10
Apperson CS, Harrison BA, Unnasch TR, Hassan HK, Irby WS, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Watson DW, Rueda LM, Engber BR, Nasci RS, 2002. Host-feeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes. J Med Entomol 39 :777–785.
-
11
Apperson CS, Hassan HK, Harrison BA, Savage HM, Aspen SE, Farajollahi A, Crans W, Daniels TJ, Falco RC, Benedict MQ, Anderson M, McMillen L, Unnasch TR, 2004. Host feeding patterns of established and potential vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 4 :71–82.
-
12
Hassan AA, Narayanan V, Salmah MRC, 1993. Observations on the physicochemical factors of the breeding habitats of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) in towns of north western peninsular Malaysia. Annals Med Entomol 2 :1–5.
-
13
Sunahara T, Motoyoshi M, Selomo M, 1998. Factors limiting the density of Culex quinquefasciatus Say immatures in open drains in an urban area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Med Entomol Zool 49 :93–98.
-
14
Curtis CF, Malecela-Lazaro M, Reuben R, Maxwell CA, 2002. Use of floating layers of polystyrene beads to control populations of the filaria vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96 :S97–S104.
-
15
Darsie RF, Morris CD, 2003. Keys to the adult females and fourth instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Florida (Diptera, Culicidae). Cilek JE, Beidler ET, eds. Technical Bulletin of the Florida Mosquito Control Association, Vol 1. DeLeon Springs, FL: Painter Printing Co., 1–159.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 237 | 185 | 8 |
| Full Text Views | 361 | 4 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 165 | 5 | 0 |