ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Schmidt NJ, Lennette EH, Ho HH, 1974. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 129 :304–309.
-
2
Blomberg J, Lycke E, Ahlfors K, Johnsson T, Wolontis S, von Zeipel G, 1974. New enterovirus type associated with epidemic of aseptic meningitis and/or hand, foot, and mouth disease. Lancet 2 :112.
-
3
Ishimaru Y, Nakano S, Yamaoka K, Takami S, 1980. Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71. High incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system. Arch Dis Child 55 :583–588.
-
4
Nagy G, Takatsy S, Kukan E, Mihaly I, Domok I, 1982. Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections: experiences gained during an epidemic of acute CNS diseases in Hungary in 1978. Arch Virol 71 :217–227.
-
5
Lum LC, Wong KT, Lam SK, Chua KB, Goh AY, 1998. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema and enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lancet 352 :1391.
-
6
Gilbert GL, Dickson KE, Waters MJ, Kennett ML, Land SA, Sneddon M, 1988. Outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Victoria, Australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7 :484–488.
-
7
Alexander JP, Baden L, Pallansch MA, Anderson LJ, 1994. Enterovirus 71 infections and neurological disease: United States, 1977–1991. J Infect Dis 169 :905–908.
-
8
da Silva EE, Winkler MT, Pallansch MA, 1996. Role of enterovirus 71 in acute flaccid paralysis after the eradication of poliovirus in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :231–233.
-
9
Kitamura A, Narisawa T, Hayashi A, Ashihara Y, Ishiko H, Minohara Y, Takutake T, Kato T, Sakae K, Takeda N, 1999. Serotype determination of enteroviruses that cause hand-foot-mouth disease; identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 from clinical specimens by using specific probe. J Jpn Assoc Infect Dis 71 :715–723.
-
10
Bendig JW, Fleming DM, 1996. Epidemiological, virological, and clinical features of an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease in England and Wales. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 6 :R81–R86.
-
11
Kennett ML, Birch CJ, Lewis FA, Yung AP, Locarnini SA, Gust ID, 1974. Enterovirus type 71 infection in Melbourne. Bull World Health Organ 51 :609–615.
-
12
Deibel R, Gross LL, Collins DN, 1975. Isolation of a new enterovirus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 148 :203–207.
-
13
Melnick JL, Schmidt NJ, Mirkovic RR, Chumakov MP, Lavrova IK, Voroshiloba MK, 1980. Identification of Bulgarian strain 258 of enterovirus 71. Intervirology 12 :297–302.
-
14
Ho M, Chen ER, Hsu KH, Twu SJ, Chen KT, Tsai SF, Wang JR, Shih SR, 1999. An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 341 :929–935.
-
15
Huang CC, Liu CC, Chang YC, Chen CY, Wang ST, Yen TF, 1999. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med 341 :936–942.
-
16
Shih SR, Ho MS, Lin KH, Wu SL, Chen YT, Wu CN, Lin TY, Chang LY, Tsao KC, Ning HC, Chang PY, Jung SM, Hsush C, Chang KS, 2000. Genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in Taiwan, 1998. Virus Res 68 :127–136.
-
17
Landry ML, Fonseca SNS, Cohen S, Bogue CW, 1995. Fatal enterovirus type 71 infection: rapid detection and diagnostic pitfalls. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14 :1095–1100.
-
18
STATA, 2003. Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
-
19
Chan LG, Parashar UD, Lye MS, Ong FG, Zaki SR, Alexander JP, 2000. Deaths of children during an outbreak hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. For the Outbreak Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 31 :678–683.
-
20
Chan KP, Goh KT, Chong CY, Teo ES, Lau G, Ling AE, 2003. Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :78–85.
-
21
Moore M, 1982. Enteroviral disease in the United States, 1970–1979. J Infect Dis 146 :103–108.
-
22
Morens DM, Pallansch MA, 1995. Epidemiology. Rotbart H, ed. Human Enterovirus Infections. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 3–23.
-
23
Chang LY, King CC, Hsu KH, Ning HC, Tsao KC, Li CC, Huang YC, Shih SR, Chiou ST, Chen PY, Chang HJ, Lin TY, 2002. Risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand-foot-mouth disease/ herpangina in children during an epidemic in Taiwan. Pediatrics 109 :e88.
-
24
Lin TY, Twu SJ, Ho MS, Chang LY, Lee CY, 2003. Enterovirus 71 outbreak, Taiwan: occurrence and recognition. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :291–293.
-
25
Malik AB, 1985. Mechanism of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Cir Res 57 :1–18.
