ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organisation, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Malaria Situation in SEAR Countries. Nepal. Available at http://w3.whosea.org/en/Section10/Section21/Section340.htm. Accessed July 2006.
-
2
World Health Organisation, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Nepal. Malaria Profile. Available at http://w3.whosea.org/LinkFiles/Malaria_Malaria_nep.pdf. Accessed July 2006.
-
3
Proposals to the Global Fund, Coordinated Country Proposal. HIV/AIDS Malaria. Nepal. September 2002. Available at http://www.theglobalfund.org/search/docs/2NEPM_72_147_full.pdf. Accessed July 2006.
-
4
Wijeyaratne PM, Chand PB, Valech N, Shahi B, Adak T, Ansari MA, Jha J, Pandey S, Bannerjee S, Bista MB, 2005. Therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs along the eastern Indo-Nepal border: a cross-border collaborative study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :423–429.
-
5
World Health Organization, 1973. Chemotherapy of malaria and resistance to antimalarials. Report of a WHO scientific working group. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Technical Report Series 529 :30–35.
-
6
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Scott Miller R, 2004. Genetics Markers of Malaria Resistance: An In Vitro Malaria Study in Jhapa, Nepal 2002. Environmental Health Project/USAID. His Majesty’s Government Ministry of Health and US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
-
8
World Health Organisation, Position of WHO’s Roll Back Malaria Department on malaria treatment policy. Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/who_apt_position.htm. Accessed July 2006.
-
9
Wittes J, 2002. Samples size calculations for randomized controlled trials. Epidemiol Rev 24 :34–53.
-
10
World Health Organisation, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–90.
-
11
Cox-Singh J, Lu HY, Davis TME, Ilett KF, Matusop A, Singh B, 2003. Use of a multi-faceted approach to the assessment of treatment response in falciparum malaria: a study from Malaysian Borneo. Int J Parasitol 33 :1545–1552.
-
12
Singh B, Cox-Singh J, Miller AO, Abdullah MS, Snounou G, Rahman HA, 1996. Detection of malaria in Malaysia by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of dried blood spots on filter papers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :519–521.
-
13
Cox-Singh J, Mahayet S, Abdullah MS, Singh B, 1997. Increased sensitivity of malaria detection by nested polymerase chain reaction using simple sampling and DNA extraction. Int J Parasitol 27 :1575–1577.
-
14
Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Petcharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Snounou G, 1995. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull WHO 73 :85–95.
-
15
Snounou G, Zhu X, Siripoon N, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Viriyakosol S, 1999. Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :369–374.
-
16
Omari AAA, Gamble C, Garner P, 2005. Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 :CD005564.
-
17
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White NJ, 2004. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
18
Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M, Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P, 2001. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent post-treatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183 :1254–1259.
-
19
Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 347 :1654–1658.
-
20
Stohrer JM, Dittrich S, Thongpaseuth V, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Phompida S, Monti F, Christophel E-M, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Jelinek T, 2004. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Luang Namtha Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1175–1183.
-
21
Price R, van Vugt M, Phaipun L, Luxemburger C, Simpson J, McGready R, ter Kuile F, Kham A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, Nosten F, 1999. Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :547–555.
-
22
Nguyen MH, Davis TM, Cox-Singh J, Hewitt S, Tran QT, Tran BK, Nguyen TH, Vo NP, Doan HN, Le DC, 2003. Artesunate-based combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Viet Nam: can chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine be reintroduced? Clin Infect Dis 37 :1461–1466.
-
23
Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, Githure JI, Ord R, Sutherland CJ, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2006. Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 193 :1151–1159.
-
24
Brown AE, Kain KC, Pipithkul J, Webster HK, 1992. Demonstration by the polymerase chain reaction of mixed Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections undetected by conventional microscopy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :609–612.
-
25
Hutagalung R, Paiphun L, Ashley EA, McGready R, Brockman A, Thwai KL, Singhasivanon P, Jelinek T, White NJ, Nosten FH, 2005. A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand. Malar J 4 :46.
