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1
Chippaux J-P, 1998. Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 76 :515–524.
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2
World Health Organization, 1987. Zoonotic disease control: baseline epidemiological study on snake-bite treatment and management. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 42 :319–320.
-
3
Bhetwal BB, O’Shea M, Warrell DA, 1998. Snakes and snake bites in Nepal. Trop Doct 28 :193–195.
-
4
Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, Koirala S, 2004. Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :234–238.
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5
Desilva A, 1981. Snakebites in Anuradhapura District. Snake 13 :117–130.
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6
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, 2002. Profile of snakebite envenoming in western Maharashtra, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :79–84.
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7
Theakston RD, Phillips RE, Warrell DA, Galagedera Y, Abeysekara DT, Dissanayaka P, de Silva A, Aloysius DJ, 1990. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Sri Lankan cobra (Naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with Haffkine antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :301–308.
-
8
Saini RK, Singh S, Sharma S, Rampal V, Manhas AS, Gupta VK, 1986. Snake bite poisoning presenting as early morning neuroparalytic syndrome in Jhuggi dwellers. J Assoc Phys India 34 :415–417.
-
9
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, 2004. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Asian cobra (Naja naja): clinical manifestations and their management in a rural setting. Wild Environm Med 15 :257–266.
-
10
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, 1987. Evaluating the role of confounding. Mayrent SL, ed. Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 287–323.
-
11
Warrell DA, 1999. WHO/SEARO guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in the southeast Asian region. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Hyg 30 (Suppl 1):1–85.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1335 | 1146 | 314 |
| Full Text Views | 229 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 7 | 0 |
Protection against Snake Bites by Sleeping under a Bed Net in Southeastern Nepal
François Chappuis
François Chappuis
Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, and Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, and Department of Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Sanjib K. Sharma
Sanjib K. Sharma
Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, and Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, and Department of Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Nilhambar Jha
Nilhambar Jha
Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, and Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, and Department of Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Louis Loutan
Louis Loutan
Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, and Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, and Department of Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Patrick A. Bovier
Patrick A. Bovier
Travel and Migration Medicine Unit, and Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, and Department of Community Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
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Snake bites in persons while they are asleep indoors are associated with a high risk of fatal outcome in southeastern Nepal. The preventive impact of sleeping under a bed net was assessed in four villages in a case-control study. A case was defined as a person with a history of snake bite that occurred indoors while asleep. Cases were matched with controls by village, type of household, sex, and age category. Of the 11,176 households visited, 56 cases, including 13 (23%) with a fatal outcome and 56 controls were included in the analysis. Sleeping under a bed net was a strong protective factor (odds ratio = 0.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.007–0.07, P < 0.0001), whereas the place of sleeping in the household and the use of a cot were not associated with the risk of snake bite. These findings provide further support for use of bed nets in this region.
Author Notes
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
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-
1
Chippaux J-P, 1998. Snake-bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 76 :515–524.
-
2
World Health Organization, 1987. Zoonotic disease control: baseline epidemiological study on snake-bite treatment and management. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 42 :319–320.
-
3
Bhetwal BB, O’Shea M, Warrell DA, 1998. Snakes and snake bites in Nepal. Trop Doct 28 :193–195.
-
4
Sharma SK, Chappuis F, Jha N, Bovier PA, Loutan L, Koirala S, 2004. Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 :234–238.
-
5
Desilva A, 1981. Snakebites in Anuradhapura District. Snake 13 :117–130.
-
6
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, 2002. Profile of snakebite envenoming in western Maharashtra, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96 :79–84.
-
7
Theakston RD, Phillips RE, Warrell DA, Galagedera Y, Abeysekara DT, Dissanayaka P, de Silva A, Aloysius DJ, 1990. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Sri Lankan cobra (Naja naja naja): efficacy and complications of therapy with Haffkine antivenom. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84 :301–308.
-
8
Saini RK, Singh S, Sharma S, Rampal V, Manhas AS, Gupta VK, 1986. Snake bite poisoning presenting as early morning neuroparalytic syndrome in Jhuggi dwellers. J Assoc Phys India 34 :415–417.
-
9
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, 2004. Envenoming by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and Asian cobra (Naja naja): clinical manifestations and their management in a rural setting. Wild Environm Med 15 :257–266.
-
10
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, 1987. Evaluating the role of confounding. Mayrent SL, ed. Epidemiology in Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 287–323.
-
11
Warrell DA, 1999. WHO/SEARO guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in the southeast Asian region. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Hyg 30 (Suppl 1):1–85.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1335 | 1146 | 314 |
| Full Text Views | 229 | 13 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 112 | 7 | 0 |