-
26
Trallero G, Casas I, Tenorio A, Echevarrian JE, Castellanos A, Lazano A, Brena PP, 2000. Enteroviruses in Spain: virological and epidemiological studies over 10 years (1988–97). Epidemiol Infect 124 :497–506.
-
27
Strikas RA, Anderson LJ, Parker RA, 1986. Temporal and geographic patterns of isolates of nonpolio enterovirus in the United States, 1970–1983. J Infect Dis 153 :346–351.
-
28
Shimizu H, Utama A, Yoshii K, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, Sinniah M, Yusof MA, Okuno Y, Okabe N, Shih SR, Chen HY, Wang GR, Kao LL, Chang KS, Miyamura T, Hagiwara A, 1999. Enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in 1997–1998. Jpn J Infect Dis 52 :12–15.
-
29
Shindarov LM, Chumakov MP, Voroshilowa MK, Bojinov S, Vasilenko SM, Iordanov I, Kirov ID, Kamenov E, Leshchinskaya EV, Mitov G, Robinson IA, Sivchev S, Staikov S, 1979. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathomorphological characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 23 :284–295.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 781 | 702 | 106 |
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An Eight-Year Study of Epidemiologic Features of Enterovirus 71 Infection In Taiwan
Shou-Chien Chen
Shou-Chien Chen
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Surveillance, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of Chian; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hsiao-Ling Chang
Hsiao-Ling Chang
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Surveillance, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of Chian; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tsong-Rong Yan
Tsong-Rong Yan
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Surveillance, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of Chian; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yan-Tzong Cheng
Yan-Tzong Cheng
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Surveillance, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of Chian; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kow-Tong Chen
Kow-Tong Chen
Department of Family Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Surveillance, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taiwan, Republic of Chian; Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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In 1998, an epidemic of enterovirus 71 (EV 71) infection occurred in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of EV 71 infection in Taiwan. Between March 1998 and December 2005, a total of 1,548 severe cases of hand-foot-mouth disease and herpangina (HFMD/HA) was reported to the Center for Disease Control in Taiwan. A seasonal variation in number of severe cases was observed, with the annual peak in second quarter. Deaths from severe HFMD/HA varied from year to year (χ2 for trend = 6.781, P = 0.009). Most (92%) cases occurred in children ≤ 4 years of age. Children infected with EV 71 had higher risk of pulmonary edema/hemorrhage and encephalitis than those not infected. Infection with EV 71 has emerged as an important infectious disease causing serious clinical illness and deaths of young children. Vaccine development is recommended to prevent future EV 71 infections.
Author Notes
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1
Schmidt NJ, Lennette EH, Ho HH, 1974. An apparently new enterovirus isolated from patients with disease of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 129 :304–309.
-
2
Blomberg J, Lycke E, Ahlfors K, Johnsson T, Wolontis S, von Zeipel G, 1974. New enterovirus type associated with epidemic of aseptic meningitis and/or hand, foot, and mouth disease. Lancet 2 :112.
-
3
Ishimaru Y, Nakano S, Yamaoka K, Takami S, 1980. Outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease by enterovirus 71. High incidence of complication disorders of central nervous system. Arch Dis Child 55 :583–588.
-
4
Nagy G, Takatsy S, Kukan E, Mihaly I, Domok I, 1982. Virological diagnosis of enterovirus type 71 infections: experiences gained during an epidemic of acute CNS diseases in Hungary in 1978. Arch Virol 71 :217–227.
-
5
Lum LC, Wong KT, Lam SK, Chua KB, Goh AY, 1998. Neurogenic pulmonary oedema and enterovirus 71 encephalomyelitis. Lancet 352 :1391.
-
6
Gilbert GL, Dickson KE, Waters MJ, Kennett ML, Land SA, Sneddon M, 1988. Outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Victoria, Australia, with a high incidence of neurologic involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J 7 :484–488.
-
7
Alexander JP, Baden L, Pallansch MA, Anderson LJ, 1994. Enterovirus 71 infections and neurological disease: United States, 1977–1991. J Infect Dis 169 :905–908.
-
8
da Silva EE, Winkler MT, Pallansch MA, 1996. Role of enterovirus 71 in acute flaccid paralysis after the eradication of poliovirus in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2 :231–233.
-
9
Kitamura A, Narisawa T, Hayashi A, Ashihara Y, Ishiko H, Minohara Y, Takutake T, Kato T, Sakae K, Takeda N, 1999. Serotype determination of enteroviruses that cause hand-foot-mouth disease; identification of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 from clinical specimens by using specific probe. J Jpn Assoc Infect Dis 71 :715–723.