-
26
Davis TME, Martin RB, 1997. Clearance of young parasite forms following treatment of falciparum malaria in humans: comparison of three simple mathematical models. Epidemiol Infect 119 :61–69.
-
27
World Health Organization, 2001. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
28
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
-
29
von Seidlein L, Drakeley C, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Targett G, 2001. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in Gambian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :523–527.
-
30
The International Pharmacopoeia, 1994. Tests, Methods, and General Requirements Quality Specifications for Pharmaceutical Substances, Excipients, and Dosage. Volume 4. Third Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
31
Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Akinboye DO, Yusuf BO, Ebong OO, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM, 2005. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes and age related in vivo sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in malaria-infected patients from Nigeria. Acta Trop 95 :183–193.
-
32
Mockenhaupt FP, Teun Bousema J, Eggelte TA, Schreiber J, Ehrhardt S, Wassilew N, Otchwemah RN, Sauerwein RW, Bienzle U, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum dhfr but not dhps mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure and gametocyte carriage in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 10 :901–908.
-
33
Cowman AF, 1998. The molecular basis of resistance to the sulfones, sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Sherman IW, ed. Malaria: Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis and Protection. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 317–330.
-
34
Cox-Singh J, Zakaria R, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, Nagappan S, Singh B, 2001. Differences in dihydrofolate reductase but not dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from geographically distinct areas in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–31.
-
35
Davis TME, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, 2005. Artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated malaria. Med J Aust 182 :181–185.
-
36
Tilley L, Davis TME, Bray PG, 2006. Prospects for treatment of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Future Microbiology 1 :127–141.
-
37
Hastings IM, Ward SA, 2005. Coartem (artemether-lumefantrine) in Africa: the beginning of the end? J Infect Dis 192 :1303–1304.
-
38
Martensson A, Stromberg J, Sisowath C, Msellem MI, Gil JP, Montgomery SM, Olliaro P, Ali AS, Bjorkman A, 2005. In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). J Infect Dis 191 :1014–1017.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 505 | 424 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 364 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 66 | 9 | 0 |
Comparison of Artemether-Lumefantrine with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Eastern Nepal
Suman Thapa
Suman Thapa
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Judith Hollander
Judith Hollander
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Mary Linehan
Mary Linehan
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Janet Cox-Singh
Janet Cox-Singh
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Mahendra B. Bista
Mahendra B. Bista
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Garib D. Thakur
Garib D. Thakur
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Wendy A. Davis
Wendy A. Davis
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Timothy M. E. Davis
Timothy M. E. Davis
Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Kathmandu, Nepal; Research Triangle Institute International, Washington, DC; University Malaysia Sarawak, Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo; Nepal Government, Ministry of Health and Population, Department of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal; University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Australia
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Because available data suggest that resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is increasing in Nepal, an open-label, parallel-group efficacy/safety study was conducted in 99 Nepalese patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria randomized 2:1 to artemetherlumefantrine (AL) or SP. Efficacy was assessed from clinical and microscopic evidence of treatment failure. Four SP-treated patients (12.1%; 95% CI, 4.0–29.1%) redeveloped parasitemia during the 28-day follow-up versus 0% (95% CI, 0–6.9%) in the AL group (P = 0.011), a difference that was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of parasite DNA. PCR detected an additional six patients (two SP and four AL) with sub-microscopic gametocytemia or breakthrough parasitemia between Days 14 and 28, suggesting that AL efficacy was lower than estimated by microscopy. Dhfr and dhps mutations were not associated with outcome. AL is more effective than SP for uncomplicated malaria in Nepal, but regular monitoring of its efficacy should be carried out if this combination therapy is introduced.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
World Health Organisation, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Malaria Situation in SEAR Countries. Nepal. Available at http://w3.whosea.org/en/Section10/Section21/Section340.htm. Accessed July 2006.
