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-
1
Smith DL, Dushoff J, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2005. The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children. Nature 438 :492–495.
-
2
Hay SI, Snow RW, 2006. The Malaria Atlas Project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Medicine 3 :e473.
-
3
Talisuna AO, Langi P, Bakyaita N, Egwang T, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins W, Van Marck E, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Intensity of malaria transmission, antimalarial-drug use and resistance in Uganda: what is the relationship between these three factors? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :310–317.
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4
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, New-bold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
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5
Farnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A, 1997. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :538–547.
-
6
Genton B, Alyaman F, Alpers MP, 1995. Assessment of malaria morbidity in vaccine efficacy trials. Lancet 345 :804–804.
-
7
Delley V, Bouvier P, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Sagara I, Diakite M, Mauris A, Dolo A, Rougemont A, 2000. What does a single determination of malaria parasite density mean? A longitudinal survey in Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5 :404–412.
-
8
Kibikamusoke JW, 1967. The examination of multiple slides for the demonstration of malaria parasites. J Trop Med Hyg 70 :46–49.
-
9
Collins W, Jeffery G, 1999. A retrospective examination of sporozoite- and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium falciparum: development of parasitologic and clinical immunity during primary infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :4–19.
-
10
Bejon P, Andrews L, Hunt-Cooke A, Sanderson F, Gilbert S, Hill A, 2006. Thick blood film examination for Plasmodium falciparum malaria has reduced sensitivity and underestimates parasite density. Malar J 5 :104.
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11
McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA, Wongsrichanalai C, 2003. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :372–376.
-
12
Raghavan K, 1966. Statistical considerations in the microscopical diagnosis of malaria, with special reference to the role of cross-checking. Bull World Health Organ 34 :788–791.
-
13
Earle WC, Perez M, 1932. Enumeration of parasites in the blood of malarial patients. J Lab Clin Med 17 :1124–1130.
-
14
Coleman R, Maneechai N, Rachaphaew N, Kumpitak C, Miller R, Soyseng V, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J, 2002. Comparison of field and expert laboratory microscopy for active surveillance for asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :141–144.
-
15
Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SLR, Carneiro I, Malima R, Lusingu J, Manjurano A, Nkya WMM, Lemnge MM, Cox J, Reyburn H, Riley EM, 2005. Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 :5108–5113.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 5 |
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Parasite Prevalence: A Static Measure of Dynamic Infections
Wendy Prudhomme O’Meara
Wendy Prudhomme O’Meara
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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William E. Collins
William E. Collins
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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F. Ellis McKenzie
F. Ellis McKenzie
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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The intensity of malaria transmission is often measured by looking at the fraction of individuals infected at a given point in time. However, malaria infections in individuals are dynamic, leading to uncertainty about whether a cross-sectional survey that represents a single snapshot in time is a useful representation of a temporally complex process. In this analysis, we examine the impact of parasite density fluctuations on the measurement of parasite prevalence. Our results show that parasite prevalence may be underestimated by 20% or more, depending on the sensitivity of parasite detection.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Smith DL, Dushoff J, Snow RW, Hay SI, 2005. The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children. Nature 438 :492–495.
-
2
Hay SI, Snow RW, 2006. The Malaria Atlas Project: developing global maps of malaria risk. PLoS Medicine 3 :e473.
-
3
Talisuna AO, Langi P, Bakyaita N, Egwang T, Mutabingwa TK, Watkins W, Van Marck E, D’Alessandro U, 2002. Intensity of malaria transmission, antimalarial-drug use and resistance in Uganda: what is the relationship between these three factors? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :310–317.
-
4
Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, Weber MW, Pinder M, Nahlen B, Obonyo C, New-bold C, Gupta S, Marsh K, 1997. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet 349 :1650–1654.
-
5
Farnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I, Bjorkman A, 1997. Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 56 :538–547.
-
6
Genton B, Alyaman F, Alpers MP, 1995. Assessment of malaria morbidity in vaccine efficacy trials. Lancet 345 :804–804.
-
7
Delley V, Bouvier P, Breslow N, Doumbo O, Sagara I, Diakite M, Mauris A, Dolo A, Rougemont A, 2000. What does a single determination of malaria parasite density mean? A longitudinal survey in Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5 :404–412.
-
8
Kibikamusoke JW, 1967. The examination of multiple slides for the demonstration of malaria parasites. J Trop Med Hyg 70 :46–49.
-
9
Collins W, Jeffery G, 1999. A retrospective examination of sporozoite- and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium falciparum: development of parasitologic and clinical immunity during primary infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 61 :4–19.
-
10
Bejon P, Andrews L, Hunt-Cooke A, Sanderson F, Gilbert S, Hill A, 2006. Thick blood film examination for Plasmodium falciparum malaria has reduced sensitivity and underestimates parasite density. Malar J 5 :104.
-
11
McKenzie FE, Sirichaisinthop J, Miller RS, Gasser RA, Wongsrichanalai C, 2003. Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 :372–376.
-
12
Raghavan K, 1966. Statistical considerations in the microscopical diagnosis of malaria, with special reference to the role of cross-checking. Bull World Health Organ 34 :788–791.
-
13
Earle WC, Perez M, 1932. Enumeration of parasites in the blood of malarial patients. J Lab Clin Med 17 :1124–1130.
-
14
Coleman R, Maneechai N, Rachaphaew N, Kumpitak C, Miller R, Soyseng V, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J, 2002. Comparison of field and expert laboratory microscopy for active surveillance for asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67 :141–144.
-
15
Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SLR, Carneiro I, Malima R, Lusingu J, Manjurano A, Nkya WMM, Lemnge MM, Cox J, Reyburn H, Riley EM, 2005. Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 :5108–5113.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 22 | 22 | 5 |
| Full Text Views | 89 | 26 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 10 | 1 | 0 |