-
10
Bendig JW, Fleming DM, 1996. Epidemiological, virological, and clinical features of an epidemic of hand, foot, and mouth disease in England and Wales. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 6 :R81–R86.
-
11
Kennett ML, Birch CJ, Lewis FA, Yung AP, Locarnini SA, Gust ID, 1974. Enterovirus type 71 infection in Melbourne. Bull World Health Organ 51 :609–615.
-
12
Deibel R, Gross LL, Collins DN, 1975. Isolation of a new enterovirus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 148 :203–207.
-
13
Melnick JL, Schmidt NJ, Mirkovic RR, Chumakov MP, Lavrova IK, Voroshiloba MK, 1980. Identification of Bulgarian strain 258 of enterovirus 71. Intervirology 12 :297–302.
-
14
Ho M, Chen ER, Hsu KH, Twu SJ, Chen KT, Tsai SF, Wang JR, Shih SR, 1999. An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 341 :929–935.
-
15
Huang CC, Liu CC, Chang YC, Chen CY, Wang ST, Yen TF, 1999. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med 341 :936–942.
-
16
Shih SR, Ho MS, Lin KH, Wu SL, Chen YT, Wu CN, Lin TY, Chang LY, Tsao KC, Ning HC, Chang PY, Jung SM, Hsush C, Chang KS, 2000. Genetic analysis of enterovirus 71 isolated from fatal and non-fatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic in Taiwan, 1998. Virus Res 68 :127–136.
-
17
Landry ML, Fonseca SNS, Cohen S, Bogue CW, 1995. Fatal enterovirus type 71 infection: rapid detection and diagnostic pitfalls. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14 :1095–1100.
-
18
STATA, 2003. Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
-
19
Chan LG, Parashar UD, Lye MS, Ong FG, Zaki SR, Alexander JP, 2000. Deaths of children during an outbreak hand, foot and mouth disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease. For the Outbreak Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 31 :678–683.
-
20
Chan KP, Goh KT, Chong CY, Teo ES, Lau G, Ling AE, 2003. Epidemic hand, foot and mouth disease caused by human enterovirus 71, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :78–85.
-
21
Moore M, 1982. Enteroviral disease in the United States, 1970–1979. J Infect Dis 146 :103–108.
-
22
Morens DM, Pallansch MA, 1995. Epidemiology. Rotbart H, ed. Human Enterovirus Infections. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 3–23.
-
23
Chang LY, King CC, Hsu KH, Ning HC, Tsao KC, Li CC, Huang YC, Shih SR, Chiou ST, Chen PY, Chang HJ, Lin TY, 2002. Risk factors of enterovirus 71 infection and associated hand-foot-mouth disease/ herpangina in children during an epidemic in Taiwan. Pediatrics 109 :e88.
-
24
Lin TY, Twu SJ, Ho MS, Chang LY, Lee CY, 2003. Enterovirus 71 outbreak, Taiwan: occurrence and recognition. Emerg Infect Dis 9 :291–293.
-
25
Malik AB, 1985. Mechanism of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Cir Res 57 :1–18.
-
26
Trallero G, Casas I, Tenorio A, Echevarrian JE, Castellanos A, Lazano A, Brena PP, 2000. Enteroviruses in Spain: virological and epidemiological studies over 10 years (1988–97). Epidemiol Infect 124 :497–506.
-
27
Strikas RA, Anderson LJ, Parker RA, 1986. Temporal and geographic patterns of isolates of nonpolio enterovirus in the United States, 1970–1983. J Infect Dis 153 :346–351.
-
28
Shimizu H, Utama A, Yoshii K, Yoshida H, Yoneyama T, Sinniah M, Yusof MA, Okuno Y, Okabe N, Shih SR, Chen HY, Wang GR, Kao LL, Chang KS, Miyamura T, Hagiwara A, 1999. Enterovirus 71 from fatal and nonfatal cases of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemics in Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan in 1997–1998. Jpn J Infect Dis 52 :12–15.
-
29
Shindarov LM, Chumakov MP, Voroshilowa MK, Bojinov S, Vasilenko SM, Iordanov I, Kirov ID, Kamenov E, Leshchinskaya EV, Mitov G, Robinson IA, Sivchev S, Staikov S, 1979. Epidemiological, clinical, and pathomorphological characteristics of epidemic poliomyelitis-like disease caused by enterovirus 71. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 23 :284–295.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 781 | 702 | 106 |
| Full Text Views | 177 | 16 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 9 | 0 |