-
2
World Health Organisation, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Nepal. Malaria Profile. Available at http://w3.whosea.org/LinkFiles/Malaria_Malaria_nep.pdf. Accessed July 2006.
-
3
Proposals to the Global Fund, Coordinated Country Proposal. HIV/AIDS Malaria. Nepal. September 2002. Available at http://www.theglobalfund.org/search/docs/2NEPM_72_147_full.pdf. Accessed July 2006.
-
4
Wijeyaratne PM, Chand PB, Valech N, Shahi B, Adak T, Ansari MA, Jha J, Pandey S, Bannerjee S, Bista MB, 2005. Therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs along the eastern Indo-Nepal border: a cross-border collaborative study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99 :423–429.
-
5
World Health Organization, 1973. Chemotherapy of malaria and resistance to antimalarials. Report of a WHO scientific working group. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO Technical Report Series 529 :30–35.
-
6
World Health Organization, 2003. Assessment and Monitoring of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
7
Scott Miller R, 2004. Genetics Markers of Malaria Resistance: An In Vitro Malaria Study in Jhapa, Nepal 2002. Environmental Health Project/USAID. His Majesty’s Government Ministry of Health and US Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.
-
8
World Health Organisation, Position of WHO’s Roll Back Malaria Department on malaria treatment policy. Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/who_apt_position.htm. Accessed July 2006.
-
9
Wittes J, 2002. Samples size calculations for randomized controlled trials. Epidemiol Rev 24 :34–53.
-
10
World Health Organisation, 2000. Severe falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94 (Suppl 1):1–90.
-
11
Cox-Singh J, Lu HY, Davis TME, Ilett KF, Matusop A, Singh B, 2003. Use of a multi-faceted approach to the assessment of treatment response in falciparum malaria: a study from Malaysian Borneo. Int J Parasitol 33 :1545–1552.
-
12
Singh B, Cox-Singh J, Miller AO, Abdullah MS, Snounou G, Rahman HA, 1996. Detection of malaria in Malaysia by nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of dried blood spots on filter papers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90 :519–521.
-
13
Cox-Singh J, Mahayet S, Abdullah MS, Singh B, 1997. Increased sensitivity of malaria detection by nested polymerase chain reaction using simple sampling and DNA extraction. Int J Parasitol 27 :1575–1577.
-
14
Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Petcharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Snounou G, 1995. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull WHO 73 :85–95.
-
15
Snounou G, Zhu X, Siripoon N, Jarra W, Thaithong S, Brown KN, Viriyakosol S, 1999. Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93 :369–374.
-
16
Omari AAA, Gamble C, Garner P, 2005. Artemether-lumefantrine (six-dose regimen) for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 :CD005564.
-
17
Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, Olliaro P, Taylor W, White NJ, 2004. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet 363 :9–17.
-
18
Targett G, Drakeley C, Jawara M, von Seidlein L, Coleman R, Deen J, Pinder M, Doherty T, Sutherland C, Walraven G, Milligan P, 2001. Artesunate reduces but does not prevent post-treatment transmission of Plasmodium falciparum to Anopheles gambiae. J Infect Dis 183 :1254–1259.
-
19
Price RN, Nosten F, Luxemburger C, ter Kuile FO, Paiphun L, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, 1996. Effects of artemisinin derivatives on malaria transmissibility. Lancet 347 :1654–1658.
-
20
Stohrer JM, Dittrich S, Thongpaseuth V, Vanisaveth V, Phetsouvanh R, Phompida S, Monti F, Christophel E-M, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Jelinek T, 2004. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-mefloquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Luang Namtha Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Trop Med Int Health 9 :1175–1183.
-
21
Price R, van Vugt M, Phaipun L, Luxemburger C, Simpson J, McGready R, ter Kuile F, Kham A, Chongsuphajaisiddhi T, White NJ, Nosten F, 1999. Adverse effects in patients with acute falciparum malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :547–555.
-
22
Nguyen MH, Davis TM, Cox-Singh J, Hewitt S, Tran QT, Tran BK, Nguyen TH, Vo NP, Doan HN, Le DC, 2003. Artesunate-based combination therapy for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in southern Viet Nam: can chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine be reintroduced? Clin Infect Dis 37 :1461–1466.
-
23
Bousema JT, Schneider P, Gouagna LC, Drakeley CJ, Tostmann A, Houben R, Githure JI, Ord R, Sutherland CJ, Omar SA, Sauerwein RW, 2006. Moderate effect of artemisinin-based combination therapy on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum. J Infect Dis 193 :1151–1159.
-
24
Brown AE, Kain KC, Pipithkul J, Webster HK, 1992. Demonstration by the polymerase chain reaction of mixed Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections undetected by conventional microscopy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :609–612.
-
25
Hutagalung R, Paiphun L, Ashley EA, McGready R, Brockman A, Thwai KL, Singhasivanon P, Jelinek T, White NJ, Nosten FH, 2005. A randomized trial of artemether-lumefantrine versus mefloquine-artesunate for the treatment of uncomplicated multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum on the western border of Thailand. Malar J 4 :46.
-
26
Davis TME, Martin RB, 1997. Clearance of young parasite forms following treatment of falciparum malaria in humans: comparison of three simple mathematical models. Epidemiol Infect 119 :61–69.
-
27
World Health Organization, 2001. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
28
von Seidlein L, Milligan P, Pinder M, Bojang K, Anyalebechi C, Gosling R, Coleman R, Ude JI, Sadiq A, Duraisingh M, Warhurst D, Alloueche A, Targett G, McAdam K, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Olliaro P, Doherty T, 2000. Efficacy of artesunate plus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for uncomplicated malaria in Gambian children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 355 :352–357.
-
29
von Seidlein L, Drakeley C, Greenwood B, Walraven G, Targett G, 2001. Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in Gambian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65 :523–527.
-
30
The International Pharmacopoeia, 1994. Tests, Methods, and General Requirements Quality Specifications for Pharmaceutical Substances, Excipients, and Dosage. Volume 4. Third Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization.
-
31
Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Akinboye DO, Yusuf BO, Ebong OO, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM, 2005. Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum dhfr and dhps genes and age related in vivo sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in malaria-infected patients from Nigeria. Acta Trop 95 :183–193.
-
32
Mockenhaupt FP, Teun Bousema J, Eggelte TA, Schreiber J, Ehrhardt S, Wassilew N, Otchwemah RN, Sauerwein RW, Bienzle U, 2005. Plasmodium falciparum dhfr but not dhps mutations associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment failure and gametocyte carriage in northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 10 :901–908.
-
33
Cowman AF, 1998. The molecular basis of resistance to the sulfones, sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors. Sherman IW, ed. Malaria: Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis and Protection. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 317–330.
-
34
Cox-Singh J, Zakaria R, Abdullah MS, Rahman HA, Nagappan S, Singh B, 2001. Differences in dihydrofolate reductase but not dihydropteroate synthase alleles in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from geographically distinct areas in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 64 :28–31.
-
35
Davis TME, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, 2005. Artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated malaria. Med J Aust 182 :181–185.
-
36
Tilley L, Davis TME, Bray PG, 2006. Prospects for treatment of drug-resistant malaria parasites. Future Microbiology 1 :127–141.
-
37
Hastings IM, Ward SA, 2005. Coartem (artemether-lumefantrine) in Africa: the beginning of the end? J Infect Dis 192 :1303–1304.
-
38
Martensson A, Stromberg J, Sisowath C, Msellem MI, Gil JP, Montgomery SM, Olliaro P, Ali AS, Bjorkman A, 2005. In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). J Infect Dis 191 :1014–1017.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 505 | 424 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 364 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 66 | 9 | 0 |